Pulmonary Immune Dysregulation and Viral Persistence During HIV Infection.
Adaptive Immunity
Animals
HIV Infections
/ immunology
HIV-1
/ physiology
Host-Pathogen Interactions
/ immunology
Humans
Immunity, Innate
Immunity, Mucosal
Lung
/ immunology
Macrophages
/ metabolism
Organ Specificity
/ immunology
Respiratory Mucosa
/ immunology
T-Lymphocyte Subsets
/ immunology
Viral Load
CD8 T-cell dysfunction
HIV
HIV reservoir
alveolar macrophage (AM)
alveolar macrophages
lungs
mucosal immunity
pulmonary immunity
Journal
Frontiers in immunology
ISSN: 1664-3224
Titre abrégé: Front Immunol
Pays: Switzerland
ID NLM: 101560960
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
2021
2021
Historique:
received:
03
11
2021
accepted:
10
12
2021
entrez:
21
1
2022
pubmed:
22
1
2022
medline:
26
2
2022
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
Despite the success of antiretroviral therapy (ART), people living with HIV continue to suffer from high burdens of respiratory infections, lung cancers and chronic lung disease at a higher rate than the general population. The lung mucosa, a previously neglected HIV reservoir site, is of particular importance in this phenomenon. Because ART does not eliminate the virus, residual levels of HIV that remain in deep tissues lead to chronic immune activation and pulmonary inflammatory pathologies. In turn, continuous pulmonary and systemic inflammation cause immune cell exhaustion and pulmonary immune dysregulation, creating a pro-inflammatory environment ideal for HIV reservoir persistence. Moreover, smoking, gut and lung dysbiosis and co-infections further fuel the vicious cycle of residual viral replication which, in turn, contributes to inflammation and immune cell proliferation, further maintaining the HIV reservoir. Herein, we discuss the recent evidence supporting the notion that the lungs serve as an HIV viral reservoir. We will explore how smoking, changes in the microbiome, and common co-infections seen in PLWH contribute to HIV persistence, pulmonary immune dysregulation, and high rates of infectious and non-infectious lung disease among these individuals.
Identifiants
pubmed: 35058937
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.808722
pmc: PMC8764194
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
808722Subventions
Organisme : CIHR
ID : 153082
Pays : Canada
Organisme : CIHR
ID : HB2-164064
Pays : Canada
Informations de copyright
Copyright © 2022 Alexandrova, Costiniuk and Jenabian.
Déclaration de conflit d'intérêts
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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