Lifestyle in Pregnancy and Hypospadias in Sons: A Study of 85,923 Mother-Son Pairs from Two Danish Pregnancy Cohorts.
BMI
alcohol
birth defects
caffeine
prenatal exposures
smoking
Journal
Clinical epidemiology
ISSN: 1179-1349
Titre abrégé: Clin Epidemiol
Pays: New Zealand
ID NLM: 101531700
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
2022
2022
Historique:
received:
20
09
2021
accepted:
16
12
2021
entrez:
17
2
2022
pubmed:
18
2
2022
medline:
18
2
2022
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
Hypospadias is one of the most frequent male congenital malformations. It remains controversial whether maternal lifestyle during pregnancy may affects the risk of having a son with hypospadias, especially for smoking with many suggesting lower risk. We assessed the individual and joint associations between maternal cigarette smoking, pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), alcohol consumption, binge drinking, and caffeine consumption and occurrence of hypospadias in sons. This cohort study utilized the Danish National Birth Cohort and the Aarhus Birth Cohort, holding detailed information on lifestyle factors in early pregnancy between 1989 and 2012. The Danish health registers were used to identify boys with hypospadias, according to International Classification of Diseases. Potential confounders and covariates were identified by literature search and use of directed acyclic graphs. Missing data were handled by multiple imputation and Cox proportional hazards models were applied to analyse data. In total, 85,923 live-born singleton boys were included in the study of whom 502 (0.6%) were diagnosed with hypospadias. Maternal smoking in early pregnancy was associated with lower occurrence of hypospadias. An increase of one cigarette smoked per day was associated with lower risk of having a son with hypospadias (adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 0.97 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.94, 1.00)). However, sub-analyses suggested that the results may be prone to unadjusted confounding. We found no association between pre-pregnancy BMI, alcohol consumption, binge drinking, or caffeine consumption and hypospadias. Maternal smoking during pregnancy was associated with lower occurrence of hypospadias but we cannot exclude uncontrolled confounding. The other investigated maternal lifestyle factors were not associated with hypospadias in sons.
Identifiants
pubmed: 35173488
doi: 10.2147/CLEP.S335877
pii: 335877
pmc: PMC8841293
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Pagination
149-157Informations de copyright
© 2022 Kjersgaard et al.
Déclaration de conflit d'intérêts
This work was supported by The Danish Council for Independent Research by providing a scholarship [grant number DFF – 6110-00360] to Camilla Lomholt Kjersgaard. The authors reports no other conflicts of interest in this work.
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