Multi-ancestry genome-wide association study of gestational diabetes mellitus highlights genetic links with type 2 diabetes.


Journal

Human molecular genetics
ISSN: 1460-2083
Titre abrégé: Hum Mol Genet
Pays: England
ID NLM: 9208958

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
29 09 2022
Historique:
received: 11 11 2021
revised: 09 02 2022
accepted: 23 02 2022
pubmed: 28 2 2022
medline: 4 10 2022
entrez: 27 2 2022
Statut: ppublish

Résumé

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with increased risk of pregnancy complications and adverse perinatal outcomes. GDM often reoccurs and is associated with increased risk of subsequent diagnosis of type 2 diabetes (T2D). To improve our understanding of the aetiological factors and molecular processes driving the occurrence of GDM, including the extent to which these overlap with T2D pathophysiology, the GENetics of Diabetes In Pregnancy Consortium assembled genome-wide association studies of diverse ancestry in a total of 5485 women with GDM and 347 856 without GDM. Through multi-ancestry meta-analysis, we identified five loci with genome-wide significant association (P < 5 × 10-8) with GDM, mapping to/near MTNR1B (P = 4.3 × 10-54), TCF7L2 (P = 4.0 × 10-16), CDKAL1 (P = 1.6 × 10-14), CDKN2A-CDKN2B (P = 4.1 × 10-9) and HKDC1 (P = 2.9 × 10-8). Multiple lines of evidence pointed to the shared pathophysiology of GDM and T2D: (i) four of the five GDM loci (not HKDC1) have been previously reported at genome-wide significance for T2D; (ii) significant enrichment for associations with GDM at previously reported T2D loci; (iii) strong genetic correlation between GDM and T2D and (iv) enrichment of GDM associations mapping to genomic annotations in diabetes-relevant tissues and transcription factor binding sites. Mendelian randomization analyses demonstrated significant causal association (5% false discovery rate) of higher body mass index on increased GDM risk. Our results provide support for the hypothesis that GDM and T2D are part of the same underlying pathology but that, as exemplified by the HKDC1 locus, there are genetic determinants of GDM that are specific to glucose regulation in pregnancy.

Identifiants

pubmed: 35220425
pii: 6537590
doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddac050
pmc: PMC9523562
doi:

Substances chimiques

Glucose IY9XDZ35W2

Types de publication

Journal Article Meta-Analysis Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Pagination

3377-3391

Subventions

Organisme : NIH HHS
ID : UH3 OD023286
Pays : United States
Organisme : British Heart Foundation
ID : CH/F/20/90003
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : Medical Research Council
ID : MC_UU_00011/6
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : Medical Research Council
ID : MR/N024397/1
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : British Heart Foundation
ID : CS/16/4/32482
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : Wellcome Trust
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : NICHD NIH HHS
ID : R01 HD034568
Pays : United States

Informations de copyright

© The Author(s) 2022. Published by Oxford University Press.

Références

Curr Diab Rep. 2020 Nov 9;20(12):69
pubmed: 33165656
Nature. 2012 Nov 1;491(7422):56-65
pubmed: 23128226
Nat Genet. 2012 Sep;44(9):981-90
pubmed: 22885922
Nature. 2020 Jun;582(7811):240-245
pubmed: 32499647
Eur J Hum Genet. 2017 Feb;25(2):240-245
pubmed: 27848946
Science. 2020 Sep 11;369(6509):1318-1330
pubmed: 32913098
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2017 Feb 28;114(9):2301-2306
pubmed: 28193859
Eur J Hum Genet. 2017 Jun;25(7):869-876
pubmed: 28401899
J Korean Med Sci. 2020 Jul 06;35(26):e198
pubmed: 32627436
Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis. 2019 Mar 1;1865(3):678-687
pubmed: 30543855
Nat Genet. 2012 Sep;44(9):991-1005
pubmed: 22885924
Nat Commun. 2021 Jul 27;12(1):4571
pubmed: 34315874
BJOG. 2019 Jul;126(8):973-982
pubmed: 30891907
Nat Genet. 2012 May 13;44(6):659-69
pubmed: 22581228
Diabetes. 2010 Dec;59(12):3229-39
pubmed: 20858683
Nat Genet. 2016 Oct;48(10):1279-83
pubmed: 27548312
Hum Reprod Update. 2013 Jul-Aug;19(4):376-90
pubmed: 23690305
Nat Genet. 2014 Feb;46(2):136-143
pubmed: 24413736
Hum Mol Genet. 2018 Oct 15;27(20):3641-3649
pubmed: 30124842
Diabetes Care. 2004 Jan;27 Suppl 1:S88-90
pubmed: 14693936
Nat Genet. 2015 May;47(5):435-44
pubmed: 25807286
Nat Genet. 2015 Mar;47(3):291-5
pubmed: 25642630
Diabetes Care. 2008 Sep;31(9):1867-71
pubmed: 18535194
Elife. 2018 May 30;7:
pubmed: 29846171
Nat Genet. 2012 Mar 18;44(4):369-75, S1-3
pubmed: 22426310
Diabetologia. 1998 Jul;41(7):778-83
pubmed: 9686918
Nat Genet. 2010 Feb;42(2):105-16
pubmed: 20081858
Am J Hum Genet. 2014 Apr 3;94(4):559-73
pubmed: 24702953
Diabetologia. 2020 Nov;63(11):2359-2371
pubmed: 32895727
Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2017 Aug;87(2):149-155
pubmed: 28429832
PLoS Genet. 2012;8(3):e1002607
pubmed: 22479202
Diabetes. 2012 Feb;61(2):531-41
pubmed: 22233651
Epidemiol Rev. 2014;36:57-70
pubmed: 24025350
Diabetes. 2018 Dec;67(12):2703-2709
pubmed: 30257980
Nat Rev Genet. 2019 Sep;20(9):520-535
pubmed: 31235872
Nat Commun. 2020 Jun 1;11(1):2695
pubmed: 32483258
Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2015 Oct;3(10):795-804
pubmed: 26355010
Nature. 2012 Sep 6;489(7414):57-74
pubmed: 22955616
Nat Commun. 2015 Feb 04;6:6069
pubmed: 25648650
Nat Genet. 2022 May;54(5):560-572
pubmed: 35551307
BMJ. 2002 Jul 20;325(7356):157-60
pubmed: 12130616
Nat Genet. 2010 Feb;42(2):142-8
pubmed: 20081857
Nat Genet. 2015 Dec;47(12):1415-25
pubmed: 26551672
BMJ. 2016 Sep 13;354:i4694
pubmed: 27624087
Nat Genet. 2012 Dec;44(12):1294-301
pubmed: 23104008
Hum Mol Genet. 2017 Sep 15;26(18):3639-3650
pubmed: 28911207
Genome Res. 2012 Sep;22(9):1760-74
pubmed: 22955987
Nat Genet. 2019 May;51(5):804-814
pubmed: 31043758
Nat Genet. 2018 Nov;50(11):1505-1513
pubmed: 30297969
BMC Bioinformatics. 2010 May 28;11:288
pubmed: 20509871
Bioinformatics. 2017 Jan 15;33(2):272-279
pubmed: 27663502
Nat Genet. 2020 Jul;52(7):680-691
pubmed: 32541925
BMJ. 2020 May 13;369:m1361
pubmed: 32404325
Biometrics. 1999 Dec;55(4):997-1004
pubmed: 11315092
Diabetes. 2013 Sep;62(9):3282-91
pubmed: 23903356
Nat Genet. 2021 Jun;53(6):840-860
pubmed: 34059833
Int J Womens Health. 2016 Sep 20;8:519-527
pubmed: 27703397
Nature. 2015 Oct 1;526(7571):68-74
pubmed: 26432245
Hum Mol Genet. 2018 Feb 15;27(4):742-756
pubmed: 29309628
PLoS Genet. 2017 Nov 17;13(11):e1007081
pubmed: 29149188
Diabetologia. 2019 Jun;62(6):905-914
pubmed: 30843102
Am J Clin Nutr. 2011 Dec;94(6 Suppl):1975S-1979S
pubmed: 21613563
Genome Med. 2011 Mar 25;3(3):18
pubmed: 21457499
Int J Epidemiol. 2013 Dec;42(6):1714-23
pubmed: 24336895
BJOG. 2010 Apr;117(5):575-84
pubmed: 20089115

Auteurs

Natalia Pervjakova (N)

Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia.

Gunn-Helen Moen (GH)

Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba QLD 4102, Australia.
K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.

Maria-Carolina Borges (MC)

Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.

Teresa Ferreira (T)

Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Center for Health for Health Information and Discovery, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.

James P Cook (JP)

Department of Health Data Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.

Catherine Allard (C)

Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CRCHUS), Universite de Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.

Robin N Beaumont (RN)

Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.

Mickaël Canouil (M)

Inserm U1283, CNRS UMR 8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille F-59000, France.
University of Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille F-59000, France.

Gad Hatem (G)

Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö SE-20502, Sweden.

Anni Heiskala (A)

Centre for Life-Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.

Anni Joensuu (A)

Department of Public Health Solutions, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.

Ville Karhunen (V)

Centre for Life-Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, St Mary's Hospital, London, UK.

Soo Heon Kwak (SH)

Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.

Frederick T J Lin (FTJ)

Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.

Jun Liu (J)

Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.

Sheryl Rifas-Shiman (S)

Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA.

Claudia H Tam (CH)

Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, The People's Republic of China.

Wing Hung Tam (WH)

Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, The People's Republic of China.

Gudmar Thorleifsson (G)

deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland.

Toby Andrew (T)

Inserm U1283, CNRS UMR 8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille F-59000, France.
University of Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille F-59000, France.
Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK.

Juha Auvinen (J)

Centre for Life-Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.

Bishwajit Bhowmik (B)

Centre of Global Health Research, Diabetic Association of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Amélie Bonnefond (A)

Inserm U1283, CNRS UMR 8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille F-59000, France.
University of Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille F-59000, France.
Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK.

Fabien Delahaye (F)

Inserm U1283, CNRS UMR 8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille F-59000, France.
University of Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille F-59000, France.

Ayse Demirkan (A)

Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Section of Statistical Multi-omics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Research, University of Surrey, Surrey, UK.

Philippe Froguel (P)

Inserm U1283, CNRS UMR 8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille F-59000, France.
University of Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille F-59000, France.
Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK.

Kadri Haller-Kikkatalo (K)

Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.

Hildur Hardardottir (H)

Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
Livio Reykjavik, Reykjavik, Iceland.

Sandra Hummel (S)

Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany.
Forschergruppe Diabetes, Technical University Munich, at Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany.

Akhtar Hussain (A)

Centre of Global Health Research, Diabetic Association of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Faculty of Health Sciences, Nord University, Bodø, Norway.

Eero Kajantie (E)

Population Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki and Oulu, Finland.
PEDEGO Research Unit, MRC Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.

Elina Keikkala (E)

Population Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki and Oulu, Finland.
PEDEGO Research Unit, MRC Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.

Amna Khamis (A)

Inserm U1283, CNRS UMR 8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille F-59000, France.
University of Lille, Lille University Hospital, Lille F-59000, France.
Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK.

Jari Lahti (J)

Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.

Tove Lekva (T)

Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.

Sanna Mustaniemi (S)

Population Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki and Oulu, Finland.
PEDEGO Research Unit, MRC Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.

Christine Sommer (C)

Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.

Aili Tagoma (A)

Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.

Evangelia Tzala (E)

School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, St Mary's Hospital, London, UK.

Raivo Uibo (R)

Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.

Marja Vääräsmäki (M)

PEDEGO Research Unit, MRC Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
Population Health Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki and Oulu, Finland.

Pia M Villa (PM)

Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
Hyvinkää Hospital, Helsinki and Uusimaa Hospital District, Hyvinkää, Finland.

Kåre I Birkeland (KI)

Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Department of Transplantation Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.

Luigi Bouchard (L)

Department of Biochemistry and Functional Genomics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universite de Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.
Department of Medical Biology, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux du Saguenay-Lac-St-Jean - Hôpital de Chicoutimi, Québec, Canada.

Cornelia M Duijn (CM)

Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.

Sarah Finer (S)

Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.

Leif Groop (L)

Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö SE-20502, Sweden.
Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.

Esa Hämäläinen (E)

Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.

Geoffrey M Hayes (GM)

Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.

Graham A Hitman (GA)

Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.

Hak C Jang (HC)

Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.
Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.

Marjo-Riitta Järvelin (MR)

Centre for Life-Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, St Mary's Hospital, London, UK.

Anne Karen Jenum (AK)

General Practice Research Unit (AFE), Department of General Practice, Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Post Box 1130 Blindern, Oslo 0318, Norway.

Hannele Laivuori (H)

Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tampere University, Hospital and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Center for Child, Adolescent, and Maternal Health, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.

Ronald C Ma (RC)

Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, The People's Republic of China.
Laboratory for Molecular Epidemiology in Diabetes, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, The People's Republic of China.
Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, The People's Republic of China.

Olle Melander (O)

Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö SE-20502, Sweden.

Emily Oken (E)

Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA.

Kyong Soo Park (KS)

Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.

Patrice Perron (P)

Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CRCHUS), Universite de Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.
Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrook, Québec, Canada.

Rashmi B Prasad (RB)

Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö SE-20502, Sweden.

Elisabeth Qvigstad (E)

Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.

Sylvain Sebert (S)

Centre for Life-Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.

Kari Stefansson (K)

deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland.
Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.

Valgerdur Steinthorsdottir (V)

deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland.

Tiinamaija Tuomi (T)

Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Malmö SE-20502, Sweden.
Department of Endocrinology, Abdominal Centre, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
Folkhalsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.

Marie-France Hivert (MF)

Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrook, Québec, Canada.
Diabetes Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.

Paul W Franks (PW)

Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.

Mark I McCarthy (MI)

Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.

Cecilia M Lindgren (CM)

Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Center for Health for Health Information and Discovery, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.
Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Boston, MA, USA.

Rachel M Freathy (RM)

Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.

Deborah A Lawlor (DA)

Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
Bristol NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, UK.

Andrew P Morris (AP)

Centre for Genetics and Genomics Versus Arthritis, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.

Reedik Mägi (R)

Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia.

Articles similaires

[Redispensing of expensive oral anticancer medicines: a practical application].

Lisanne N van Merendonk, Kübra Akgöl, Bastiaan Nuijen
1.00
Humans Antineoplastic Agents Administration, Oral Drug Costs Counterfeit Drugs

Smoking Cessation and Incident Cardiovascular Disease.

Jun Hwan Cho, Seung Yong Shin, Hoseob Kim et al.
1.00
Humans Male Smoking Cessation Cardiovascular Diseases Female
Humans United States Aged Cross-Sectional Studies Medicare Part C
1.00
Humans Yoga Low Back Pain Female Male

Classifications MeSH