Globally elevated chemical weathering rates beneath glaciers.
Journal
Nature communications
ISSN: 2041-1723
Titre abrégé: Nat Commun
Pays: England
ID NLM: 101528555
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
20 01 2022
20 01 2022
Historique:
received:
01
02
2021
accepted:
03
01
2022
entrez:
21
1
2022
pubmed:
22
1
2022
medline:
22
1
2022
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
Physical erosion and chemical weathering rates beneath glaciers are expected to increase in a warming climate with enhanced melting but are poorly constrained. We present a global dataset of cations in meltwaters of 77 glaciers, including new data from 19 Asian glaciers. Our study shows that contemporary cation denudation rates (CDRs) beneath glaciers (2174 ± 977 Σ*meq
Identifiants
pubmed: 35058445
doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-28032-1
pii: 10.1038/s41467-022-28032-1
pmc: PMC8776776
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
407Informations de copyright
© 2022. The Author(s).
Références
Butz, D. The agricultural use of melt water in Hopar settlement, Pakistan. Ann. Glaciol. 13, 35–39 (1989).
doi: 10.3189/S0260305500007606
Jansson, P., Hock, R. & Schneider, T. The concept of glacier storage: a review. J. Hydrol. 282, 116–129 (2003).
doi: 10.1016/S0022-1694(03)00258-0
Immerzeel, W. W., van Beek, L. P. & Bierkens, M. F. Climate change will affect the Asian water towers. Science 328, 1382–1385 (2010).
pubmed: 20538947
doi: 10.1126/science.1183188
Haritashya, U. K., Singh, P., Kumar, N. & Gupta, R. P. Suspended sediment from the Gangotri Glacier: Quantification, variability and associations with discharge and air temperature. J. Hydrol. 321, 116–130 (2006).
doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.07.037
Overeem, I. et al. Substantial export of suspended sediment to the global oceans from glacial erosion in Greenland. Nat. Geosci. 10, 859–863 (2017).
doi: 10.1038/ngeo3046
Singh, V. B., Ramanathan, A. L., Pottakkal, J. G. & Kumar, M. Seasonal variation of the solute and suspended sediment load in Gangotri Glacier meltwater, central Himalaya, India. J. Asian Earth Sci. 79, 224–234 (2014).
doi: 10.1016/j.jseaes.2013.09.010
Hawkings, J. R. et al. The Greenland ice sheet as a hot spot of phosphorus weathering and export in the Arctic. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 30, 191–210 (2016).
doi: 10.1002/2015GB005237
Hawkings, J. R. et al. Ice sheets as a missing source of silica to the polar oceans. Nat. Commun. 8, 14198 (2017).
pubmed: 28120824
pmcid: 5288494
doi: 10.1038/ncomms14198
Hawkings, J. R. et al. Ice sheets as a significant source of highly reactive nanoparticulate iron to the oceans. Nat. Commun. 5, 3929 (2014).
pubmed: 24845560
doi: 10.1038/ncomms4929
Hood, E., Battin, T. J., Fellman, J., O’Neel, S. & Spencer, R. G. M. Storage and release of organic carbon from glaciers and ice sheets. Nat. Geosci. 8, 91–96 (2015).
doi: 10.1038/ngeo2331
Li, X. et al. Dissolved iron supply from Asian glaciers: local controls and a regional perspective. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 33, 1223–1237 (2019).
doi: 10.1029/2018GB006113
Li, X. et al. Importance of mountain glaciers as a source of dissolved organic carbon. J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf. 123, 2123–2134 (2018).
doi: 10.1029/2017JF004333
Tranter, M. & Wadham, J. L. in Treatise on Geochemistry 5 (eds Holland, H. D. & Turekian, K. K.) 189-205 (2014).
Hallet, B., Hunter, L. & Bogen, J. Rates of erosion and sediment evacuation by glaciers: A review of field data and their implications. Glob. Planet. Change. 12, 213–235 (1996).
doi: 10.1016/0921-8181(95)00021-6
Telling, J. et al. Rock comminution as a source of hydrogen for subglacial ecosystems. Nat. Geosci. 8, 851–855 (2015).
doi: 10.1038/ngeo2533
Anderson, S., Drever, J. & Humphrey, N. Chemical weathering in glacial environments. Geology 25, 399–402 (1997).
doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<0399:CWIGE>2.3.CO;2
Blackburn, T. et al. Composition and formation age of amorphous silica coating glacially polished surfaces. Geology 47, 347–350 (2019).
doi: 10.1130/G45737.1
Petrovich, R. Kinetics of dissolution of mechanically comminuted rock-forming oxides and silicates—I. Deformation and dissolution of quartz under laboratory conditions. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 45, 1665–1674 (1981).
doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(81)90002-8
Hatton, J. E. et al. Investigation of subglacial weathering under the Greenland Ice Sheet using silicon isotopes. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 247, 191–206 (2019).
doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2018.12.033
Raymo, M. & Ruddiman, W. F. Tectonic forcing of Late Cenozoic climate. Nature 359, 117–122 (1992).
doi: 10.1038/359117a0
Sharp, M., Tranter, M., Brown, G. H. & Skidmore, M. Rates of chemical denudation and CO
doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<0061:ROCDAC>2.3.CO;2
Graly, J., Harrington, J. & Humphrey, N. Combined diurnal variations of discharge and hydrochemistry of the Isunnguata Sermia outlet, Greenland Ice Sheet. Cryosphere 11, 1131–1140 (2017).
doi: 10.5194/tc-11-1131-2017
Hilton, R. G. & West, A. J. Mountains, erosion and the carbon cycle. Nat. Rev. Earth Environ. 1, 284–299 (2020).
doi: 10.1038/s43017-020-0058-6
Hodson, A., Tranter, M. & Vatne, G. Contemporary rates of chemical denudation and atmospheric CO
doi: 10.1002/1096-9837(200012)25:13<1447::AID-ESP156>3.0.CO;2-9
Urra, A. et al. Weathering dynamics under contrasting Greenland ice sheet catchments. Front. Earth Sci. 7, 299 (2019).
doi: 10.3389/feart.2019.00299
Li, X. et al. Diurnal dynamics of minor and trace elements in stream water draining Dongkemadi Glacier on the Tibetan Plateau and its environmental implications. J. Hydrol. 541, 1104–1118 (2016).
doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.08.021
Hodson, A., Porter, P., Lowe, A. & Mumford, P. Chemical denudation and silicate weathering in Himalayan glacier basins: Batura Glacier, Pakistan. J. Hydrol. 262, 193–208 (2002).
doi: 10.1016/S0022-1694(02)00036-7
Hodgkins, R., Tranter, M. & Dowdeswell, J. A. Solute provenance, transport and denudation in a high arctic glacierized catchment. Hydrol. Process. 11, 1813–1832 (1997).
doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(199711)11:14<1813::AID-HYP498>3.0.CO;2-C
Krawczyk, W. E., Lefauconnier, B. & Pettersson, L.-E. Chemical denudation rates in the Bayelva Catchment, Svalbard, in the Fall of 2000. Phys. Chem. Earth 28, 1257–1271 (2003).
doi: 10.1016/j.pce.2003.08.054
Yde, J. C., Riger-Kusk, M., Christiansen, H., Knudsen, N. & Humlum, O. Hydrochemical characteristics of bulk meltwater from an entire ablation season, Longyearbreen, Svalbard. J. Glaciol. 54, 259–272 (2008).
doi: 10.3189/002214308784886234
Yde, J. C., Tvis Knudsen, N. & Nielsen, O. B. Glacier hydrochemistry, solute provenance, and chemical denudation at a surge-type glacier in Kuannersuit Kuussuat, Disko Island, West Greenland. J. Hydrol. 300, 172–187 (2005).
doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.06.008
Li, X. Hydrochemical Characteristics of Meltwater from Glaciers at the Typical Catchments in Western China. Doctor Thesis, Univ. Chinese Academy of Sciences (2009).
Yde, J. C., Knudsen, N. T., Hasholt, B. & Mikkelsen, A. B. Meltwater chemistry and solute export from a Greenland Ice Sheet catchment, Watson River, West Greenland. J. Hydrol. 519, 2165–2179 (2014).
doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.10.018
Hasnain, S. I. & Thayyen, R. Controls on the major-ion chemistry of the Dokriani Glacier meltwaters, Ganga basin, Garhwal Himalaya, India. J. Glaciol. 45, 87–92 (1999).
doi: 10.3189/S0022143000003063
Collins, D. N. Solute yield from a glacierized high mountain basin (Gornera, Gornergletscher, Switzerland). Dissolved Loads Rivers Surf. Water Quant./Qual. Relatsh. Proc. Hambg. Symp . 1983, 41–49 (1983).
Souchez, R. A. & Lemmens, M. M. Solutes. In Glacio-fluvial Sediment Transfer: An Alpine Perspective 285–303 (Wiley, 1987).
Gislason, S. R., Arnorsson, S. & Armannsson, H. Chemical weathering of basalt in Southwest Iceland: Effects of runoff, age of rocks and vegetative/glacial cover. Am. J. Sci. 296, 837–907 (1996).
doi: 10.2475/ajs.296.8.837
Wadham, J. L., Hodson, A. J., Tranter, M. & Dowdeswell, J. A. The rate of chemical weathering beneath a quiescent, surge-type, polythermal-based glacier, southern Spitsbergen, Svalbard. Ann. Glaciol. 24, 27–31 (1997).
doi: 10.3189/S0260305500011885
Axtmann, E. & Stallard, R. in Proc. Biogeochemistry of Seasonally Snow-covered Catchments (eds Tonnessenn, K., Williams, M.W., & Tranter, M.) Vol. 228 (1995).
Eyles, N., Sasseville, D. R., Slatt, R. M. & Rogerson, R. J. Geochemical denudation rates and solute transport mechanisms. Can. J. Earth Sci. 19, 1570–1581 (1982).
doi: 10.1139/e82-135
Brown, G. H. Glacier meltwater hydrochemistry. Appl. Geochem. 17, 855–883 (2002).
doi: 10.1016/S0883-2927(01)00123-8
Livingstone, D. A. Chemical Composition of Rivers and Lakes: Professional Paper 440-G (United States Geological Survey, Washington, 1963).
Meybeck, M. Concentrations des eaux fluviales en éléments majeurs et apports en solution aux océans: Revue Géologie Dynamique et Géographie Physique. Vol. 21, 215–246 (1979).
Hodson, A., Heaton, T., Langford, H. & Newsham, K. Chemical weathering and solute export by meltwater in a maritime Antarctic glacier basin. Biogeochemistry 98, 9–27 (2010).
doi: 10.1007/s10533-009-9372-2
Li, X. et al. Seasonal controls of meltwater runoff chemistry and chemical weathering at Urumqi Glacier No.1 in central Asia. Hydrol. Process. 33, 3258–3281 (2019).
doi: 10.1002/hyp.13555
Li, X. et al. Intense chemical weathering at glacial meltwater-dominated Hailuogou basin in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau. Water 11, 1209 (2019).
doi: 10.3390/w11061209
Hugonnet, R. et al. Accelerated global glacier mass loss in the early twenty-first century. Nature 592, 726–731 (2021).
pubmed: 33911269
doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-03436-z
Ciracì, E., Velicogna, I. & Swenson, S. Continuity of the mass loss of the world’s glaciers and ice caps from the GRACE and GRACE Follow-On missions. Geophys. Res. Lett. 47, e2019GL086926 (2020).
doi: 10.1029/2019GL086926
Huss, M. & Hock, R. Global-scale hydrological response to future glacier mass loss. Nat. Clim. Change. 8, 135–140 (2018).
doi: 10.1038/s41558-017-0049-x
IPCC. in IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (eds Pörtner, H.-O. et al.) (Cambridge University Press, 2019).
Hock, R. et al. in IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (eds Pörtner, H.-O. et al.] (Cambridge University Press, 2019).
Kumar, K. et al. Solute dynamics of meltwater of Gangotri Glacier, Garhwal Himalaya, India. Environ. Geol. 58, 1151–1159 (2009).
doi: 10.1007/s00254-008-1592-6
Stumpf, A. R. et al. Glacier meltwater stream chemistry in Wright and Taylor Valleys, Antarctica: Significant roles of drift, dust and biological processes in chemical weathering in a polar climate. Chem. Geol. 322–323, 79–90 (2012).
doi: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2012.06.009
Hindshaw, R. S., Rickli, J., Leuthold, J., Wadham, J. & Bourdon, B. Identifying weathering sources and processes in an outlet glacier of the Greenland Ice Sheet using Ca and Sr isotope ratios. Geochimica et. Cosmochimica Acta 145, 50–71 (2014).
doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2014.09.016
Langmuir, D. Aqueous Environmental Geochemistry 600 (Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, 1997).
Reimann, C. & de Caritat, P. Chemical Elements in the Environment-Factsheets for the Geochemist and Environmental Scientist (Springer, 1998).
Mitchell, A. C., Brown, G. H. & Fuge, R. Minor and trace element export from a glacierized Alpine headwater catchment (Haut Glacier d’Arolla, Switzerland). Hydrol. Process. 15, 3499–3524 (2001).
doi: 10.1002/hyp.1041
Tranter, M., Brown, G., Raiswell, R., Sharp, M. & Gurnell, A. A conceptual model of solute acquisition by Alpine glacial meltwaters. J. Glaciol. 39, 573–581 (1993).
doi: 10.1017/S0022143000016464
Linhoff, B. S., Charette, M. A. & Wadham, J. Rapid mineral surface weathering beneath the Greenland Ice Sheet shown by radium and uranium isotopes. Chem. Geol. 547, 119663 (2020).
doi: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2020.119663
Li, X., Qin, D., Jing, Z., Li, Y. & Wang, N. Diurnal hydrological controls and non-filtration effects on minor and trace elements in stream water draining the Qiyi Glacier, Qilian Mountain. Sci. China Earth Sci. 56, 81–92 (2013).
doi: 10.1007/s11430-012-4480-6
Mitchell, A. C. & Brown, G. H. Diurnal hydrological–physicochemical controls and sampling methods for minor and trace elements in an Alpine glacial hydrological system. J. Hydrol. 332, 123–143 (2007).
doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.06.026
Wu, X. Diurnal and seasonal variation of glacier meltwater hydrochemistry in Qiyi glacierized catchment in Qilian Mountains, northwest China: Implication for chemical weathering. J. Mt. Sci. 15, 1035–1045 (2018).
doi: 10.1007/s11629-017-4695-2
Deuerling, K. M., Martin, J. B., Martin, E. E. & Scribner, C. A. Hydrologic exchange and chemical weathering in a proglacial watershed near Kangerlussuaq, west Greenland. J. Hydrol. 556, 220–232 (2018).
doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.11.002
Scribner, C. A. et al. Exposure age and climate controls on weathering in deglaciated watersheds of western Greenland. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 170, 157–172 (2015).
doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2015.08.008
Gaillardet, J., Dupré, B., Louvat, P. & Allègre, C. J. Global silicate weathering and CO
doi: 10.1016/S0009-2541(99)00031-5
Bhatia, M. P. et al. Greenland meltwater as a significant and potentially bioavailable source of iron to the ocean. Nat. Geosci. 6, 274–278 (2013).
doi: 10.1038/ngeo1746
Wadham, J. L. et al. Biogeochemical weathering under ice: Size matters. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 24, GB3025 (2010).
doi: 10.1029/2009GB003688
Dalai, T., Krishnaswami, S. & Sarin, M. Major ion chemistry in the headwaters of the Yamuna river system: Chemical weathering, its temperature dependence and CO
doi: 10.1016/S0016-7037(02)00937-7
Wu, W., Xu, S., Yang, J. & Yin, H. Silicate weathering and CO
doi: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2008.01.025
Bliss, A., Hock, R. & Radić, V. Global response of glacier runoff to twenty-first century climate change. J. Geophys. Res. 119, 717–730 (2014).
doi: 10.1002/2013JF002931
Aciego, S. M., Stevenson, E. I. & Arendt, C. A. Climate versus geological controls on glacial meltwater micronutrient production in southern Greenland. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 424, 51–58 (2015).
doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2015.05.017
Wimpenny, J. et al. Glacial effects on weathering processes: New insights from the elemental and lithium isotopic composition of West Greenland rivers. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 290, 427–437 (2010).
doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2009.12.042
Yde, J. C. & Knudsen, N. The importance of oxygen isotope provenance in relation to solute content of bulk meltwaters at Imersuaq Glacier, West Greenland. Hydrol. Process. 18, 125–139 (2004).
doi: 10.1002/hyp.1317
Lenaerts, J. T. M. et al. Representing Greenland ice sheet freshwater fluxes in climate models. Geophys. Res. Lett. 42, 6373–6381 (2015).
doi: 10.1002/2015GL064738
Tedesco, M. et al. Evidence and analysis of 2012 Greenland records from spaceborne observations, a regional climate model and reanalysis data. Cryosphere 7, 615–630 (2013).
doi: 10.5194/tc-7-615-2013
Hasholt, B., van As, D., Mikkelsen, A. B., Mernild, S. H. & Yde, J. C. Observed sediment and solute transport from the Kangerlussuaq sector of the Greenland Ice Sheet (2006–2016). Arct. Antarct. Alp. Res. 50, e1433789 (2018).
doi: 10.1080/15230430.2018.1433789
Liston, G. & Winther, J.-G. Antarctic surface and subsurface snow and ice melt fluxes. J. Clim. 18, 1469–1481 (2005).
doi: 10.1175/JCLI3344.1
Pattyn, F. Antarctic subglacial conditions inferred from a hybrid ice sheet/ice stream model. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 295, 451–461 (2010).
doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2010.04.025
Wadham, J. L., Cooper, R. J., Tranter, M. & Hodgkins, R. Enhancement of glacial solute fluxes in the proglacial zone of a polythermal glacier. J. Glaciol. 47, 378–386(2001).
Gibbs, M. T. & Kump, L. R. Global chemical erosion during the Last Glacial Maximum and the present: Sensitivity to changes in lithology and hydrology. Paleoceanography 9, 529–543 (1994).
doi: 10.1029/94PA01009
Fairchild, I. J. et al. Solute generation and transfer from a chemically reactive alpine glacial-proglacial system. Earth Surf. Process. Landf. 24, 1189–1211 (1999).
doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(199912)24:13<1189::AID-ESP31>3.0.CO;2-P
Wang, R. Reconstruction of Glacier Mass Balance in High Mountian Asia and Its Impact on Water Resource. Doctor thesis, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (2019).
Liu, S. et al. The contemporary glaciers in China based on the Second Chinese Glacier Inventory. Acta Geograph. Sin. 70, 3–16 (2015).
Farinotti, D. et al. Substantial glacier mass loss in the Tien Shan over the past 50 years. Nat. Geosci. 8, 716–722 (2015).
doi: 10.1038/ngeo2513
Yao, T. et al. Different glacier status with atmospheric circulations in Tibetan Plateau and surroundings. Nat. Clim. Change 2, 663–667 (2012).
doi: 10.1038/nclimate1580
Meier, M. F. et al. Glaciers dominate eustatic sea-level rise in the 21st century. Science 317, 1064–1067 (2007).
pubmed: 17641167
doi: 10.1126/science.1143906
Koppes, M. et al. Observed latitudinal variations in erosion as a function of glacier dynamics. Nature 526, 100–103 (2015).
pubmed: 26432248
doi: 10.1038/nature15385
Meybeck, M. & Ragu, A. GEMS-GLORI World River Discharge Database (2012).
Radić, V. & Hock, R. Regionally differentiated contribution of mountain glaciers and ice caps to future sea-level rise. Nat. Geosci. 4, 91–94 (2011).
doi: 10.1038/ngeo1052
Radić, V. et al. Regional and global projections of twenty-first century glacier mass changes in response to climate scenarios from global climate models. Clim. Dyn. 42, 37–58 (2013).
doi: 10.1007/s00382-013-1719-7
Kraaijenbrink, P. D. A., Bierkens, M. F. P., Lutz, A. F. & Immerzeel, W. W. Impact of a global temperature rise of 1.5 degrees Celsius on Asia’s glaciers. Nature 549, 257–260 (2017).
pubmed: 28905897
doi: 10.1038/nature23878
Huss, M., Farinotti, D., Bauder, A. & Funk, M. Modelling runoff from highly glacierized alpine drainage basins in a changing climate. Hydrol. Process. 22, 3888–3902 (2008).
doi: 10.1002/hyp.7055
Wang, R., Liu, S., Shangguan, D., Radić, V. & Zhang, Y. Spatial heterogeneity in glacier mass-balance sensitivity across High Mountain Asia. Water. 11, 776 (2019).
doi: 10.3390/w11040776
Brun, F., Berthier, E., Wagnon, P., Kääb, A. & Treichler, D. A spatially resolved estimate of high Mountain Asia glacier mass balances from 2000 to 2016. Nat. Geosci. 10, 668–673 (2017).
pubmed: 28890734
pmcid: 5584675
doi: 10.1038/ngeo2999
Woodward, J., Sharp, M. & Arendt, A. The influence of superimposed-ice formation on the sensitivity of glacier mass balance to climate change. Ann. Glaciol. 24, 186–190 (1997).
doi: 10.3189/S0260305500012155
Dee, D. P. et al. The ERA-Interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data assimilation system. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 137, 553–597 (2011).
doi: 10.1002/qj.828
Pfeffer, W. T. et al. The Randolph Glacier Inventory: a globally complete inventory of glaciers. J. Glaciol. 60, 537–552 (2014).
doi: 10.3189/2014JoG13J176
Fretwell, P. et al. Bedmap2: improved ice bed, surface and thickness datasets for Antarctica. Cryosphere 7, 375–393 (2013).
doi: 10.5194/tc-7-375-2013
Ghiggi, G., Humphrey, V., Seneviratne, S. I. & Gudmundsson, L. GRUN: an observation-based global gridded runoff dataset from 1902 to 2014. Earth Syst. Sci. Data 11, 1655–1674 (2019).
doi: 10.5194/essd-11-1655-2019