Evidence for a semisolid phase state of aerosols and droplets relevant to the airborne and surface survival of pathogens.
COVID-19
/ virology
Calcium Chloride
/ chemistry
Diffusion
Disinfection
/ methods
Humans
Humidity
Kinetics
Microbial Viability
Models, Chemical
Phase Transition
Respiratory Aerosols and Droplets
/ chemistry
SARS-CoV-2
/ chemistry
Serum Albumin
/ chemistry
Sodium Chloride
/ chemistry
Surface Properties
aerosol-phase state
amorphous phases
disease transmission
pathogens
viral survival
Journal
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
ISSN: 1091-6490
Titre abrégé: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 7505876
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
25 01 2022
25 01 2022
Historique:
accepted:
25
11
2021
entrez:
22
1
2022
pubmed:
23
1
2022
medline:
1
2
2022
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
The phase state of respiratory aerosols and droplets has been linked to the humidity-dependent survival of pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2. To inform strategies to mitigate the spread of infectious disease, it is thus necessary to understand the humidity-dependent phase changes associated with the particles in which pathogens are suspended. Here, we study phase changes of levitated aerosols and droplets composed of model respiratory compounds (salt and protein) and growth media (organic-inorganic mixtures commonly used in studies of pathogen survival) with decreasing relative humidity (RH). Efflorescence was suppressed in many particle compositions and thus unlikely to fully account for the humidity-dependent survival of viruses. Rather, we identify organic-based, semisolid phase states that form under equilibrium conditions at intermediate RH (45 to 80%). A higher-protein content causes particles to exist in a semisolid state under a wider range of RH conditions. Diffusion and, thus, disinfection kinetics are expected to be inhibited in these semisolid states. These observations suggest that organic-based, semisolid states are an important consideration to account for the recovery of virus viability at low RH observed in previous studies. We propose a mechanism in which the semisolid phase shields pathogens from inactivation by hindering the diffusion of solutes. This suggests that the exogenous lifetime of pathogens will depend, in part, on the organic composition of the carrier respiratory particle and thus its origin in the respiratory tract. Furthermore, this work highlights the importance of accounting for spatial heterogeneities and time-dependent changes in the properties of aerosols and droplets undergoing evaporation in studies of pathogen viability.
Identifiants
pubmed: 35064080
pii: 2109750119
doi: 10.1073/pnas.2109750119
pmc: PMC8794803
pii:
doi:
Substances chimiques
Serum Albumin
0
Sodium Chloride
451W47IQ8X
Calcium Chloride
M4I0D6VV5M
Types de publication
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Informations de copyright
Copyright © 2022 the Author(s). Published by PNAS.
Déclaration de conflit d'intérêts
The authors declare no competing interest.
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