The Gut-Brain-Immune Axis in Autism Spectrum Disorders: A State-of-Art Report.
autism spectrum disorder
dysbiosis
fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT)
gut-brain axis
microbiota
neuroinflammation
probiotics
Journal
Frontiers in psychiatry
ISSN: 1664-0640
Titre abrégé: Front Psychiatry
Pays: Switzerland
ID NLM: 101545006
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
2021
2021
Historique:
received:
08
08
2021
accepted:
29
12
2021
entrez:
21
2
2022
pubmed:
22
2
2022
medline:
22
2
2022
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
The interest elicited by the large microbial population colonizing the human gut has ancient origins and has gone through a long evolution during history. However, it is only in the last decades that the introduction of high-throughput technologies has allowed to broaden this research field and to disentangle the numerous implications that gut microbiota has in health and disease. This comprehensive ecosystem, constituted mainly by bacteria but also by fungi, parasites, and viruses, is proven to be involved in several physiological and pathological processes that transcend the intestinal homeostasis and are deeply intertwined with apparently unrelated body systems, such as the immune and the nervous ones. In this regard, a novel speculation is the relationship between the intestinal microbial flora and the pathogenesis of some neurological and neurodevelopmental disorders, including the clinical entities defined under the umbrella term of autism spectrum disorders. The bidirectional interplay has led researchers to coin the term gut-brain-immune system axis, subverting the theory of the brain as an immune-privileged site and underscoring the importance of this reciprocal influence already from fetal life and especially during the pre- and post-natal neurodevelopmental process. This revolutionary theory has also unveiled the possibility to modify the gut microbiota as a way to treat and even to prevent different kinds of pathologies. In this sense, some attempts have been made, ranging from probiotic administration to fecal microbiota transplantation, with promising results that need further elaboration. This state-of-art report will describe the main aspects regarding the human gut microbiome and its specific role in the pathogenesis of autism and its related disorders, with a final discussion on the therapeutic and preventive strategies aiming at creating a healthy intestinal microbial environment, as well as their safety and ethical implications.
Identifiants
pubmed: 35185631
doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.755171
pmc: PMC8850385
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Pagination
755171Informations de copyright
Copyright © 2022 Puricelli, Rolla, Gigliotti, Boggio, Beltrami, Dianzani and Keller.
Déclaration de conflit d'intérêts
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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