The Role of Inflammatory and Cytokine Biomarkers in the Pathogenesis of Frailty Syndrome.

Frailty Syndrome T-cell markers adipocytokines cytokine biomarkers cytokines inflammatory biomarkers regulatory T-cells (Tregs) vitamin D

Journal

Endocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets
ISSN: 2212-3873
Titre abrégé: Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets
Pays: United Arab Emirates
ID NLM: 101269157

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
2022
Historique:
received: 07 02 2021
revised: 20 11 2021
accepted: 25 11 2021
pubmed: 8 3 2022
medline: 22 12 2022
entrez: 7 3 2022
Statut: ppublish

Résumé

Frailty is a conglomerated elderly disorder that includes multiple abnormalities, like anemia, an increased titer of catabolic hormones, and compromised physiology of most of the body systems. Many studies have established the biomarkers that correlate with physical function and immune aging; however, people can age differently, so chronological age is not a sufficient marker of susceptibility to disabilities, morbidities, and mortality. The pathophysiology of frailty is not clearly understood, but a critical role of enhanced inflammation in the body is hypothesized. Many factors contribute to the development of frailty syndrome, such as pro-inflammatory cytokines, inflammatory markers, inflammatory cytokines, and secosteroids, like vitamin D. This review aims to highlight the role of inflammatory and cytokine biomarkers and vitamin D in the pathogenesis of Frailty Syndrome.

Identifiants

pubmed: 35249513
pii: EMIDDT-EPUB-121373
doi: 10.2174/1871530322666220304220522
doi:

Substances chimiques

Cytokines 0
Biomarkers 0
Vitamin D 1406-16-2

Types de publication

Review Journal Article

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Pagination

1357-1366

Informations de copyright

Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.

Références

Chen X.; Mao G.; Leng S.X.; Frailty syndrome: An overview. Clin Interv Aging 2014,9,433-441
pubmed: 24672230
Sebastiani P.; Thyagarajan B.; Sun F.; Schupf N.; Newman A.B.; Montano M.; Perls T.T.; Biomarker signatures of aging. Aging Cell 2017,16(2),329-338
doi: 10.1111/acel.12557 pubmed: 28058805
Drew E.W.; Wilson D.; Sapey E.; Frailty and the Immune System. Jr Ageing Rech and Healthcare 2017,2,1578
Yao X.; Li H.; Leng S.X.; Inflammation and immune system alterations in frailty. Clin Geriatr Med 2011,27(1),79-87
doi: 10.1016/j.cger.2010.08.002 pubmed: 21093724
Pin Ng.; T.; Camous, X.; Nyunt, S.Z.M.; Vasudeva, A.; Tan, C.T.Y.; Feng, T.; Fulop, Y.; Yap, K.B.; Larbi, A. Markers of T-cell senescence and physical frailty: insights from Singapore Longitudinal Ageing Studies. Aging and Mechanisms of Disease 2015,1,1-6
Haynes L.; Maue A.C.; Effects of aging on T cell function. Curr Opin Immunol 2009,21(4),414-417
doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2009.05.009 pubmed: 19500967
Fessler J.; Ficjan A.; Duftner C.; Dejaco C.; The impact of aging on regulatory T-cells. Front Immunol 2013,4,231
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00231 pubmed: 23964277
Li M.; Yao D.; Zeng X.; Kasakovski D.; Zhang Y.; Chen S.; Zha X.; Li Y.; Xu L.; Age related human T cell subset evolution and senescence. Immun Ageing 2019,16(1),24
doi: 10.1186/s12979-019-0165-8 pubmed: 31528179
Vasson M.P.; Farges M.C.; Goncalves-Mendes N.; Talvas J.; Ribalta J.; Winklhofer-Roob B.; Rock E.; Rossary A.; Does aging affect the immune status? A comparative analysis in 300 healthy volunteers from France, Austria and Spain. Immun Ageing 2013,10(1),38
doi: 10.1186/1742-4933-10-38 pubmed: 24010581
Varricchi G.; Bencivenga L.; Poto R.; Pecoraro A.; Shamji M.H.; Rengo G.; The emerging role of T follicular helper (T) cells in aging: Influence on the immune frailty. Ageing Res Rev 2020,61,101071
doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101071 pubmed: 32344191
Moreno-Valladares M.; Moreno-Cugnon L.; Silva T.M.; Garcés J.P.; Saenz-Antoñanzas A.; Álvarez-Satta M.; Matheu A.; CD8 T cells are increased in the subventricular zone with physiological and pathological aging. Aging Cell 2020,19(9),e13198
doi: 10.1111/acel.13198 pubmed: 32741087
Sproston N.R.; Ashworth J.J.; Role of C-reactive protein at sites of inflammation and infection. Front Immunol 2018,9,754
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00754 pubmed: 29706967
Hage F.G.; Szalai A.J.; C-reactive protein gene polymorphisms, C-reactive protein blood levels, and cardiovascular disease risk. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007,50(12),1115-1122
doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.06.012 pubmed: 17868801
Almeida O.P.; Norman P.E.; van Bockxmeer F.M.; Hankey G.J.; Flicker L.; CRP 1846G>A polymorphism increases risk of frailty. Maturitas 2012,71(3),261-266
doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2011.11.022 pubmed: 22192441
Lin C.C.; Wu F.Y.; Liao L.N.; Li C.I.; Lin C.H.; Yang C.W.; Meng N.H.; Chang C.K.; Lin W.Y.; Liu C.S.; Li T.C.; Association of CRP gene polymorphisms with serum CRP level and handgrip strength in community-dwelling elders in Taiwan: Taichung Community Health Study for Elders (TCHS-E). Exp Gerontol 2014,57,141-148
doi: 10.1016/j.exger.2014.05.012 pubmed: 24862635
Liu Z.Y.; Wang Z.D.; Li L.Z.; Chu X.F.; Zhu Y.S.; Shi J.M.; Xie X.J.; Jin L.; Wang Y.; Wang X.F.; Association of CRP gene polymorphisms with CRP levels, frailty and co-morbidity in an elderly Chinese population: results from RuLAS. Age Ageing 2016,45(3),360-365
doi: 10.1093/ageing/afw041 pubmed: 27016573
Samson L.D.; Boots A.M.H.; Verschuren W.M.M.; Picavet H.S.J.; Engelfriet P.; Buisman A.M.; Frailty is associated with elevated CRP trajectories and higher numbers of neutrophils and monocytes. Exp Gerontol 2019,125(125),110674
doi: 10.1016/j.exger.2019.110674 pubmed: 31336145
Doğrul R.T.; Varan H.D.; Kızılarslanoğlu M.C.; Kılıç M.K.; Arık G.; Kara Ö.; Halil M.; Cankurtaran M.; Yavuz B.B.; Relationship between frailty and inflammation. Eur J Geriatr Gerontol 2019,1(1),17-23
doi: 10.4274/ejgg.galenos.2019.29
Mailliez A.; Guilbaud A.; Puisieux F.; Dauchet L.; Boulanger É.; Circulating biomarkers characterizing physical frailty: CRP, hemoglobin, albumin, 25OHD and free testosterone as best biomarkers. Results of a meta-analysis. Exp Gerontol 2020,139,111014
doi: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.111014 pubmed: 32599147
Velissaris D.; Pantzaris N.; Koniari I.; Koutsogiannis N.; Karamouzos V.; Kotroni I.; Skroumpelou A.; Ellul J.; C-reactive protein and frailty in the elderly: a literature review. J Clin Med Res 2017,9(6),461-465
doi: 10.14740/jocmr2959w pubmed: 28496545
Guzik T.J.; Touyz R.M.; Oxidative stress, inflammation, and vascular aging in hypertension. Hypertension 2017,70(4),660-667
doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.07802 pubmed: 28784646
Han Y.; Chu X.; Cui L.; Fu S.; Gao C.; Li Y.; Sun B.; Neuronal mitochondria-targeted therapy for Alzheimer’s disease by systemic delivery of resveratrol using dual-modified novel biomimetic nanosystems. Drug Deliv 2020,27(1),502-518
doi: 10.1080/10717544.2020.1745328 pubmed: 32228100
Hecker L.; Mechanisms and consequences of oxidative stress in lung disease: therapeutic implications for an aging populace. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2018,314(4),L642-L653
doi: 10.1152/ajplung.00275.2017 pubmed: 29351446
Lejri I.; Agapouda A.; Grimm A.; Eckert A.; Agapouda, A. Grimm, A. Eckert. Mitochondria- and oxidative stress-targeting substances in cognitive decline-related disorders: from molecular mechanisms to clinical evidence. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2019,2019,9695412
doi: 10.1155/2019/9695412 pubmed: 31214285
Lang P.O.; Michel J.P.; Zekry D.; Frailty syndrome: A transitional state in a dynamic process. Gerontology 2009,55(5),539-549
doi: 10.1159/000211949 pubmed: 19346741
Allen S.C.; Systemic inflammation in the genesis of frailty and sarcopenia: An overview of the preventative and therapeutic role of exercise and the potential for drug treatments. Geriatrics (Basel) 2017,2(1),6
doi: 10.3390/geriatrics2010006 pubmed: 31011016
Simpson R.J.; Hammacher A.; Smith D.K.; Matthews J.M.; Ward L.D.; Interleukin-6: structure-function relationships. Protein Sci 1997,6(5),929-955
doi: 10.1002/pro.5560060501 pubmed: 9144766
Tanaka T.; Narazaki M.; Kishimoto T.; IL-6 in inflammation, immunity, and disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2014,6(10),a016295
doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a016295 pubmed: 25190079
Maggio M.; Guralnik J.M.; Longo D.L.; Ferrucci L.; Interleukin-6 in aging and chronic disease: A magnificent pathway. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2006,61(6),575-584
doi: 10.1093/gerona/61.6.575 pubmed: 16799139
Ershler W.B.; Keller E.T.; Age-associated increased interleukin-6 gene expression, late-life diseases, and frailty. Annu Rev Med 2000,51(1),245-270
doi: 10.1146/annurev.med.51.1.245 pubmed: 10774463
Drucker C.; Gewiese J.; Malchow S.; Scheller J.; Rose-John S.; Impact of interleukin-6 classic- and trans-signaling on liver damage and regeneration. J Autoimmun 2010,34(1),29-37
doi: 10.1016/j.jaut.2009.08.003 pubmed: 19717281
Gabay C.; Interleukin-6 and chronic inflammation. Arthritis Res Ther 2006,8(2)(Suppl. 2),S3
doi: 10.1186/ar1917 pubmed: 16899107
Choy E.; Rose-John S.; Interleukin-6 as a multifunctional regulator: inflammation, immune response, and fibrosis. J Scleroderma Relat Disord 2017,2(2)(Suppl.),S1-S5
doi: 10.5301/jsrd.5000265
Papanicolaou D.A.; Wilder R.L.; Manolagas S.C.; Chrousos G.P.; The pathophysiologic roles of interleukin-6 in human disease. Ann Intern Med 1998,128(2),127-137
doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-128-2-199801150-00009 pubmed: 9441573
Soysal P.; Stubbs B.; Lucato P.; Luchini C.; Solmi M.; Peluso R.; Sergi G.; Isik A.T.; Manzato E.; Maggi S.; Maggio M.; Prina A.M.; Cosco T.D.; Wu Y.T.; Veronese N.; Inflammation and frailty in the elderly: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Res Rev 2016,31,1-8
doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.08.006 pubmed: 27592340
Darvin K.; Randolph A.; Ovalles S.; Halade D.; Breeding L.; Richardson A.; Espinoza S.E.; Plasma protein biomarkers of the geriatric syndrome of frailty. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2014,69(2),182-186
doi: 10.1093/gerona/glt183 pubmed: 24285743
Liu C.K.; Lyass A.; Larson M.G.; Massaro J.M.; Wang N.; D’Agostino R.B.; Benjamin E.J.; Murabito J.M.; Biomarkers of oxidative stress are associated with frailty: the Framingham Offspring Study. Age (Dordr) 2016,38(1),1
doi: 10.1007/s11357-015-9864-z pubmed: 26695510
Visser M.; Pahor M.; Taaffe D.R.; Goodpaster B.H.; Simonsick E.M.; Newman A.B.; Nevitt M.; Harris T.B.; Relationship of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha with muscle mass and muscle strength in elderly men and women: the Health ABC Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2002,57(5),M326-M332
doi: 10.1093/gerona/57.5.M326 pubmed: 11983728
Bautmans I.; Gorus E.; Njemini R.; Mets T.; Handgrip performance in relation to self-perceived fatigue, physical functioning and circulating IL-6 in elderly persons without inflammation. BMC Geriatr 2007,7(1),5
doi: 10.1186/1471-2318-7-5 pubmed: 17331228
Kilgour A.H.; Firth C.; Harrison R.; Moss P.; Bastin M.E.; Wardlaw J.M.; Deary I.J.; Starr J.M.; Seropositivity for CMV and IL-6 levels are associated with grip strength and muscle size in the elderly. Immun Ageing 2013,10(1),33
doi: 10.1186/1742-4933-10-33 pubmed: 23938060
Ding C.; Parameswaran V.; Udayan R.; Burgess J.; Jones G.; Circulating levels of inflammatory markers predict change in bone mineral density and resorption in older adults: A longitudinal study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008,93(5),1952-1958
doi: 10.1210/jc.2007-2325 pubmed: 18285417
Maes M.; Bosmans E.; De Jongh R.; Kenis G.; Vandoolaeghe E.; Neels H.; Increased serum IL-6 and IL-1 receptor antagonist concentrations in major depression and treatment resistant depression. Cytokine 1997,9(11),853-858
doi: 10.1006/cyto.1997.0238 pubmed: 9367546
Cesari M.; Penninx B.W.J.H.; Pahor M.; Lauretani F.; Corsi A.M.; Rhys Williams G.; Guralnik J.M.; Ferrucci L.; Inflammatory markers and physical performance in older persons: the InCHIANTI study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2004,59(3),242-248
doi: 10.1093/gerona/59.3.M242 pubmed: 15031308
Leng S.; Chaves P.; Koenig K.; Walston J.; Serum interleukin-6 and hemoglobin as physiological correlates in the geriatric syndrome of frailty: A pilot study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2002,50(7),1268-1271
doi: 10.1046/j.1532-5415.2002.50315.x pubmed: 12133023
Cohen H.J.; Pieper C.F.; Harris T.; Rao K.M.; Currie M.S.; The association of plasma IL-6 levels with functional disability in community-dwelling elderly. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 1997,52(4),M201-M208
doi: 10.1093/gerona/52A.4.M201 pubmed: 9224431
Ferrucci L.; Harris T.B.; Guralnik J.M.; Tracy R.P.; Corti M.C.; Cohen H.J.; Penninx B.; Pahor M.; Wallace R.; Havlik R.J.; Serum IL-6 level and the development of disability in older persons. J Am Geriatr Soc 1999,47(6),639-646
doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1999.tb01583.x pubmed: 10366160
Cappola A.R.; Bandeen-Roche K.; Wand G.S.; Volpato S.; Fried L.P.; Association of IGF-I levels with muscle strength and mobility in older women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001,86(9),4139-4146
doi: 10.1210/jcem.86.9.7868 pubmed: 11549640
Barbieri M.; Ferrucci L.; Ragno E.; Corsi A.; Bandinelli S.; Bonafè M.; Olivieri F.; Giovagnetti S.; Franceschi C.; Guralnik J.M.; Paolisso G.; Chronic inflammation and the effect of IGF-I on muscle strength and power in older persons. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2003,284(3),E481-E487
doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00319.2002 pubmed: 12419777
Ferrucci L.; Corsi A.; Lauretani F.; Bandinelli S.; Bartali B.; Taub D.D.; Guralnik J.M.; Longo D.L.; The origins of age-related proinflammatory state. Blood 2005,105(6),2294-2299
doi: 10.1182/blood-2004-07-2599 pubmed: 15572589
American Association for Clinical Chemistry. Vitamin D Tests Lab Tests Online (USA), 2013. Available from:
Hollis B.W.; Assessment of vitamin D nutritional and hormonal status: what to measure and how to do it. Calcif Tissue Int 1996,58(1),4-5
doi: 10.1007/BF02509538 pubmed: 8825231
Holick M.F.; Schnoes H.K.; DeLuca H.F.; Suda T.; Cousins R.J.; Isolation and identification of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. A metabolite of vitamin D active in intestine. Biochemistry 1971,10(14),2799-2804
doi: 10.1021/bi00790a023 pubmed: 4326883
Vitamin D Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. National Institutes of Health (NIH), 2016. Available from:
Alvarez-Díaz S.; Larriba M.J.; López-Otín C.; Muñoz A.; Vitamin D.; Proteases, protease inhibitors and cancer. Cell Cycle 2010,9(1),32-37
doi: 10.4161/cc.9.1.10266 pubmed: 20016282
Lin R.; Wang T.T.; Miller W.H.; White J.H.; Inhibition of F-Box protein p45(SKP2) expression and stabilization of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27(KIP1) in vitamin D analog-treated cancer cells. Endocrinology 2003,144(3),749-753
doi: 10.1210/en.2002-0026 pubmed: 12586749
Thorne J.L.; Maguire O.; Doig C.L.; Battaglia S.; Fehr L.; Sucheston L.E.; Heinaniemi M.; O’Neill L.P.; McCabe C.J.; Turner B.M.; Carlberg C.; Campbell M.J.; Epigenetic control of a VDR-governed feed-forward loop that regulates p21(waf1/cip1) expression and function in non-malignant prostate cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2011,39(6),2045-2056
doi: 10.1093/nar/gkq875 pubmed: 21088000
Bischoff-Ferrari H.A.; Dawson-Hughes B.; Willett W.C.; Staehelin H.B.; Bazemore M.G.; Zee R.Y.; Wong J.B.; Effect of Vitamin D on falls: A meta-analysis. JAMA 2004,291(16),1999-2006
doi: 10.1001/jama.291.16.1999 pubmed: 15113819
Wilhelm-Leen E.R.; Hall Y.N.; Deboer I.H.; Chertow G.M.; Vitamin D deficiency and frailty in older Americans. J Intern Med 2010,268(2),171-180
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2010.02248.x pubmed: 20528970
Smit E.; Crespo C.J.; Michael Y.; Ramirez-Marrero F.A.; Brodowicz G.R.; Bartlett S.; Andersen R.E.; The effect of vitamin D and frailty on mortality among non-institutionalized US older adults. Eur J Clin Nutr 2012,66(9),1024-1028
doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2012.67 pubmed: 22692022
Tajar A.; Lee D.M.; Pye S.R.; O’Connell M.D.; Ravindrarajah R.; Gielen E.; Boonen S.; Vanderschueren D.; Pendleton N.; Finn J.D.; Bartfai G.; Casanueva F.F.; Forti G.; Giwercman A.; Han T.S.; Huhtaniemi I.T.; Kula K.; Lean M.E.; Punab M.; Wu F.C.; O’Neill T.W.; The association of frailty with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and parathyroid hormone levels in older European men. Age Ageing 2013,42(3),352-359
doi: 10.1093/ageing/afs162 pubmed: 23111338
Chang C.I.; Chan D.C.; Kuo K.N.; Hsiung C.A.; Chen C.Y.; Vitamin D insufficiency and frailty syndrome in older adults living in a Northern Taiwan community. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2010,50(Suppl. 1),S17-S21
doi: 10.1016/S0167-4943(10)70006-6 pubmed: 20171450
Aguilera O.; Peña C.; García J.M.; Larriba M.J.; Ordóñez-Morán P.; Navarro D.; Barbáchano A.; López de Silanes I.; Ballestar E.; Fraga M.F.; Esteller M.; Gamallo C.; Bonilla F.; González-Sancho J.M.; Muñoz A.; The Wnt antagonist DICKKOPF-1 gene is induced by 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 associated to the differentiation of human colon cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 2007,28(9),1877-1884
doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgm094 pubmed: 17449905
Pálmer H.G.; González-Sancho J.M.; Espada J.; Berciano M.T.; Puig I.; Baulida J.; Quintanilla M.; Cano A.; de Herreros A.G.; Lafarga M.; Muñoz A.; Vitamin D(3) promotes the differentiation of colon carcinoma cells by the induction of E-cadherin and the inhibition of β-catenin signaling. J Cell Biol 2001,154(2),369-387
doi: 10.1083/jcb.200102028 pubmed: 11470825
Luderer H.F.; Gori F.; Demay M.B.; Lymphoid enhancer-binding factor-1 (LEF1) interacts with the DNA-binding domain of the vitamin D receptor. J Biol Chem 2011,286(21),18444-18451
doi: 10.1074/jbc.M110.188219 pubmed: 21471213
Bijlsma M.F.; Spek C.A.; Zivkovic D.; van de Water S.; Rezaee F.; Peppelenbosch M.P.; Repression of smoothened by patched-dependent (pro-)vitamin D3 secretion. PLoS Biol 2006,4(8),e232
doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0040232 pubmed: 16895439
Shen Q.; Christakos S.; The vitamin D receptor, Runx2, and the Notch signaling pathway cooperate in the transcriptional regulation of osteopontin. J Biol Chem 2005,280(49),40589-40598
doi: 10.1074/jbc.M504166200 pubmed: 16195230
Staal A.; Van Wijnen A.J.; Desai R.K.; Pols H.A.P.; Birkenhäger J.C.; Deluca H.F.; Denhardt D.T.; Stein J.L.; Van Leeuwen J.P.; Stein G.S.; Lian J.B.; Antagonistic effects of transforming growth factor-β on vitamin D3 enhancement of osteocalcin and osteopontin transcription: reduced interactions of vitamin D receptor/retinoid X receptor complexes with vitamin E response elements. Endocrinology 1996,137(5),2001-2011
doi: 10.1210/endo.137.5.8612541 pubmed: 8612541
Garcia L.A.; King K.K.; Ferrini M.G.; Norris K.C.; Artaza J.N.; 1,25(OH)2vitamin D3 stimulates myogenic differentiation by inhibiting cell proliferation and modulating the expression of promyogenic growth factors and myostatin in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells. Endocrinology 2011,152(8),2976-2986
doi: 10.1210/en.2011-0159 pubmed: 21673099
Adorini L.; Penna G.; Control of autoimmune diseases by the vitamin D endocrine system. Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol 2008,4(8),404-412
doi: 10.1038/ncprheum0855 pubmed: 18594491
Larriba M.J.; González-Sancho J.M.; Bonilla F.; Muñoz A.; Interaction of vitamin D with membrane-based signaling pathways. Front Physiol 2014,5,60
doi: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00060 pubmed: 24600406
De Boland A.R.; Boland R.L.; Non-genomic signal transduction pathway of vitamin D in muscle. Cell Signal 1994,6(7),717-724
doi: 10.1016/0898-6568(94)00042-5 pubmed: 7888298

Auteurs

Rashid Mir (R)

Department of Medical Lab Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Fahd Bin Sultan Research Chair, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia.

Chandan K Jha (CK)

Department of Human Genetics, Punjabi University, Punjab 147002, India.

Naina Khullar (N)

Mata Gujri College, Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab, India.

Mohsin Maqbool (M)

Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

Pradeep K Dabla (PK)

Department of Biochemistry, G.B Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research, Associated with Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India.

Suruchi Mathur (S)

Department of Biochemistry, G.B Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research, Associated with Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India.

Amal Moustafa (A)

Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al- Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.

Uzma A Faridi (UA)

Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al- Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.

Abdullah Hamadi (A)

Department of Medical Lab Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Fahd Bin Sultan Research Chair, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia.

Mohammad Muzaffar Mir (MM)

Department of Basic Medical Sciences [Medical Biochemistry], College of Medicine, University of Bisha, Bisha, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia.

Faisel M Abu Duhier (FM)

Department of Medical Lab Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Fahd Bin Sultan Research Chair, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia.

Articles similaires

[Redispensing of expensive oral anticancer medicines: a practical application].

Lisanne N van Merendonk, Kübra Akgöl, Bastiaan Nuijen
1.00
Humans Antineoplastic Agents Administration, Oral Drug Costs Counterfeit Drugs

Smoking Cessation and Incident Cardiovascular Disease.

Jun Hwan Cho, Seung Yong Shin, Hoseob Kim et al.
1.00
Humans Male Smoking Cessation Cardiovascular Diseases Female
Humans United States Aged Cross-Sectional Studies Medicare Part C
1.00
Humans Yoga Low Back Pain Female Male

Classifications MeSH