May the Odds Be Ever in Your Favor: Non-deterministic Mechanisms Diversifying Cell Surface Molecule Expression.
Dscam
V(D)J recombination
antigenic variation
monoallelic
monogenic
olfactory receptor
protocadherin
stochastic gene choice
Journal
Frontiers in cell and developmental biology
ISSN: 2296-634X
Titre abrégé: Front Cell Dev Biol
Pays: Switzerland
ID NLM: 101630250
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
2021
2021
Historique:
received:
05
06
2021
accepted:
24
11
2021
entrez:
28
1
2022
pubmed:
29
1
2022
medline:
29
1
2022
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
How does the information in the genome program the functions of the wide variety of cells in the body? While the development of biological organisms appears to follow an explicit set of genomic instructions to generate the same outcome each time, many biological mechanisms harness molecular noise to produce variable outcomes. Non-deterministic variation is frequently observed in the diversification of cell surface molecules that give cells their functional properties, and is observed across eukaryotic clades, from single-celled protozoans to mammals. This is particularly evident in immune systems, where random recombination produces millions of antibodies from only a few genes; in nervous systems, where stochastic mechanisms vary the sensory receptors and synaptic matching molecules produced by different neurons; and in microbial antigenic variation. These systems employ overlapping molecular strategies including allelic exclusion, gene silencing by constitutive heterochromatin, targeted double-strand breaks, and competition for limiting enhancers. Here, we describe and compare five stochastic molecular mechanisms that produce variety in pathogen coat proteins and in the cell surface receptors of animal immune and neuronal cells, with an emphasis on the utility of non-deterministic variation.
Identifiants
pubmed: 35087825
doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.720798
pii: 720798
pmc: PMC8787164
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Pagination
720798Subventions
Organisme : NIDCD NIH HHS
ID : R01 DC018032
Pays : United States
Informations de copyright
Copyright © 2022 Williams, Sikora, Hammer, Amin, Brinjikji, Brumley, Burrows, Carrillo, Cromer, Edwards, Emri, Fergle, Jenkins, Kaushik, Maydan, Woodard and Clowney.
Déclaration de conflit d'intérêts
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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