Lack of Association of Group A Streptococcal Infections and Onset of Tics: European Multicenter Tics in Children Study.

Child Female Humans Incidence Male Prospective Studies Streptococcal Infections / complications Tic Disorders / epidemiology Tics / epidemiology

Journal

Neurology
ISSN: 1526-632X
Titre abrégé: Neurology
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 0401060

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
15 03 2022
Historique:
received: 01 04 2021
accepted: 21 12 2021
pubmed: 4 2 2022
medline: 7 4 2022
entrez: 3 2 2022
Statut: ppublish

Résumé

The goal of this work was to investigate the association between group A streptococcal (GAS) infections and tic incidence among unaffected children with a family history of chronic tic disorders (CTDs). In a prospective cohort study, children with no history for tics who were 3 to 10 years of age with a first-degree relative with a CTD were recruited from the European Multicentre Tics in Children Study (EMTICS) across 16 European centers. Presence of GAS infection was assessed with throat swabs, serum anti-streptolysin O titers, and anti-DNAse titers blinded to clinical status. GAS exposure was defined with 4 different definitions based on these parameters. Cox regression analyses with time-varying GAS exposure were conducted to examine the association of onset of tics and GAS exposure during follow-up. Sensitivity analyses were conducted with Cox regression and logistic regression analyses. A total of 259 children were recruited; 1 child was found to have tic onset before study entry and therefore was excluded. Sixty-one children (23.6%) developed tics over an average follow-up period of 1 (SD 0.7) year. There was a strong association of sex and onset of tics, with girls having an ≈60% lower risk of developing tics compared to boys (hazard ratio [HR] 0.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.2-0.7). However, there was no statistical evidence to suggest an association of any of the 4 GAS exposure definitions with tic onset (GAS exposure definition 1: HR 0.310, 95% CI 0.037-2.590; definition 2: HR 0.561, 95% CI 0.219-1.436; definition 3: HR 0.853, 95% CI 0.466-1.561; definition 4: HR 0.725, 95% CI 0.384-1.370). These results do not suggest an association between GAS exposure and development of tics. This study provides Class I evidence that group A streptococcal exposure does not associate with the development of tics in children with first-degree relatives with chronic tic disorder.

Sections du résumé

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
The goal of this work was to investigate the association between group A streptococcal (GAS) infections and tic incidence among unaffected children with a family history of chronic tic disorders (CTDs).
METHODS
In a prospective cohort study, children with no history for tics who were 3 to 10 years of age with a first-degree relative with a CTD were recruited from the European Multicentre Tics in Children Study (EMTICS) across 16 European centers. Presence of GAS infection was assessed with throat swabs, serum anti-streptolysin O titers, and anti-DNAse titers blinded to clinical status. GAS exposure was defined with 4 different definitions based on these parameters. Cox regression analyses with time-varying GAS exposure were conducted to examine the association of onset of tics and GAS exposure during follow-up. Sensitivity analyses were conducted with Cox regression and logistic regression analyses.
RESULTS
A total of 259 children were recruited; 1 child was found to have tic onset before study entry and therefore was excluded. Sixty-one children (23.6%) developed tics over an average follow-up period of 1 (SD 0.7) year. There was a strong association of sex and onset of tics, with girls having an ≈60% lower risk of developing tics compared to boys (hazard ratio [HR] 0.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.2-0.7). However, there was no statistical evidence to suggest an association of any of the 4 GAS exposure definitions with tic onset (GAS exposure definition 1: HR 0.310, 95% CI 0.037-2.590; definition 2: HR 0.561, 95% CI 0.219-1.436; definition 3: HR 0.853, 95% CI 0.466-1.561; definition 4: HR 0.725, 95% CI 0.384-1.370).
DISCUSSION
These results do not suggest an association between GAS exposure and development of tics.
CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE
This study provides Class I evidence that group A streptococcal exposure does not associate with the development of tics in children with first-degree relatives with chronic tic disorder.

Identifiants

DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000013298 PMID: 35110379
pubmed: 35110379
pii: WNL.0000000000013298
doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000013298
doi:

Types de publication

Journal Article Multicenter Study Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Pagination

e1175-e1183

Commentaires et corrections

Type : CommentIn
Type : CommentIn

Informations de copyright

© 2022 American Academy of Neurology.

Auteurs

Anette-Eleonore Schrag (AE)

From the Department of Clinical Neuroscience (A.E.S., H.W.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and Department of and Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.M.), Cumming School of Medicine and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department (N.B.-M.), Schneider Children's Medical Centre of Israel, Petah-Tikva, Affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (M.B.), University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Department of Human Neurosciences (F.C.), University La Sapienza of Rome; Department of Infectious Diseases (R.C.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; WHO Global Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Diphtheria and Streptococcal Infections (A.E.), Reference Microbiology Division, National Infection Service, Public Health England; Evelina London Children's Hospital GSTT (T.H.), Kings Health Partners AHSC; Psychological Medicine (I.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Levvel (C.H.), Academic Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; Amsterdam UMC (C.H.), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Netherlands; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (P.M.), Madrid; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (A.M.), Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic Universitari; Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (A.M.), Barcelona; Centro de Investigacion en Red de Salud Mental (A.M.), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Institute of Laboratory Medicine (N.M., M.J.S.) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (N.E.M.), University Hospital, LMU Munich; Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.R.M.-V.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre (K.v.P.), Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark and University of Copenhagen; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (K.v.P.), Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; ASL BA (C.P.), Mental Health Department, Adolescence and Childhood Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bari; Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatry (R.R.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (V.R.), Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany; Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital (Z.T.), Budapest, Hungary; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (S.W.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; and University of Groningen (A.D., P.J.H.), University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Netherlands. a.schrag@ucl.ac.uk.

Davide Martino (D)

From the Department of Clinical Neuroscience (A.E.S., H.W.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and Department of and Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.M.), Cumming School of Medicine and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department (N.B.-M.), Schneider Children's Medical Centre of Israel, Petah-Tikva, Affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (M.B.), University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Department of Human Neurosciences (F.C.), University La Sapienza of Rome; Department of Infectious Diseases (R.C.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; WHO Global Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Diphtheria and Streptococcal Infections (A.E.), Reference Microbiology Division, National Infection Service, Public Health England; Evelina London Children's Hospital GSTT (T.H.), Kings Health Partners AHSC; Psychological Medicine (I.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Levvel (C.H.), Academic Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; Amsterdam UMC (C.H.), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Netherlands; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (P.M.), Madrid; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (A.M.), Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic Universitari; Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (A.M.), Barcelona; Centro de Investigacion en Red de Salud Mental (A.M.), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Institute of Laboratory Medicine (N.M., M.J.S.) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (N.E.M.), University Hospital, LMU Munich; Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.R.M.-V.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre (K.v.P.), Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark and University of Copenhagen; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (K.v.P.), Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; ASL BA (C.P.), Mental Health Department, Adolescence and Childhood Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bari; Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatry (R.R.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (V.R.), Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany; Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital (Z.T.), Budapest, Hungary; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (S.W.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; and University of Groningen (A.D., P.J.H.), University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Netherlands.

Hanyuying Wang (H)

From the Department of Clinical Neuroscience (A.E.S., H.W.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and Department of and Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.M.), Cumming School of Medicine and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department (N.B.-M.), Schneider Children's Medical Centre of Israel, Petah-Tikva, Affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (M.B.), University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Department of Human Neurosciences (F.C.), University La Sapienza of Rome; Department of Infectious Diseases (R.C.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; WHO Global Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Diphtheria and Streptococcal Infections (A.E.), Reference Microbiology Division, National Infection Service, Public Health England; Evelina London Children's Hospital GSTT (T.H.), Kings Health Partners AHSC; Psychological Medicine (I.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Levvel (C.H.), Academic Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; Amsterdam UMC (C.H.), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Netherlands; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (P.M.), Madrid; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (A.M.), Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic Universitari; Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (A.M.), Barcelona; Centro de Investigacion en Red de Salud Mental (A.M.), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Institute of Laboratory Medicine (N.M., M.J.S.) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (N.E.M.), University Hospital, LMU Munich; Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.R.M.-V.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre (K.v.P.), Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark and University of Copenhagen; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (K.v.P.), Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; ASL BA (C.P.), Mental Health Department, Adolescence and Childhood Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bari; Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatry (R.R.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (V.R.), Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany; Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital (Z.T.), Budapest, Hungary; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (S.W.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; and University of Groningen (A.D., P.J.H.), University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Netherlands.

Gareth Ambler (G)

From the Department of Clinical Neuroscience (A.E.S., H.W.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and Department of and Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.M.), Cumming School of Medicine and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department (N.B.-M.), Schneider Children's Medical Centre of Israel, Petah-Tikva, Affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (M.B.), University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Department of Human Neurosciences (F.C.), University La Sapienza of Rome; Department of Infectious Diseases (R.C.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; WHO Global Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Diphtheria and Streptococcal Infections (A.E.), Reference Microbiology Division, National Infection Service, Public Health England; Evelina London Children's Hospital GSTT (T.H.), Kings Health Partners AHSC; Psychological Medicine (I.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Levvel (C.H.), Academic Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; Amsterdam UMC (C.H.), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Netherlands; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (P.M.), Madrid; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (A.M.), Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic Universitari; Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (A.M.), Barcelona; Centro de Investigacion en Red de Salud Mental (A.M.), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Institute of Laboratory Medicine (N.M., M.J.S.) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (N.E.M.), University Hospital, LMU Munich; Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.R.M.-V.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre (K.v.P.), Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark and University of Copenhagen; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (K.v.P.), Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; ASL BA (C.P.), Mental Health Department, Adolescence and Childhood Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bari; Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatry (R.R.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (V.R.), Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany; Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital (Z.T.), Budapest, Hungary; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (S.W.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; and University of Groningen (A.D., P.J.H.), University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Netherlands.

Noa Benaroya-Milstein (N)

From the Department of Clinical Neuroscience (A.E.S., H.W.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and Department of and Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.M.), Cumming School of Medicine and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department (N.B.-M.), Schneider Children's Medical Centre of Israel, Petah-Tikva, Affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (M.B.), University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Department of Human Neurosciences (F.C.), University La Sapienza of Rome; Department of Infectious Diseases (R.C.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; WHO Global Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Diphtheria and Streptococcal Infections (A.E.), Reference Microbiology Division, National Infection Service, Public Health England; Evelina London Children's Hospital GSTT (T.H.), Kings Health Partners AHSC; Psychological Medicine (I.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Levvel (C.H.), Academic Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; Amsterdam UMC (C.H.), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Netherlands; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (P.M.), Madrid; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (A.M.), Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic Universitari; Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (A.M.), Barcelona; Centro de Investigacion en Red de Salud Mental (A.M.), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Institute of Laboratory Medicine (N.M., M.J.S.) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (N.E.M.), University Hospital, LMU Munich; Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.R.M.-V.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre (K.v.P.), Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark and University of Copenhagen; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (K.v.P.), Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; ASL BA (C.P.), Mental Health Department, Adolescence and Childhood Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bari; Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatry (R.R.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (V.R.), Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany; Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital (Z.T.), Budapest, Hungary; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (S.W.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; and University of Groningen (A.D., P.J.H.), University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Netherlands.

Maura Buttiglione (M)

From the Department of Clinical Neuroscience (A.E.S., H.W.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and Department of and Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.M.), Cumming School of Medicine and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department (N.B.-M.), Schneider Children's Medical Centre of Israel, Petah-Tikva, Affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (M.B.), University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Department of Human Neurosciences (F.C.), University La Sapienza of Rome; Department of Infectious Diseases (R.C.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; WHO Global Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Diphtheria and Streptococcal Infections (A.E.), Reference Microbiology Division, National Infection Service, Public Health England; Evelina London Children's Hospital GSTT (T.H.), Kings Health Partners AHSC; Psychological Medicine (I.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Levvel (C.H.), Academic Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; Amsterdam UMC (C.H.), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Netherlands; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (P.M.), Madrid; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (A.M.), Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic Universitari; Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (A.M.), Barcelona; Centro de Investigacion en Red de Salud Mental (A.M.), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Institute of Laboratory Medicine (N.M., M.J.S.) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (N.E.M.), University Hospital, LMU Munich; Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.R.M.-V.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre (K.v.P.), Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark and University of Copenhagen; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (K.v.P.), Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; ASL BA (C.P.), Mental Health Department, Adolescence and Childhood Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bari; Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatry (R.R.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (V.R.), Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany; Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital (Z.T.), Budapest, Hungary; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (S.W.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; and University of Groningen (A.D., P.J.H.), University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Netherlands.

Francesco Cardona (F)

From the Department of Clinical Neuroscience (A.E.S., H.W.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and Department of and Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.M.), Cumming School of Medicine and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department (N.B.-M.), Schneider Children's Medical Centre of Israel, Petah-Tikva, Affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (M.B.), University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Department of Human Neurosciences (F.C.), University La Sapienza of Rome; Department of Infectious Diseases (R.C.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; WHO Global Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Diphtheria and Streptococcal Infections (A.E.), Reference Microbiology Division, National Infection Service, Public Health England; Evelina London Children's Hospital GSTT (T.H.), Kings Health Partners AHSC; Psychological Medicine (I.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Levvel (C.H.), Academic Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; Amsterdam UMC (C.H.), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Netherlands; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (P.M.), Madrid; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (A.M.), Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic Universitari; Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (A.M.), Barcelona; Centro de Investigacion en Red de Salud Mental (A.M.), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Institute of Laboratory Medicine (N.M., M.J.S.) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (N.E.M.), University Hospital, LMU Munich; Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.R.M.-V.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre (K.v.P.), Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark and University of Copenhagen; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (K.v.P.), Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; ASL BA (C.P.), Mental Health Department, Adolescence and Childhood Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bari; Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatry (R.R.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (V.R.), Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany; Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital (Z.T.), Budapest, Hungary; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (S.W.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; and University of Groningen (A.D., P.J.H.), University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Netherlands.

Roberta Creti (R)

From the Department of Clinical Neuroscience (A.E.S., H.W.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and Department of and Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.M.), Cumming School of Medicine and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department (N.B.-M.), Schneider Children's Medical Centre of Israel, Petah-Tikva, Affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (M.B.), University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Department of Human Neurosciences (F.C.), University La Sapienza of Rome; Department of Infectious Diseases (R.C.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; WHO Global Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Diphtheria and Streptococcal Infections (A.E.), Reference Microbiology Division, National Infection Service, Public Health England; Evelina London Children's Hospital GSTT (T.H.), Kings Health Partners AHSC; Psychological Medicine (I.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Levvel (C.H.), Academic Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; Amsterdam UMC (C.H.), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Netherlands; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (P.M.), Madrid; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (A.M.), Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic Universitari; Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (A.M.), Barcelona; Centro de Investigacion en Red de Salud Mental (A.M.), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Institute of Laboratory Medicine (N.M., M.J.S.) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (N.E.M.), University Hospital, LMU Munich; Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.R.M.-V.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre (K.v.P.), Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark and University of Copenhagen; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (K.v.P.), Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; ASL BA (C.P.), Mental Health Department, Adolescence and Childhood Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bari; Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatry (R.R.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (V.R.), Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany; Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital (Z.T.), Budapest, Hungary; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (S.W.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; and University of Groningen (A.D., P.J.H.), University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Netherlands.

Androulla Efstratiou (A)

From the Department of Clinical Neuroscience (A.E.S., H.W.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and Department of and Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.M.), Cumming School of Medicine and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department (N.B.-M.), Schneider Children's Medical Centre of Israel, Petah-Tikva, Affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (M.B.), University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Department of Human Neurosciences (F.C.), University La Sapienza of Rome; Department of Infectious Diseases (R.C.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; WHO Global Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Diphtheria and Streptococcal Infections (A.E.), Reference Microbiology Division, National Infection Service, Public Health England; Evelina London Children's Hospital GSTT (T.H.), Kings Health Partners AHSC; Psychological Medicine (I.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Levvel (C.H.), Academic Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; Amsterdam UMC (C.H.), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Netherlands; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (P.M.), Madrid; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (A.M.), Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic Universitari; Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (A.M.), Barcelona; Centro de Investigacion en Red de Salud Mental (A.M.), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Institute of Laboratory Medicine (N.M., M.J.S.) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (N.E.M.), University Hospital, LMU Munich; Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.R.M.-V.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre (K.v.P.), Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark and University of Copenhagen; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (K.v.P.), Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; ASL BA (C.P.), Mental Health Department, Adolescence and Childhood Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bari; Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatry (R.R.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (V.R.), Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany; Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital (Z.T.), Budapest, Hungary; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (S.W.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; and University of Groningen (A.D., P.J.H.), University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Netherlands.

Tammy Hedderly (T)

From the Department of Clinical Neuroscience (A.E.S., H.W.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and Department of and Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.M.), Cumming School of Medicine and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department (N.B.-M.), Schneider Children's Medical Centre of Israel, Petah-Tikva, Affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (M.B.), University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Department of Human Neurosciences (F.C.), University La Sapienza of Rome; Department of Infectious Diseases (R.C.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; WHO Global Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Diphtheria and Streptococcal Infections (A.E.), Reference Microbiology Division, National Infection Service, Public Health England; Evelina London Children's Hospital GSTT (T.H.), Kings Health Partners AHSC; Psychological Medicine (I.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Levvel (C.H.), Academic Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; Amsterdam UMC (C.H.), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Netherlands; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (P.M.), Madrid; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (A.M.), Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic Universitari; Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (A.M.), Barcelona; Centro de Investigacion en Red de Salud Mental (A.M.), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Institute of Laboratory Medicine (N.M., M.J.S.) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (N.E.M.), University Hospital, LMU Munich; Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.R.M.-V.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre (K.v.P.), Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark and University of Copenhagen; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (K.v.P.), Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; ASL BA (C.P.), Mental Health Department, Adolescence and Childhood Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bari; Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatry (R.R.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (V.R.), Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany; Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital (Z.T.), Budapest, Hungary; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (S.W.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; and University of Groningen (A.D., P.J.H.), University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Netherlands.

Isobel Heyman (I)

From the Department of Clinical Neuroscience (A.E.S., H.W.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and Department of and Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.M.), Cumming School of Medicine and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department (N.B.-M.), Schneider Children's Medical Centre of Israel, Petah-Tikva, Affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (M.B.), University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Department of Human Neurosciences (F.C.), University La Sapienza of Rome; Department of Infectious Diseases (R.C.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; WHO Global Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Diphtheria and Streptococcal Infections (A.E.), Reference Microbiology Division, National Infection Service, Public Health England; Evelina London Children's Hospital GSTT (T.H.), Kings Health Partners AHSC; Psychological Medicine (I.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Levvel (C.H.), Academic Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; Amsterdam UMC (C.H.), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Netherlands; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (P.M.), Madrid; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (A.M.), Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic Universitari; Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (A.M.), Barcelona; Centro de Investigacion en Red de Salud Mental (A.M.), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Institute of Laboratory Medicine (N.M., M.J.S.) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (N.E.M.), University Hospital, LMU Munich; Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.R.M.-V.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre (K.v.P.), Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark and University of Copenhagen; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (K.v.P.), Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; ASL BA (C.P.), Mental Health Department, Adolescence and Childhood Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bari; Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatry (R.R.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (V.R.), Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany; Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital (Z.T.), Budapest, Hungary; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (S.W.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; and University of Groningen (A.D., P.J.H.), University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Netherlands.

Chaim Huyser (C)

From the Department of Clinical Neuroscience (A.E.S., H.W.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and Department of and Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.M.), Cumming School of Medicine and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department (N.B.-M.), Schneider Children's Medical Centre of Israel, Petah-Tikva, Affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (M.B.), University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Department of Human Neurosciences (F.C.), University La Sapienza of Rome; Department of Infectious Diseases (R.C.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; WHO Global Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Diphtheria and Streptococcal Infections (A.E.), Reference Microbiology Division, National Infection Service, Public Health England; Evelina London Children's Hospital GSTT (T.H.), Kings Health Partners AHSC; Psychological Medicine (I.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Levvel (C.H.), Academic Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; Amsterdam UMC (C.H.), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Netherlands; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (P.M.), Madrid; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (A.M.), Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic Universitari; Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (A.M.), Barcelona; Centro de Investigacion en Red de Salud Mental (A.M.), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Institute of Laboratory Medicine (N.M., M.J.S.) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (N.E.M.), University Hospital, LMU Munich; Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.R.M.-V.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre (K.v.P.), Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark and University of Copenhagen; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (K.v.P.), Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; ASL BA (C.P.), Mental Health Department, Adolescence and Childhood Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bari; Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatry (R.R.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (V.R.), Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany; Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital (Z.T.), Budapest, Hungary; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (S.W.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; and University of Groningen (A.D., P.J.H.), University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Netherlands.
ORCID: 0000-0001-8757-3124

Pablo Mir (P)

From the Department of Clinical Neuroscience (A.E.S., H.W.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and Department of and Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.M.), Cumming School of Medicine and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department (N.B.-M.), Schneider Children's Medical Centre of Israel, Petah-Tikva, Affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (M.B.), University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Department of Human Neurosciences (F.C.), University La Sapienza of Rome; Department of Infectious Diseases (R.C.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; WHO Global Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Diphtheria and Streptococcal Infections (A.E.), Reference Microbiology Division, National Infection Service, Public Health England; Evelina London Children's Hospital GSTT (T.H.), Kings Health Partners AHSC; Psychological Medicine (I.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Levvel (C.H.), Academic Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; Amsterdam UMC (C.H.), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Netherlands; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (P.M.), Madrid; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (A.M.), Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic Universitari; Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (A.M.), Barcelona; Centro de Investigacion en Red de Salud Mental (A.M.), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Institute of Laboratory Medicine (N.M., M.J.S.) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (N.E.M.), University Hospital, LMU Munich; Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.R.M.-V.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre (K.v.P.), Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark and University of Copenhagen; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (K.v.P.), Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; ASL BA (C.P.), Mental Health Department, Adolescence and Childhood Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bari; Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatry (R.R.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (V.R.), Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany; Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital (Z.T.), Budapest, Hungary; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (S.W.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; and University of Groningen (A.D., P.J.H.), University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Netherlands.
ORCID: 0000-0003-1656-302X

Astrid Morer (A)

From the Department of Clinical Neuroscience (A.E.S., H.W.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and Department of and Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.M.), Cumming School of Medicine and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department (N.B.-M.), Schneider Children's Medical Centre of Israel, Petah-Tikva, Affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (M.B.), University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Department of Human Neurosciences (F.C.), University La Sapienza of Rome; Department of Infectious Diseases (R.C.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; WHO Global Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Diphtheria and Streptococcal Infections (A.E.), Reference Microbiology Division, National Infection Service, Public Health England; Evelina London Children's Hospital GSTT (T.H.), Kings Health Partners AHSC; Psychological Medicine (I.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Levvel (C.H.), Academic Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; Amsterdam UMC (C.H.), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Netherlands; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (P.M.), Madrid; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (A.M.), Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic Universitari; Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (A.M.), Barcelona; Centro de Investigacion en Red de Salud Mental (A.M.), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Institute of Laboratory Medicine (N.M., M.J.S.) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (N.E.M.), University Hospital, LMU Munich; Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.R.M.-V.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre (K.v.P.), Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark and University of Copenhagen; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (K.v.P.), Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; ASL BA (C.P.), Mental Health Department, Adolescence and Childhood Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bari; Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatry (R.R.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (V.R.), Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany; Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital (Z.T.), Budapest, Hungary; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (S.W.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; and University of Groningen (A.D., P.J.H.), University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Netherlands.

Natalie Moll (N)

From the Department of Clinical Neuroscience (A.E.S., H.W.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and Department of and Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.M.), Cumming School of Medicine and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department (N.B.-M.), Schneider Children's Medical Centre of Israel, Petah-Tikva, Affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (M.B.), University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Department of Human Neurosciences (F.C.), University La Sapienza of Rome; Department of Infectious Diseases (R.C.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; WHO Global Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Diphtheria and Streptococcal Infections (A.E.), Reference Microbiology Division, National Infection Service, Public Health England; Evelina London Children's Hospital GSTT (T.H.), Kings Health Partners AHSC; Psychological Medicine (I.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Levvel (C.H.), Academic Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; Amsterdam UMC (C.H.), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Netherlands; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (P.M.), Madrid; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (A.M.), Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic Universitari; Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (A.M.), Barcelona; Centro de Investigacion en Red de Salud Mental (A.M.), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Institute of Laboratory Medicine (N.M., M.J.S.) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (N.E.M.), University Hospital, LMU Munich; Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.R.M.-V.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre (K.v.P.), Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark and University of Copenhagen; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (K.v.P.), Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; ASL BA (C.P.), Mental Health Department, Adolescence and Childhood Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bari; Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatry (R.R.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (V.R.), Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany; Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital (Z.T.), Budapest, Hungary; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (S.W.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; and University of Groningen (A.D., P.J.H.), University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Netherlands.

Norbert E Müller (NE)

From the Department of Clinical Neuroscience (A.E.S., H.W.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and Department of and Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.M.), Cumming School of Medicine and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department (N.B.-M.), Schneider Children's Medical Centre of Israel, Petah-Tikva, Affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (M.B.), University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Department of Human Neurosciences (F.C.), University La Sapienza of Rome; Department of Infectious Diseases (R.C.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; WHO Global Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Diphtheria and Streptococcal Infections (A.E.), Reference Microbiology Division, National Infection Service, Public Health England; Evelina London Children's Hospital GSTT (T.H.), Kings Health Partners AHSC; Psychological Medicine (I.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Levvel (C.H.), Academic Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; Amsterdam UMC (C.H.), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Netherlands; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (P.M.), Madrid; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (A.M.), Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic Universitari; Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (A.M.), Barcelona; Centro de Investigacion en Red de Salud Mental (A.M.), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Institute of Laboratory Medicine (N.M., M.J.S.) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (N.E.M.), University Hospital, LMU Munich; Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.R.M.-V.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre (K.v.P.), Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark and University of Copenhagen; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (K.v.P.), Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; ASL BA (C.P.), Mental Health Department, Adolescence and Childhood Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bari; Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatry (R.R.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (V.R.), Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany; Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital (Z.T.), Budapest, Hungary; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (S.W.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; and University of Groningen (A.D., P.J.H.), University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Netherlands.
ORCID: 0000-0001-6653-9103

Kirsten R Müller-Vahl (KR)

From the Department of Clinical Neuroscience (A.E.S., H.W.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and Department of and Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.M.), Cumming School of Medicine and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department (N.B.-M.), Schneider Children's Medical Centre of Israel, Petah-Tikva, Affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (M.B.), University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Department of Human Neurosciences (F.C.), University La Sapienza of Rome; Department of Infectious Diseases (R.C.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; WHO Global Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Diphtheria and Streptococcal Infections (A.E.), Reference Microbiology Division, National Infection Service, Public Health England; Evelina London Children's Hospital GSTT (T.H.), Kings Health Partners AHSC; Psychological Medicine (I.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Levvel (C.H.), Academic Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; Amsterdam UMC (C.H.), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Netherlands; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (P.M.), Madrid; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (A.M.), Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic Universitari; Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (A.M.), Barcelona; Centro de Investigacion en Red de Salud Mental (A.M.), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Institute of Laboratory Medicine (N.M., M.J.S.) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (N.E.M.), University Hospital, LMU Munich; Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.R.M.-V.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre (K.v.P.), Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark and University of Copenhagen; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (K.v.P.), Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; ASL BA (C.P.), Mental Health Department, Adolescence and Childhood Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bari; Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatry (R.R.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (V.R.), Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany; Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital (Z.T.), Budapest, Hungary; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (S.W.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; and University of Groningen (A.D., P.J.H.), University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Netherlands.

Kerstin J Plessen (KJ)

From the Department of Clinical Neuroscience (A.E.S., H.W.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and Department of and Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.M.), Cumming School of Medicine and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department (N.B.-M.), Schneider Children's Medical Centre of Israel, Petah-Tikva, Affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (M.B.), University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Department of Human Neurosciences (F.C.), University La Sapienza of Rome; Department of Infectious Diseases (R.C.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; WHO Global Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Diphtheria and Streptococcal Infections (A.E.), Reference Microbiology Division, National Infection Service, Public Health England; Evelina London Children's Hospital GSTT (T.H.), Kings Health Partners AHSC; Psychological Medicine (I.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Levvel (C.H.), Academic Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; Amsterdam UMC (C.H.), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Netherlands; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (P.M.), Madrid; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (A.M.), Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic Universitari; Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (A.M.), Barcelona; Centro de Investigacion en Red de Salud Mental (A.M.), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Institute of Laboratory Medicine (N.M., M.J.S.) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (N.E.M.), University Hospital, LMU Munich; Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.R.M.-V.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre (K.v.P.), Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark and University of Copenhagen; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (K.v.P.), Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; ASL BA (C.P.), Mental Health Department, Adolescence and Childhood Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bari; Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatry (R.R.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (V.R.), Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany; Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital (Z.T.), Budapest, Hungary; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (S.W.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; and University of Groningen (A.D., P.J.H.), University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Netherlands.

Cesare Porcelli (C)

From the Department of Clinical Neuroscience (A.E.S., H.W.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and Department of and Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.M.), Cumming School of Medicine and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department (N.B.-M.), Schneider Children's Medical Centre of Israel, Petah-Tikva, Affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (M.B.), University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Department of Human Neurosciences (F.C.), University La Sapienza of Rome; Department of Infectious Diseases (R.C.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; WHO Global Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Diphtheria and Streptococcal Infections (A.E.), Reference Microbiology Division, National Infection Service, Public Health England; Evelina London Children's Hospital GSTT (T.H.), Kings Health Partners AHSC; Psychological Medicine (I.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Levvel (C.H.), Academic Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; Amsterdam UMC (C.H.), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Netherlands; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (P.M.), Madrid; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (A.M.), Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic Universitari; Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (A.M.), Barcelona; Centro de Investigacion en Red de Salud Mental (A.M.), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Institute of Laboratory Medicine (N.M., M.J.S.) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (N.E.M.), University Hospital, LMU Munich; Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.R.M.-V.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre (K.v.P.), Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark and University of Copenhagen; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (K.v.P.), Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; ASL BA (C.P.), Mental Health Department, Adolescence and Childhood Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bari; Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatry (R.R.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (V.R.), Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany; Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital (Z.T.), Budapest, Hungary; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (S.W.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; and University of Groningen (A.D., P.J.H.), University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Netherlands.

Renata Rizzo (R)

From the Department of Clinical Neuroscience (A.E.S., H.W.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and Department of and Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.M.), Cumming School of Medicine and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department (N.B.-M.), Schneider Children's Medical Centre of Israel, Petah-Tikva, Affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (M.B.), University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Department of Human Neurosciences (F.C.), University La Sapienza of Rome; Department of Infectious Diseases (R.C.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; WHO Global Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Diphtheria and Streptococcal Infections (A.E.), Reference Microbiology Division, National Infection Service, Public Health England; Evelina London Children's Hospital GSTT (T.H.), Kings Health Partners AHSC; Psychological Medicine (I.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Levvel (C.H.), Academic Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; Amsterdam UMC (C.H.), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Netherlands; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (P.M.), Madrid; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (A.M.), Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic Universitari; Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (A.M.), Barcelona; Centro de Investigacion en Red de Salud Mental (A.M.), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Institute of Laboratory Medicine (N.M., M.J.S.) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (N.E.M.), University Hospital, LMU Munich; Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.R.M.-V.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre (K.v.P.), Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark and University of Copenhagen; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (K.v.P.), Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; ASL BA (C.P.), Mental Health Department, Adolescence and Childhood Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bari; Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatry (R.R.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (V.R.), Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany; Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital (Z.T.), Budapest, Hungary; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (S.W.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; and University of Groningen (A.D., P.J.H.), University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Netherlands.

Veit Roessner (V)

From the Department of Clinical Neuroscience (A.E.S., H.W.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and Department of and Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.M.), Cumming School of Medicine and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department (N.B.-M.), Schneider Children's Medical Centre of Israel, Petah-Tikva, Affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (M.B.), University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Department of Human Neurosciences (F.C.), University La Sapienza of Rome; Department of Infectious Diseases (R.C.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; WHO Global Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Diphtheria and Streptococcal Infections (A.E.), Reference Microbiology Division, National Infection Service, Public Health England; Evelina London Children's Hospital GSTT (T.H.), Kings Health Partners AHSC; Psychological Medicine (I.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Levvel (C.H.), Academic Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; Amsterdam UMC (C.H.), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Netherlands; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (P.M.), Madrid; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (A.M.), Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic Universitari; Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (A.M.), Barcelona; Centro de Investigacion en Red de Salud Mental (A.M.), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Institute of Laboratory Medicine (N.M., M.J.S.) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (N.E.M.), University Hospital, LMU Munich; Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.R.M.-V.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre (K.v.P.), Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark and University of Copenhagen; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (K.v.P.), Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; ASL BA (C.P.), Mental Health Department, Adolescence and Childhood Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bari; Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatry (R.R.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (V.R.), Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany; Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital (Z.T.), Budapest, Hungary; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (S.W.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; and University of Groningen (A.D., P.J.H.), University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Netherlands.

Markus Schwarz (M)

From the Department of Clinical Neuroscience (A.E.S., H.W.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and Department of and Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.M.), Cumming School of Medicine and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department (N.B.-M.), Schneider Children's Medical Centre of Israel, Petah-Tikva, Affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (M.B.), University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Department of Human Neurosciences (F.C.), University La Sapienza of Rome; Department of Infectious Diseases (R.C.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; WHO Global Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Diphtheria and Streptococcal Infections (A.E.), Reference Microbiology Division, National Infection Service, Public Health England; Evelina London Children's Hospital GSTT (T.H.), Kings Health Partners AHSC; Psychological Medicine (I.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Levvel (C.H.), Academic Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; Amsterdam UMC (C.H.), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Netherlands; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (P.M.), Madrid; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (A.M.), Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic Universitari; Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (A.M.), Barcelona; Centro de Investigacion en Red de Salud Mental (A.M.), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Institute of Laboratory Medicine (N.M., M.J.S.) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (N.E.M.), University Hospital, LMU Munich; Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.R.M.-V.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre (K.v.P.), Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark and University of Copenhagen; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (K.v.P.), Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; ASL BA (C.P.), Mental Health Department, Adolescence and Childhood Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bari; Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatry (R.R.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (V.R.), Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany; Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital (Z.T.), Budapest, Hungary; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (S.W.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; and University of Groningen (A.D., P.J.H.), University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Netherlands.

Zsanett Tarnok (Z)

From the Department of Clinical Neuroscience (A.E.S., H.W.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and Department of and Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.M.), Cumming School of Medicine and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department (N.B.-M.), Schneider Children's Medical Centre of Israel, Petah-Tikva, Affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (M.B.), University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Department of Human Neurosciences (F.C.), University La Sapienza of Rome; Department of Infectious Diseases (R.C.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; WHO Global Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Diphtheria and Streptococcal Infections (A.E.), Reference Microbiology Division, National Infection Service, Public Health England; Evelina London Children's Hospital GSTT (T.H.), Kings Health Partners AHSC; Psychological Medicine (I.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Levvel (C.H.), Academic Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; Amsterdam UMC (C.H.), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Netherlands; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (P.M.), Madrid; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (A.M.), Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic Universitari; Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (A.M.), Barcelona; Centro de Investigacion en Red de Salud Mental (A.M.), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Institute of Laboratory Medicine (N.M., M.J.S.) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (N.E.M.), University Hospital, LMU Munich; Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.R.M.-V.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre (K.v.P.), Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark and University of Copenhagen; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (K.v.P.), Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; ASL BA (C.P.), Mental Health Department, Adolescence and Childhood Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bari; Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatry (R.R.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (V.R.), Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany; Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital (Z.T.), Budapest, Hungary; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (S.W.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; and University of Groningen (A.D., P.J.H.), University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Netherlands.

Susanne Walitza (S)

From the Department of Clinical Neuroscience (A.E.S., H.W.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and Department of and Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.M.), Cumming School of Medicine and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department (N.B.-M.), Schneider Children's Medical Centre of Israel, Petah-Tikva, Affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (M.B.), University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Department of Human Neurosciences (F.C.), University La Sapienza of Rome; Department of Infectious Diseases (R.C.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; WHO Global Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Diphtheria and Streptococcal Infections (A.E.), Reference Microbiology Division, National Infection Service, Public Health England; Evelina London Children's Hospital GSTT (T.H.), Kings Health Partners AHSC; Psychological Medicine (I.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Levvel (C.H.), Academic Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; Amsterdam UMC (C.H.), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Netherlands; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (P.M.), Madrid; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (A.M.), Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic Universitari; Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (A.M.), Barcelona; Centro de Investigacion en Red de Salud Mental (A.M.), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Institute of Laboratory Medicine (N.M., M.J.S.) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (N.E.M.), University Hospital, LMU Munich; Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.R.M.-V.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre (K.v.P.), Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark and University of Copenhagen; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (K.v.P.), Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; ASL BA (C.P.), Mental Health Department, Adolescence and Childhood Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bari; Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatry (R.R.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (V.R.), Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany; Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital (Z.T.), Budapest, Hungary; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (S.W.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; and University of Groningen (A.D., P.J.H.), University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Netherlands.
ORCID: 0000-0002-8161-8683

Andrea Dietrich (A)

From the Department of Clinical Neuroscience (A.E.S., H.W.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and Department of and Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.M.), Cumming School of Medicine and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department (N.B.-M.), Schneider Children's Medical Centre of Israel, Petah-Tikva, Affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (M.B.), University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Department of Human Neurosciences (F.C.), University La Sapienza of Rome; Department of Infectious Diseases (R.C.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; WHO Global Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Diphtheria and Streptococcal Infections (A.E.), Reference Microbiology Division, National Infection Service, Public Health England; Evelina London Children's Hospital GSTT (T.H.), Kings Health Partners AHSC; Psychological Medicine (I.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Levvel (C.H.), Academic Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; Amsterdam UMC (C.H.), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Netherlands; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (P.M.), Madrid; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (A.M.), Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic Universitari; Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (A.M.), Barcelona; Centro de Investigacion en Red de Salud Mental (A.M.), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Institute of Laboratory Medicine (N.M., M.J.S.) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (N.E.M.), University Hospital, LMU Munich; Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.R.M.-V.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre (K.v.P.), Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark and University of Copenhagen; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (K.v.P.), Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; ASL BA (C.P.), Mental Health Department, Adolescence and Childhood Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bari; Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatry (R.R.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (V.R.), Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany; Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital (Z.T.), Budapest, Hungary; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (S.W.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; and University of Groningen (A.D., P.J.H.), University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Netherlands.

Pieter J Hoekstra (PJ)

From the Department of Clinical Neuroscience (A.E.S., H.W.), UCL Institute of Neurology, and Department of and Statistical Science (G.A.), University College London, UK; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (D.M.), Cumming School of Medicine and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department (N.B.-M.), Schneider Children's Medical Centre of Israel, Petah-Tikva, Affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (M.B.), University of Bari "Aldo Moro"; Department of Human Neurosciences (F.C.), University La Sapienza of Rome; Department of Infectious Diseases (R.C.), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; WHO Global Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Diphtheria and Streptococcal Infections (A.E.), Reference Microbiology Division, National Infection Service, Public Health England; Evelina London Children's Hospital GSTT (T.H.), Kings Health Partners AHSC; Psychological Medicine (I.H.), Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Levvel (C.H.), Academic Center for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; Amsterdam UMC (C.H.), Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Netherlands; Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento (P.M.), Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (P.M.), Madrid; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology (A.M.), Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic Universitari; Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (A.M.), Barcelona; Centro de Investigacion en Red de Salud Mental (A.M.), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Institute of Laboratory Medicine (N.M., M.J.S.) and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (N.E.M.), University Hospital, LMU Munich; Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (K.R.M.-V.), Hannover Medical School, Germany; Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre (K.v.P.), Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark and University of Copenhagen; Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (K.v.P.), Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; ASL BA (C.P.), Mental Health Department, Adolescence and Childhood Neuropsychiatry Unit, Bari; Child and Adolescent Neurology and Psychiatry (R.R.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (V.R.), Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany; Vadaskert Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital (Z.T.), Budapest, Hungary; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (S.W.), University of Zurich, Switzerland; and University of Groningen (A.D., P.J.H.), University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the Netherlands.

Articles similaires

[Redispensing of expensive oral anticancer medicines: a practical application].

Lisanne N van Merendonk, Kübra Akgöl, Bastiaan Nuijen
1.00
Humans Antineoplastic Agents Administration, Oral Drug Costs Counterfeit Drugs

Smoking Cessation and Incident Cardiovascular Disease.

Jun Hwan Cho, Seung Yong Shin, Hoseob Kim et al.
1.00
Humans Male Smoking Cessation Cardiovascular Diseases Female

Evaluation of Low-Value Services Across Major Medicare Advantage Insurers and Traditional Medicare.

Ciara Duggan, Adam L Beckman, Ishani Ganguli et al.
1.00
Humans United States Aged Cross-Sectional Studies Medicare Part C

Effectiveness of Virtual Yoga for Chronic Low Back Pain: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Hallie Tankha, Devyn Gaskins, Amanda Shallcross et al.
1.00
Humans Yoga Low Back Pain Female Male

Classifications MeSH

questionsmedicales.fr › Personnes › Tranches d'âge › Enfant › Lack of Association of Group A Streptococcal...
questionsmedicales.fr › Eucaryotes › Animaux › Chordés › Vertébrés › Mammifères › Eutheria › Primates › Haplorhini › Catarrhini › Hominidae › Humains › Lack of Association of Group A Streptococcal...
questionsmedicales.fr › Environnement et santé publique › Santé publique › Méthodes épidémiologiques › Collecte de données › Registre civil › Morbidité › Incidence › Lack of Association of Group A Streptococcal...
questionsmedicales.fr › Environnement et santé publique › Santé publique › Méthodes épidémiologiques › Caractéristiques des études épidémiologiques › Études épidémiologiques › Études de cohortes › Études prospectives › Lack of Association of Group A Streptococcal...
questionsmedicales.fr › Infection › Infections bactériennes et mycoses › Infections bactériennes › Infections bactériennes à Gram positif › Infections à streptocoques › Lack of Association of Group A Streptococcal...
questionsmedicales.fr › Troubles mentaux › Troubles du développement neurologique › Troubles des tics › Lack of Association of Group A Streptococcal...
questionsmedicales.fr › États, signes et symptômes pathologiques › Signes et symptômes › Manifestations neurologiques › Dyskinésies › Tics › Lack of Association of Group A Streptococcal...