Selective multi-kinase inhibition sensitizes mesenchymal pancreatic cancer to immune checkpoint blockade by remodeling the tumor microenvironment.


Journal

Nature cancer
ISSN: 2662-1347
Titre abrégé: Nat Cancer
Pays: England
ID NLM: 101761119

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
03 2022
Historique:
received: 05 12 2020
accepted: 13 12 2021
pubmed: 6 2 2022
medline: 5 4 2022
entrez: 5 2 2022
Statut: ppublish

Résumé

KRAS-mutant pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is highly immunosuppressive and resistant to targeted and immunotherapies. Among the different PDAC subtypes, basal-like mesenchymal PDAC, which is driven by allelic imbalance, increased gene dosage and subsequent high expression levels of oncogenic KRAS, shows the most aggressive phenotype and strongest therapy resistance. In the present study, we performed a systematic high-throughput combination drug screen and identified a synergistic interaction between the MEK inhibitor trametinib and the multi-kinase inhibitor nintedanib, which targets KRAS-directed oncogenic signaling in mesenchymal PDAC. This combination treatment induces cell-cycle arrest and cell death, and initiates a context-dependent remodeling of the immunosuppressive cancer cell secretome. Using a combination of single-cell RNA-sequencing, CRISPR screens and immunophenotyping, we show that this combination therapy promotes intratumor infiltration of cytotoxic and effector T cells, which sensitizes mesenchymal PDAC to PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibition. Overall, our results open new avenues to target this aggressive and therapy-refractory mesenchymal PDAC subtype.

Identifiants

pubmed: 35122074
doi: 10.1038/s43018-021-00326-1
pii: 10.1038/s43018-021-00326-1
pmc: PMC7612546
mid: EMS140566
doi:

Substances chimiques

Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors 0

Types de publication

Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Pagination

318-336

Subventions

Organisme : European Research Council
ID : 648521
Pays : International

Informations de copyright

© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature America, Inc.

Références

Quaresma, M., Coleman, M. P. & Rachet, B. 40-year trends in an index of survival for all cancers combined and survival adjusted for age and sex for each cancer in England and Wales, 1971–2011: a population-based study. Lancet 385, 1206–1218 (2015).
pubmed: 25479696 doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61396-9
Siegel, R. L., Miller, K. D. & Jemal, A. Cancer statistics, 2020. CA Cancer J. Clin. 70, 7–30 (2020).
pubmed: 31912902 doi: 10.3322/caac.21590
Aung, K. L. et al. Genomics-driven precision medicine for advanced pancreatic cancer: early results from the COMPASS trial. Clin. Cancer Res. 24, 1344–1354 (2018).
pubmed: 29288237 doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-17-2994
Kalimuthu, S. N. et al. Morphological classification of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma that predicts molecular subtypes and correlates with clinical outcome. Gut 69, 317–328 (2020).
doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2019-318217
Chan-Seng-Yue, M. et al. Transcription phenotypes of pancreatic cancer are driven by genomic events during tumor evolution. Nat. Genet. 52, 231–240 (2020).
pubmed: 31932696 doi: 10.1038/s41588-019-0566-9
Bailey, P. et al. Genomic analyses identify molecular subtypes of pancreatic cancer. Nature 531, 47–52 (2016).
pubmed: 26909576 doi: 10.1038/nature16965
Dijk, F. et al. Unsupervised class discovery in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma reveals cell-intrinsic mesenchymal features and high concordance between existing classification systems. Sci. Rep. 10, 337 (2020).
pubmed: 31941932 pmcid: 6962149 doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-56826-9
Puleo, F. et al. Stratification of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas based on tumor and microenvironment features. Gastroenterology 155, 1999–2013.e1993 (2018).
pubmed: 30165049 doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.08.033
Morrison, A. H., Byrne, K. T. & Vonderheide, R. H. Immunotherapy and prevention of pancreatic cancer. Trends Cancer 4, 418–428 (2018).
pubmed: 29860986 pmcid: 6028935 doi: 10.1016/j.trecan.2018.04.001
Balachandran, V. P. et al. Identification of unique neoantigen qualities in long-term survivors of pancreatic cancer. Nature 551, 512–516 (2017).
pubmed: 29132146 pmcid: 6145146 doi: 10.1038/nature24462
Chen, D. S. & Mellman, I. Elements of cancer immunity and the cancer-immune set point. Nature 541, 321–330 (2017).
pubmed: 28102259 doi: 10.1038/nature21349
Ino, Y. et al. Immune cell infiltration as an indicator of the immune microenvironment of pancreatic cancer. Br. J. Cancer 108, 914–923 (2013).
pubmed: 23385730 pmcid: 3590668 doi: 10.1038/bjc.2013.32
Collisson, E. A. et al. A central role for RAF–>MEK–>ERK signaling in the genesis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Cancer Discov. 2, 685–693 (2012).
pubmed: 22628411 pmcid: 3425446 doi: 10.1158/2159-8290.CD-11-0347
Blumenschein, G. R. Jr et al. A randomized phase II study of the MEK1/MEK2 inhibitor trametinib (GSK1120212) compared with docetaxel in KRAS-mutant advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Ann. Oncol. 26, 894–901 (2015).
pubmed: 25722381 pmcid: 4855243 doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdv072
Caunt, C. J., Sale, M. J., Smith, P. D. & Cook, S. J. MEK1 and MEK2 inhibitors and cancer therapy: the long and winding road. Nat. Rev. Cancer 15, 577–592 (2015).
pubmed: 26399658 doi: 10.1038/nrc4000
Mueller, S. et al. Evolutionary routes and KRAS dosage define pancreatic cancer phenotypes. Nature 554, 62–68 (2018).
pubmed: 29364867 pmcid: 6097607 doi: 10.1038/nature25459
Miyabayashi, K. et al. Intraductal transplantation models of human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma reveal progressive transition of molecular subtypes. Cancer Discov.10, 1566–1589 (2020).
pubmed: 32703770 pmcid: 7664990 doi: 10.1158/2159-8290.CD-20-0133
Hänzelmann, S., Castelo, R. & Guinney, J. GSVA: gene set variation analysis for microarray and RNA-Seq data. BMC Bioinformatics 14, 7 (2013).
pubmed: 23323831 pmcid: 3618321 doi: 10.1186/1471-2105-14-7
Liberzon, A. et al. The molecular signatures database Hallmark gene set collection. Cell Systems 1, 417–425 (2015).
pubmed: 26771021 pmcid: 4707969 doi: 10.1016/j.cels.2015.12.004
Schönhuber, N. et al. A next-generation dual-recombinase system for time- and host-specific targeting of pancreatic cancer. Nat. Med. 20, 1340–1347 (2014).
pubmed: 25326799 pmcid: 4270133 doi: 10.1038/nm.3646
Ruscetti, M. et al. Senescence-induced vascular remodeling creates therapeutic vulnerabilities in pancreas cancer. Cell 181, 424–441.e421 (2020).
pubmed: 32234521 pmcid: 7278897 doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.03.008
DeJarnette, J. B. et al. Specific requirement for CD3epsilon in T cell development. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 95, 14909–14914 (1998).
pubmed: 9843989 pmcid: 24549 doi: 10.1073/pnas.95.25.14909
Pathria, P., Louis, T. L. & Varner, J. A. Targeting tumor-associated macrophages in cancer. Trends Immunol. 40, 310–327 (2019).
pubmed: 30890304 doi: 10.1016/j.it.2019.02.003
Nywening, T. M. et al. Targeting both tumour-associated CXCR2
pubmed: 29196437 doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2017-313738
Steele, C. W. et al. CXCR2 inhibition profoundly suppresses metastases and augments immunotherapy in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Cancer Cell 29, 832–845 (2016).
pubmed: 27265504 pmcid: 4912354 doi: 10.1016/j.ccell.2016.04.014
Gerrard, T. L., Cohen, D. J. & Kaplan, A. M. Human neutrophil-mediated cytotoxicity to tumor cells. J. Natl Cancer Instit. 66, 483–488 (1981).
Bakhoum, S. F. & Cantley, L. C. The multifaceted role of chromosomal instability in cancer and its microenvironment. Cell 174, 1347–1360 (2018).
pubmed: 30193109 pmcid: 6136429 doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.08.027
Mackenzie, K. J. et al. cGAS surveillance of micronuclei links genome instability to innate immunity. Nature 548, 461–465 (2017).
pubmed: 28738408 pmcid: 5870830 doi: 10.1038/nature23449
Faget, D. V., Ren, Q. & Stewart, S. A. Unmasking senescence: context-dependent effects of SASP in cancer. Nat. Rev. Cancer 19, 439–453 (2019).
pubmed: 31235879 doi: 10.1038/s41568-019-0156-2
Meissner, F., Scheltema, R. A., Mollenkopf, H.-J. & Mann, M. Direct proteomic quantification of the secretome of activated immune cells. Science 340, 475–478 (2013).
pubmed: 23620052 doi: 10.1126/science.1232578
Matsumura, S. et al. Radiation-induced CXCL16 release by breast cancer cells attracts effector T cells. J. Immunol. 181, 3099–3107 (2008).
pubmed: 18713980 doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.5.3099
Hojo, S. et al. High-level expression of chemokine CXCL16 by tumor cells correlates with a good prognosis and increased tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in colorectal cancer. Cancer Res. 67, 4725–4731 (2007).
pubmed: 17510400 doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-3424
Li, B. et al. Epigenetic regulation of CXCL12 plays a critical role in mediating tumor progression and the immune response in osteosarcoma. Cancer Res. 78, 3938–3953 (2018).
pubmed: 29735547 doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-17-3801
Nagarsheth, N., Wicha, M. S. & Zou, W. Chemokines in the cancer microenvironment and their relevance in cancer immunotherapy. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 17, 559–572 (2017).
pubmed: 28555670 pmcid: 5731833 doi: 10.1038/nri.2017.49
Mehta, A. K. et al. Targeting immunosuppressive macrophages overcomes PARP inhibitor resistance in BRCA1-associated triple-negative breast cancer. Nat. Cancer 2, 66–82 (2021).
pubmed: 33738458 doi: 10.1038/s43018-020-00148-7
Peng, D. H. et al. Th17 cells contribute to combination MEK inhibitor and anti-PD-L1 therapy resistance in KRAS/p53 mutant lung cancers. Nat. Commun. 12, 2606 (2021).
pubmed: 33972557 pmcid: 8110980 doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-22875-w
Di Pilato, M. et al. CXCR6 positions cytotoxic T cells to receive critical survival signals in the tumor microenvironment. Cell 184, 4512–4530.e4522 (2021).
pubmed: 34343496 doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.07.015
Uhlén, M. et al. Proteomics. Tissue-based map of the human proteome. Science 347, 1260419 (2015).
pubmed: 25613900 doi: 10.1126/science.1260419
Steins, A. et al. High-grade mesenchymal pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma drives stromal deactivation through CSF-1. EMBO Rep. 21, e48780 (2020).
pubmed: 32173982 pmcid: 7202203 doi: 10.15252/embr.201948780
Sahai, E. et al. A framework for advancing our understanding of cancer-associated fibroblasts. Nat. Rev. Cancer 20, 174–186 (2020).
pubmed: 31980749 pmcid: 7046529 doi: 10.1038/s41568-019-0238-1
Schneider, G., Schmidt-Supprian, M., Rad, R. & Saur, D. Tissue-specific tumorigenesis: context matters. Nat. Rev. Cancer 17, 239–253 (2017).
pubmed: 28256574 pmcid: 5823237 doi: 10.1038/nrc.2017.5
Elyada, E. et al. Cross-species single-cell analysis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma reveals antigen-presenting cancer-associated fibroblasts. Cancer Discov. 9, 1102–1123 (2019).
pubmed: 31197017 pmcid: 6727976 doi: 10.1158/2159-8290.CD-19-0094
Hosein, A. N., Brekken, R. A. & Maitra, A. Pancreatic cancer stroma: an update on therapeutic targeting strategies. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 17, 487–505 (2020).
pubmed: 32393771 pmcid: 8284850 doi: 10.1038/s41575-020-0300-1
Ligorio, M. et al. Stromal microenvironment shapes the intratumoral architecture of pancreatic cancer. Cell 178, 160–175.e127 (2019).
pubmed: 31155233 pmcid: 6697165 doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.05.012
Batlle, E. & Massagué, J. Transforming growth factor-β signaling in immunity and cancer. Immunity 50, 924–940 (2019).
pubmed: 30995507 pmcid: 7507121 doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.03.024
Olive, K. P. et al. Inhibition of Hedgehog signaling enhances delivery of chemotherapy in a mouse model of pancreatic cancer. Science 324, 1457–1461 (2009).
pubmed: 19460966 pmcid: 2998180 doi: 10.1126/science.1171362
Sherman, M. H. et al. Vitamin D receptor-mediated stromal reprogramming suppresses pancreatitis and enhances pancreatic cancer therapy. Cell 159, 80–93 (2014).
pubmed: 25259922 pmcid: 4177038 doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.08.007
Hayashi, A. et al. A unifying paradigm for transcriptional heterogeneity and squamous features in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Nat. Cancer 1, 59–74 (2020).
pubmed: 35118421 pmcid: 8809486 doi: 10.1038/s43018-019-0010-1
Brzostek-Racine, S., Gordon, C., Van Scoy, S. & Reich, N. C. The DNA damage response induces IFN. J. Immunol. 187, 5336–5345 (2011).
pubmed: 22013119 doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100040
Zhou, F. Molecular mechanisms of IFN-γ to up-regulate MHC class I antigen processing and presentation. Int. Rev. Immunol. 28, 239–260 (2009).
pubmed: 19811323 doi: 10.1080/08830180902978120
Respa, A. et al. Association of IFN-γ signal transduction defects with impaired HLA class I antigen processing in melanoma cell lines. Clin. Cancer Res. 17, 2668–2678 (2011).
pubmed: 21248298 pmcid: 3426200 doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-2114
Kearney, C. J. et al. Tumor immune evasion arises through loss of TNF sensitivity. Sci. Immunol. 3, eaar3451 (2018).
pubmed: 29776993 doi: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aar3451
Liao, W. et al. KRAS-IRF2 axis drives immune suppression and immune therapy resistance in colorectal cancer. Cancer Cell 35, 559–572.e557 (2019).
pubmed: 30905761 pmcid: 6467776 doi: 10.1016/j.ccell.2019.02.008
Tape, C. J. et al. Oncogenic KRAS regulates tumor cell signaling via stromal reciprocation. Cell 165, 910–920 (2016).
pubmed: 27087446 pmcid: 4868820 doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.03.029
Kuilman, T. & Peeper, D. S. Senescence-messaging secretome: SMS-ing cellular stress. Nat. Rev. Cancer 9, 81–94 (2009).
pubmed: 19132009 doi: 10.1038/nrc2560
Lederer, D. J. & Martinez, F. J. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 378, 1811–1823 (2018).
pubmed: 29742380 doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1705751
Richeldi, L. et al. Efficacy and safety of nintedanib in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 370, 2071–2082 (2014).
pubmed: 24836310 doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1402584
von Burstin, J. et al. E-cadherin regulates metastasis of pancreatic cancer in vivo and is suppressed by a SNAIL/HDAC1/HDAC2 repressor complex. Gastroenterology 137, 361–371.e361-365 (2009).
doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.04.004
Eser, S. et al. Selective requirement of PI3K/PDK1 signaling for Kras oncogene-driven pancreatic cell plasticity and cancer. Cancer Cell 23, 406–420 (2013).
pubmed: 23453624 doi: 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.01.023
Ianevski, A., Giri, A. K. & Aittokallio, T. SynergyFinder 2.0: visual analytics of multi-drug combination synergies. Nucleic Acids Res. 48, W488–W493 (2020).
pubmed: 32246720 pmcid: 7319457 doi: 10.1093/nar/gkaa216
Klaeger, S. et al. The target landscape of clinical kinase drugs. Science https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aan4368 (2017).
Shevchenko, A., Tomas, H., Havli, J., Olsen, J. V. & Mann, M. In-gel digestion for mass spectrometric characterization of proteins and proteomes. Nat. Protoc. 1, 2856–2860 (2006).
pubmed: 17406544 doi: 10.1038/nprot.2006.468
Vizcaíno, J. A. et al. The PRoteomics IDEntifications (PRIDE) database and associated tools: status in 2013. Nucleic Acids Res. 41, D1063–D1069 (2013).
pubmed: 23203882 doi: 10.1093/nar/gks1262
Hafner, M., Niepel, M., Chung, M. & Sorger, P. K. Growth rate inhibition metrics correct for confounders in measuring sensitivity to cancer drugs. Nat. Methods 13, 521–527 (2016).
pubmed: 27135972 pmcid: 4887336 doi: 10.1038/nmeth.3853
Clark, N. A. et al. GRcalculator: an online tool for calculating and mining dose-response data. BMC Cancer 17, 698 (2017).
pubmed: 29065900 pmcid: 5655815 doi: 10.1186/s12885-017-3689-3
Bindea, G. et al. ClueGO: a Cytoscape plug-in to decipher functionally grouped gene ontology and pathway annotation networks. Bioinformatics 25, 1091–1093 (2009).
pubmed: 19237447 pmcid: 2666812 doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btp101
DeWeirdt, P. C. et al. Optimization of AsCas12a for combinatorial genetic screens in human cells. Nat. Biotechnol. 39, 94–104 (2021).
pubmed: 32661438 doi: 10.1038/s41587-020-0600-6
Joung, J. et al. Genome-scale CRISPR–Cas9 knockout and transcriptional activation screening. Nat. Protoc. 12, 828–863 (2017).
pubmed: 28333914 pmcid: 5526071 doi: 10.1038/nprot.2017.016
Li, W. et al. MAGeCK enables robust identification of essential genes from genome-scale CRISPR/Cas9 knockout screens. Genome Biol. 15, 554 (2014).
pubmed: 25476604 pmcid: 4290824 doi: 10.1186/s13059-014-0554-4
Doench, J. G. et al. Optimized sgRNA design to maximize activity and minimize off-target effects of CRISPR–Cas9. Nat. Biotechnol. 34, 184–191 (2016).
pubmed: 26780180 pmcid: 4744125 doi: 10.1038/nbt.3437
Jackson, E. L. et al. Analysis of lung tumor initiation and progression using conditional expression of oncogenic K-ras. Genes Dev. 15, 3243–3248 (2001).
pubmed: 11751630 pmcid: 312845 doi: 10.1101/gad.943001
Hingorani, S. R. et al. Preinvasive and invasive ductal pancreatic cancer and its early detection in the mouse. Cancer Cell 4, 437–450 (2003).
pubmed: 14706336 doi: 10.1016/S1535-6108(03)00309-X
Nakhai, H. et al. Ptf1a is essential for the differentiation of GABAergic and glycinergic amacrine cells and horizontal cells in the mouse retina. Development 134, 1151–1160 (2007).
pubmed: 17301087 doi: 10.1242/dev.02781
Catalanotti, F. et al. A Mek1–Mek2 heterodimer determines the strength and duration of the Erk signal. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 16, 294–303 (2009).
pubmed: 19219045 doi: 10.1038/nsmb.1564
Wolf, F. A., Angerer, P. & Theis, F. J. SCANPY: large-scale single-cell gene expression data analysis. Genome Biol. 19, 15 (2018).
pubmed: 29409532 pmcid: 5802054 doi: 10.1186/s13059-017-1382-0
Efremova, M., Vento-Tormo, M., Teichmann, S. A. & Vento-Tormo, R. CellPhoneDB: inferring cell–cell communication from combined expression of multi-subunit ligand–receptor complexes. Nat. Protoc. 15, 1484–1506 (2020).
pubmed: 32103204 doi: 10.1038/s41596-020-0292-x
Phulphagar, K. et al. Proteomics reveals distinct mechanisms regulating the release of cytokines and alarmins during pyroptosis. Cell Rep. 34, 108826 (2021).
pubmed: 33691121 doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108826

Auteurs

Chiara Falcomatà (C)

Division of Translational Cancer Research, German Cancer Research Center and German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany.
Chair of Translational Cancer Research and Institute of Experimental Cancer Therapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.

Stefanie Bärthel (S)

Division of Translational Cancer Research, German Cancer Research Center and German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany.
Chair of Translational Cancer Research and Institute of Experimental Cancer Therapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.

Sebastian A Widholz (SA)

Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany.

Christian Schneeweis (C)

German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany.
Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.

Juan José Montero (JJ)

Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany.

Albulena Toska (A)

Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.

Jonas Mir (J)

Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.

Thorsten Kaltenbacher (T)

Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany.

Jeannine Heetmeyer (J)

Division of Translational Cancer Research, German Cancer Research Center and German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany.
Chair of Translational Cancer Research and Institute of Experimental Cancer Therapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.

Jonathan J Swietlik (JJ)

Experimental Systems Immunology Laboratory, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany.

Jing-Yuan Cheng (JY)

Experimental Systems Immunology Laboratory, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany.

Bianca Teodorescu (B)

Division of Translational Cancer Research, German Cancer Research Center and German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany.
Chair of Translational Cancer Research and Institute of Experimental Cancer Therapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.

Oliver Reichert (O)

Division of Translational Cancer Research, German Cancer Research Center and German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany.
Chair of Translational Cancer Research and Institute of Experimental Cancer Therapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.

Constantin Schmitt (C)

Division of Translational Cancer Research, German Cancer Research Center and German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany.
Chair of Translational Cancer Research and Institute of Experimental Cancer Therapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.

Kathrin Grabichler (K)

Division of Translational Cancer Research, German Cancer Research Center and German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany.
Chair of Translational Cancer Research and Institute of Experimental Cancer Therapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.

Andrea Coluccio (A)

Division of Translational Cancer Research, German Cancer Research Center and German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany.
Chair of Translational Cancer Research and Institute of Experimental Cancer Therapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.

Fabio Boniolo (F)

Division of Translational Cancer Research, German Cancer Research Center and German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany.
Chair of Translational Cancer Research and Institute of Experimental Cancer Therapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.

Christian Veltkamp (C)

Division of Translational Cancer Research, German Cancer Research Center and German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany.
Chair of Translational Cancer Research and Institute of Experimental Cancer Therapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.

Magdalena Zukowska (M)

Division of Translational Cancer Research, German Cancer Research Center and German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany.
Chair of Translational Cancer Research and Institute of Experimental Cancer Therapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.

Angelica Arenas Vargas (AA)

Division of Translational Cancer Research, German Cancer Research Center and German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany.
Chair of Translational Cancer Research and Institute of Experimental Cancer Therapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.

Woo Hyun Paik (WH)

Division of Translational Cancer Research, German Cancer Research Center and German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany.
Chair of Translational Cancer Research and Institute of Experimental Cancer Therapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.

Moritz Jesinghaus (M)

Division of Translational Cancer Research, German Cancer Research Center and German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany.
Chair of Translational Cancer Research and Institute of Experimental Cancer Therapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Marburg, Marburg, Germany.

Katja Steiger (K)

Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.

Roman Maresch (R)

Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany.

Rupert Öllinger (R)

Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany.

Tim Ammon (T)

Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany.
Institute of Experimental Hematology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.

Olga Baranov (O)

Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany.

Maria S Robles (MS)

Institute of Medical Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.

Julia Rechenberger (J)

Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.

Bernhard Kuster (B)

German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany.
Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.

Felix Meissner (F)

Experimental Systems Immunology Laboratory, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany.
Institute of Innate Immunity, Department of Systems Immunology and Proteomics, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.

Maximilian Reichert (M)

German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany.
Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
Center for Protein Assemblies, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany.

Michael Flossdorf (M)

Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.

Roland Rad (R)

Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
Institute of Molecular Oncology and Functional Genomics, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany.
Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.

Marc Schmidt-Supprian (M)

Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany.
Institute of Experimental Hematology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.

Günter Schneider (G)

German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany.
Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
University Medical Center Göttingen, Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, Göttingen, Germany.

Dieter Saur (D)

Division of Translational Cancer Research, German Cancer Research Center and German Cancer Consortium, Heidelberg, Germany. dieter.saur@tum.de.
Chair of Translational Cancer Research and Institute of Experimental Cancer Therapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany. dieter.saur@tum.de.
Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany. dieter.saur@tum.de.
Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany. dieter.saur@tum.de.

Articles similaires

[Redispensing of expensive oral anticancer medicines: a practical application].

Lisanne N van Merendonk, Kübra Akgöl, Bastiaan Nuijen
1.00
Humans Antineoplastic Agents Administration, Oral Drug Costs Counterfeit Drugs

Smoking Cessation and Incident Cardiovascular Disease.

Jun Hwan Cho, Seung Yong Shin, Hoseob Kim et al.
1.00
Humans Male Smoking Cessation Cardiovascular Diseases Female
Humans United States Aged Cross-Sectional Studies Medicare Part C
1.00
Humans Yoga Low Back Pain Female Male

Classifications MeSH