Glutamate: A Safe Nutrient, Not Just a Simple Additive.
European Food Safety Authority
Glutamate
Metabolism
Nutrient
Pharmacokinetics
Safety
Journal
Annals of nutrition & metabolism
ISSN: 1421-9697
Titre abrégé: Ann Nutr Metab
Pays: Switzerland
ID NLM: 8105511
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
2022
2022
Historique:
received:
26
11
2021
accepted:
04
02
2022
pubmed:
17
2
2022
medline:
14
6
2022
entrez:
16
2
2022
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
In 2017, a European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) opinion on the use of glutamate and its salts as food additives led to an Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) of 30 mg/kg body weight/day. Then, in 2021, an EFSA statement presented a proposal for harmonizing the establishment of Health-Based Guidance Values for nutrients that are also regulated substances (including food additives). The present review argues that the 2017 glutamate ADI is unsuitable because safety of glutamate should firstly consider its status as a nutrient and not only as an additive. Glutamate is a non-essential amino acid playing a key role in nitrogen homeostasis. The dietary exposure to glutamate in adults is extensive, due to its ubiquitous presence in foods, under three forms: bound to proteins, naturally free and free form added as an additive. Glutamate naturally included in proteins is the major source of dietary glutamate. Thus, since it plays a role in nitrogen homeostasis, it is a nutrient before being an additive. Its pharmacokinetics are largely impacted by concomitant food intake, but the extent to which plasma glutamate concentration must rise to have deleterious effects is never encountered in humans consuming glutamate in their daily diets. This is due to the fact that glutamate is highly metabolized in the splanchnic area. Glutamate should be considered as a safe nutrient before being considered as an additive by risk assessor.
Sections du résumé
BACKGROUND
In 2017, a European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) opinion on the use of glutamate and its salts as food additives led to an Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) of 30 mg/kg body weight/day. Then, in 2021, an EFSA statement presented a proposal for harmonizing the establishment of Health-Based Guidance Values for nutrients that are also regulated substances (including food additives). The present review argues that the 2017 glutamate ADI is unsuitable because safety of glutamate should firstly consider its status as a nutrient and not only as an additive.
SUMMARY
Glutamate is a non-essential amino acid playing a key role in nitrogen homeostasis. The dietary exposure to glutamate in adults is extensive, due to its ubiquitous presence in foods, under three forms: bound to proteins, naturally free and free form added as an additive. Glutamate naturally included in proteins is the major source of dietary glutamate. Thus, since it plays a role in nitrogen homeostasis, it is a nutrient before being an additive. Its pharmacokinetics are largely impacted by concomitant food intake, but the extent to which plasma glutamate concentration must rise to have deleterious effects is never encountered in humans consuming glutamate in their daily diets. This is due to the fact that glutamate is highly metabolized in the splanchnic area.
KEY MESSAGE
Glutamate should be considered as a safe nutrient before being considered as an additive by risk assessor.
Identifiants
pubmed: 35172302
pii: 000522482
doi: 10.1159/000522482
pmc: PMC9227671
doi:
Substances chimiques
Food Additives
0
Glutamic Acid
3KX376GY7L
Nitrogen
N762921K75
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
133-146Informations de copyright
© 2022 The Author(s). Published by S. Karger AG, Basel.
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