Cancer Immunotherapy with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors-Biomarkers of Response and Toxicity; Current Limitations and Future Promise.
biomarker
cancer
cytokine
flow cytometry
immunotherapy
microbiome
microenvironment
Journal
Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)
ISSN: 2075-4418
Titre abrégé: Diagnostics (Basel)
Pays: Switzerland
ID NLM: 101658402
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
06 Jan 2022
06 Jan 2022
Historique:
received:
23
12
2021
revised:
31
12
2021
accepted:
04
01
2022
entrez:
21
1
2022
pubmed:
22
1
2022
medline:
22
1
2022
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
Immune checkpoint inhibitors are monoclonal antibodies that are used to treat over one in three cancer patients. While they have changed the natural history of disease, prolonging life and preserving quality of life, they are highly active in less than 40% of patients, even in the most responsive malignancies such as melanoma, and cause significant autoimmune side effects. Licenced biomarkers include tumour Programmed Death Ligand 1 expression by immunohistochemistry, microsatellite instability, and tumour mutational burden, none of which are particularly sensitive or specific. Emerging tumour and immune tissue biomarkers such as novel immunohistochemistry scores, tumour, stromal and immune cell gene expression profiling, and liquid biomarkers such as systemic inflammatory markers, kynurenine/tryptophan ratio, circulating immune cells, cytokines and DNA are discussed in this review. We also examine the influence of the faecal microbiome on treatment outcome and its use as a biomarker of response and toxicity.
Identifiants
pubmed: 35054292
pii: diagnostics12010124
doi: 10.3390/diagnostics12010124
pmc: PMC8775044
pii:
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
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