Mortality from drug-resistant tuberculosis in high-burden countries comparing routine drug susceptibility testing with whole-genome sequencing: a multicentre cohort study.

Adult Antitubercular Agents / pharmacology Cohort Studies Female HIV Infections / drug therapy Humans Male Microbial Sensitivity Tests Mycobacterium tuberculosis / genetics Tuberculosis / drug therapy Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant / drug therapy Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / drug therapy

Journal

The Lancet. Microbe
ISSN: 2666-5247
Titre abrégé: Lancet Microbe
Pays: England
ID NLM: 101769019

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
Jul 2021
Historique:
entrez: 7 3 2022
pubmed: 8 3 2022
medline: 8 3 2022
Statut: ppublish

Résumé

Drug resistance threatens global tuberculosis control. We aimed to examine mortality in patients with tuberculosis from high-burden countries, according to concordance or discordance of results from drug susceptibility testing done locally and whole-genome sequencing (WGS). In this multicentre cohort study, we collected pulmonary Between Sept 1, 2014, and July 4, 2016, of 634 patients included in our previous analysis, we included 582 patients with tuberculosis (median age 33 years [IQR 27-43], 225 [39%] women, and 247 [42%] HIV-positive). Based on WGS, 339 (58%) isolates were pan-susceptible, 35 (6%) monoresistant, 146 (25%) multidrug-resistant, and 24 (4%) pre-extensively drug-resistant (pre-XDR) or XDR. The analysis of mortality was based on 530 patients; 63 (12%) died and 77 (15%) patients received inappropriate treatment. Mortality ranged from 6% (18 of 310) in patients with pan-susceptible tuberculosis to 39% (nine of 23) in patients with pre-XDR or XDR tuberculosis. The adjusted odds ratio for mortality was 4·92 (95% CI 2·47-9·78) among undertreated patients, compared with appropriately treated patients. In seven countries with a high burden of tuberculosis, we observed discrepancies between drug resistance patterns obtained locally and WGS. The underdiagnosis of drug resistance resulted in inappropriate treatment and higher mortality. WGS can provide accurate and detailed drug resistance information required to improve the outcomes of drug-resistant tuberculosis in high-burden settings. Our results support WHO's call for point-of-care tests based on WGS. National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Swiss National Science Foundation, and Swiss National Center for Mycobacteria.

Sections du résumé

BACKGROUND BACKGROUND
Drug resistance threatens global tuberculosis control. We aimed to examine mortality in patients with tuberculosis from high-burden countries, according to concordance or discordance of results from drug susceptibility testing done locally and whole-genome sequencing (WGS).
METHODS METHODS
In this multicentre cohort study, we collected pulmonary
FINDINGS RESULTS
Between Sept 1, 2014, and July 4, 2016, of 634 patients included in our previous analysis, we included 582 patients with tuberculosis (median age 33 years [IQR 27-43], 225 [39%] women, and 247 [42%] HIV-positive). Based on WGS, 339 (58%) isolates were pan-susceptible, 35 (6%) monoresistant, 146 (25%) multidrug-resistant, and 24 (4%) pre-extensively drug-resistant (pre-XDR) or XDR. The analysis of mortality was based on 530 patients; 63 (12%) died and 77 (15%) patients received inappropriate treatment. Mortality ranged from 6% (18 of 310) in patients with pan-susceptible tuberculosis to 39% (nine of 23) in patients with pre-XDR or XDR tuberculosis. The adjusted odds ratio for mortality was 4·92 (95% CI 2·47-9·78) among undertreated patients, compared with appropriately treated patients.
INTERPRETATION CONCLUSIONS
In seven countries with a high burden of tuberculosis, we observed discrepancies between drug resistance patterns obtained locally and WGS. The underdiagnosis of drug resistance resulted in inappropriate treatment and higher mortality. WGS can provide accurate and detailed drug resistance information required to improve the outcomes of drug-resistant tuberculosis in high-burden settings. Our results support WHO's call for point-of-care tests based on WGS.
FUNDING BACKGROUND
National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Swiss National Science Foundation, and Swiss National Center for Mycobacteria.

Identifiants

DOI: 10.1016/S2666-5247(21)00044-6 PMID: 35252901 PMC: PMC8896764
pubmed: 35252901
doi: 10.1016/S2666-5247(21)00044-6
pmc: PMC8896764
mid: NIHMS1720101
doi:

Substances chimiques

Antitubercular Agents 0

Types de publication

Journal Article Multicenter Study Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Langues

eng

Pagination

e320-e330

Subventions

Organisme : NIAID NIH HHS
ID : U01 AI096299
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIAID NIH HHS
ID : U01 AI069923
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIAID NIH HHS
ID : U01 AI069911
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIAID NIH HHS
ID : U01 AI069907
Pays : United States
Organisme : Wellcome Trust
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : NIAID NIH HHS
ID : U01 AI069924
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIAID NIH HHS
ID : U01 AI069919
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIAID NIH HHS
ID : U01 AI069918
Pays : United States
Organisme : Cancer Research UK
ID : FC0010218
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : Wellcome Trust
ID : 203135
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : Wellcome Trust
ID : 104803
Pays : United Kingdom

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Auteurs

Kathrin Zürcher (K)

Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (K Zürcher MSc, M L Reichmuth MSc, M Ballif PhD, V Skrivankova PhD, Prof L Fenner MD, Prof M Egger MD); Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau PhD, S Borrell PhD, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux PhD); University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau, S Borrell, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux); Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander MD, Prof E C Böttger MD); Swiss National Center for Mycobacteria, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander, Prof E C Böttger); The HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre and Tuberculosis Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand (A Avihingsanon MD); Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria (Prof A G Abimiku PhD); Centre de Prise en Charge de Recherche et de Formation, Yopougon, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire (O Marcy MD); Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (J Collantes MSc); Department of Medicine, Moi University School of Medicine, and Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya (Prof E J Carter MD); Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI, USA (Prof E J Carter); Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (Prof R J Wilkinson PhD, Prof H Cox PhD), Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (Prof H Cox), and Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, Faculty of Health Sciences (Prof M Egger), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); National TB Lab, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Prof M Yotebieng MD); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA (Prof M Yotebieng); National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA (R Huebner PhD).

Martina L Reichmuth (ML)

Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (K Zürcher MSc, M L Reichmuth MSc, M Ballif PhD, V Skrivankova PhD, Prof L Fenner MD, Prof M Egger MD); Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau PhD, S Borrell PhD, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux PhD); University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau, S Borrell, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux); Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander MD, Prof E C Böttger MD); Swiss National Center for Mycobacteria, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander, Prof E C Böttger); The HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre and Tuberculosis Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand (A Avihingsanon MD); Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria (Prof A G Abimiku PhD); Centre de Prise en Charge de Recherche et de Formation, Yopougon, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire (O Marcy MD); Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (J Collantes MSc); Department of Medicine, Moi University School of Medicine, and Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya (Prof E J Carter MD); Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI, USA (Prof E J Carter); Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (Prof R J Wilkinson PhD, Prof H Cox PhD), Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (Prof H Cox), and Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, Faculty of Health Sciences (Prof M Egger), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); National TB Lab, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Prof M Yotebieng MD); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA (Prof M Yotebieng); National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA (R Huebner PhD).

Marie Ballif (M)

Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (K Zürcher MSc, M L Reichmuth MSc, M Ballif PhD, V Skrivankova PhD, Prof L Fenner MD, Prof M Egger MD); Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau PhD, S Borrell PhD, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux PhD); University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau, S Borrell, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux); Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander MD, Prof E C Böttger MD); Swiss National Center for Mycobacteria, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander, Prof E C Böttger); The HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre and Tuberculosis Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand (A Avihingsanon MD); Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria (Prof A G Abimiku PhD); Centre de Prise en Charge de Recherche et de Formation, Yopougon, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire (O Marcy MD); Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (J Collantes MSc); Department of Medicine, Moi University School of Medicine, and Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya (Prof E J Carter MD); Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI, USA (Prof E J Carter); Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (Prof R J Wilkinson PhD, Prof H Cox PhD), Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (Prof H Cox), and Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, Faculty of Health Sciences (Prof M Egger), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); National TB Lab, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Prof M Yotebieng MD); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA (Prof M Yotebieng); National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA (R Huebner PhD).

Chloé Loiseau (C)

Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (K Zürcher MSc, M L Reichmuth MSc, M Ballif PhD, V Skrivankova PhD, Prof L Fenner MD, Prof M Egger MD); Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau PhD, S Borrell PhD, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux PhD); University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau, S Borrell, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux); Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander MD, Prof E C Böttger MD); Swiss National Center for Mycobacteria, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander, Prof E C Böttger); The HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre and Tuberculosis Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand (A Avihingsanon MD); Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria (Prof A G Abimiku PhD); Centre de Prise en Charge de Recherche et de Formation, Yopougon, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire (O Marcy MD); Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (J Collantes MSc); Department of Medicine, Moi University School of Medicine, and Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya (Prof E J Carter MD); Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI, USA (Prof E J Carter); Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (Prof R J Wilkinson PhD, Prof H Cox PhD), Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (Prof H Cox), and Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, Faculty of Health Sciences (Prof M Egger), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); National TB Lab, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Prof M Yotebieng MD); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA (Prof M Yotebieng); National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA (R Huebner PhD).

Sonia Borrell (S)

Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (K Zürcher MSc, M L Reichmuth MSc, M Ballif PhD, V Skrivankova PhD, Prof L Fenner MD, Prof M Egger MD); Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau PhD, S Borrell PhD, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux PhD); University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau, S Borrell, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux); Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander MD, Prof E C Böttger MD); Swiss National Center for Mycobacteria, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander, Prof E C Böttger); The HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre and Tuberculosis Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand (A Avihingsanon MD); Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria (Prof A G Abimiku PhD); Centre de Prise en Charge de Recherche et de Formation, Yopougon, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire (O Marcy MD); Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (J Collantes MSc); Department of Medicine, Moi University School of Medicine, and Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya (Prof E J Carter MD); Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI, USA (Prof E J Carter); Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (Prof R J Wilkinson PhD, Prof H Cox PhD), Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (Prof H Cox), and Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, Faculty of Health Sciences (Prof M Egger), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); National TB Lab, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Prof M Yotebieng MD); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA (Prof M Yotebieng); National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA (R Huebner PhD).

Miriam Reinhard (M)

Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (K Zürcher MSc, M L Reichmuth MSc, M Ballif PhD, V Skrivankova PhD, Prof L Fenner MD, Prof M Egger MD); Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau PhD, S Borrell PhD, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux PhD); University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau, S Borrell, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux); Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander MD, Prof E C Böttger MD); Swiss National Center for Mycobacteria, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander, Prof E C Böttger); The HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre and Tuberculosis Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand (A Avihingsanon MD); Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria (Prof A G Abimiku PhD); Centre de Prise en Charge de Recherche et de Formation, Yopougon, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire (O Marcy MD); Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (J Collantes MSc); Department of Medicine, Moi University School of Medicine, and Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya (Prof E J Carter MD); Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI, USA (Prof E J Carter); Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (Prof R J Wilkinson PhD, Prof H Cox PhD), Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (Prof H Cox), and Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, Faculty of Health Sciences (Prof M Egger), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); National TB Lab, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Prof M Yotebieng MD); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA (Prof M Yotebieng); National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA (R Huebner PhD).

Veronika Skrivankova (V)

Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (K Zürcher MSc, M L Reichmuth MSc, M Ballif PhD, V Skrivankova PhD, Prof L Fenner MD, Prof M Egger MD); Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau PhD, S Borrell PhD, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux PhD); University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau, S Borrell, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux); Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander MD, Prof E C Böttger MD); Swiss National Center for Mycobacteria, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander, Prof E C Böttger); The HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre and Tuberculosis Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand (A Avihingsanon MD); Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria (Prof A G Abimiku PhD); Centre de Prise en Charge de Recherche et de Formation, Yopougon, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire (O Marcy MD); Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (J Collantes MSc); Department of Medicine, Moi University School of Medicine, and Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya (Prof E J Carter MD); Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI, USA (Prof E J Carter); Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (Prof R J Wilkinson PhD, Prof H Cox PhD), Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (Prof H Cox), and Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, Faculty of Health Sciences (Prof M Egger), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); National TB Lab, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Prof M Yotebieng MD); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA (Prof M Yotebieng); National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA (R Huebner PhD).

Rico Hömke (R)

Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (K Zürcher MSc, M L Reichmuth MSc, M Ballif PhD, V Skrivankova PhD, Prof L Fenner MD, Prof M Egger MD); Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau PhD, S Borrell PhD, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux PhD); University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau, S Borrell, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux); Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander MD, Prof E C Böttger MD); Swiss National Center for Mycobacteria, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander, Prof E C Böttger); The HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre and Tuberculosis Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand (A Avihingsanon MD); Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria (Prof A G Abimiku PhD); Centre de Prise en Charge de Recherche et de Formation, Yopougon, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire (O Marcy MD); Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (J Collantes MSc); Department of Medicine, Moi University School of Medicine, and Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya (Prof E J Carter MD); Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI, USA (Prof E J Carter); Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (Prof R J Wilkinson PhD, Prof H Cox PhD), Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (Prof H Cox), and Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, Faculty of Health Sciences (Prof M Egger), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); National TB Lab, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Prof M Yotebieng MD); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA (Prof M Yotebieng); National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA (R Huebner PhD).

Peter Sander (P)

Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (K Zürcher MSc, M L Reichmuth MSc, M Ballif PhD, V Skrivankova PhD, Prof L Fenner MD, Prof M Egger MD); Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau PhD, S Borrell PhD, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux PhD); University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau, S Borrell, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux); Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander MD, Prof E C Böttger MD); Swiss National Center for Mycobacteria, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander, Prof E C Böttger); The HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre and Tuberculosis Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand (A Avihingsanon MD); Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria (Prof A G Abimiku PhD); Centre de Prise en Charge de Recherche et de Formation, Yopougon, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire (O Marcy MD); Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (J Collantes MSc); Department of Medicine, Moi University School of Medicine, and Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya (Prof E J Carter MD); Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI, USA (Prof E J Carter); Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (Prof R J Wilkinson PhD, Prof H Cox PhD), Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (Prof H Cox), and Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, Faculty of Health Sciences (Prof M Egger), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); National TB Lab, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Prof M Yotebieng MD); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA (Prof M Yotebieng); National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA (R Huebner PhD).

Anchalee Avihingsanon (A)

Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (K Zürcher MSc, M L Reichmuth MSc, M Ballif PhD, V Skrivankova PhD, Prof L Fenner MD, Prof M Egger MD); Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau PhD, S Borrell PhD, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux PhD); University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau, S Borrell, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux); Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander MD, Prof E C Böttger MD); Swiss National Center for Mycobacteria, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander, Prof E C Böttger); The HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre and Tuberculosis Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand (A Avihingsanon MD); Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria (Prof A G Abimiku PhD); Centre de Prise en Charge de Recherche et de Formation, Yopougon, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire (O Marcy MD); Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (J Collantes MSc); Department of Medicine, Moi University School of Medicine, and Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya (Prof E J Carter MD); Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI, USA (Prof E J Carter); Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (Prof R J Wilkinson PhD, Prof H Cox PhD), Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (Prof H Cox), and Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, Faculty of Health Sciences (Prof M Egger), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); National TB Lab, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Prof M Yotebieng MD); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA (Prof M Yotebieng); National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA (R Huebner PhD).

Alash'le G Abimiku (AG)

Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (K Zürcher MSc, M L Reichmuth MSc, M Ballif PhD, V Skrivankova PhD, Prof L Fenner MD, Prof M Egger MD); Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau PhD, S Borrell PhD, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux PhD); University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau, S Borrell, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux); Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander MD, Prof E C Böttger MD); Swiss National Center for Mycobacteria, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander, Prof E C Böttger); The HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre and Tuberculosis Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand (A Avihingsanon MD); Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria (Prof A G Abimiku PhD); Centre de Prise en Charge de Recherche et de Formation, Yopougon, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire (O Marcy MD); Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (J Collantes MSc); Department of Medicine, Moi University School of Medicine, and Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya (Prof E J Carter MD); Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI, USA (Prof E J Carter); Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (Prof R J Wilkinson PhD, Prof H Cox PhD), Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (Prof H Cox), and Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, Faculty of Health Sciences (Prof M Egger), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); National TB Lab, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Prof M Yotebieng MD); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA (Prof M Yotebieng); National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA (R Huebner PhD).

Olivier Marcy (O)

Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (K Zürcher MSc, M L Reichmuth MSc, M Ballif PhD, V Skrivankova PhD, Prof L Fenner MD, Prof M Egger MD); Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau PhD, S Borrell PhD, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux PhD); University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau, S Borrell, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux); Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander MD, Prof E C Böttger MD); Swiss National Center for Mycobacteria, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander, Prof E C Böttger); The HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre and Tuberculosis Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand (A Avihingsanon MD); Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria (Prof A G Abimiku PhD); Centre de Prise en Charge de Recherche et de Formation, Yopougon, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire (O Marcy MD); Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (J Collantes MSc); Department of Medicine, Moi University School of Medicine, and Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya (Prof E J Carter MD); Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI, USA (Prof E J Carter); Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (Prof R J Wilkinson PhD, Prof H Cox PhD), Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (Prof H Cox), and Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, Faculty of Health Sciences (Prof M Egger), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); National TB Lab, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Prof M Yotebieng MD); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA (Prof M Yotebieng); National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA (R Huebner PhD).

Jimena Collantes (J)

Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (K Zürcher MSc, M L Reichmuth MSc, M Ballif PhD, V Skrivankova PhD, Prof L Fenner MD, Prof M Egger MD); Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau PhD, S Borrell PhD, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux PhD); University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau, S Borrell, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux); Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander MD, Prof E C Böttger MD); Swiss National Center for Mycobacteria, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander, Prof E C Böttger); The HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre and Tuberculosis Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand (A Avihingsanon MD); Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria (Prof A G Abimiku PhD); Centre de Prise en Charge de Recherche et de Formation, Yopougon, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire (O Marcy MD); Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (J Collantes MSc); Department of Medicine, Moi University School of Medicine, and Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya (Prof E J Carter MD); Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI, USA (Prof E J Carter); Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (Prof R J Wilkinson PhD, Prof H Cox PhD), Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (Prof H Cox), and Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, Faculty of Health Sciences (Prof M Egger), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); National TB Lab, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Prof M Yotebieng MD); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA (Prof M Yotebieng); National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA (R Huebner PhD).

E Jane Carter (EJ)

Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (K Zürcher MSc, M L Reichmuth MSc, M Ballif PhD, V Skrivankova PhD, Prof L Fenner MD, Prof M Egger MD); Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau PhD, S Borrell PhD, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux PhD); University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau, S Borrell, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux); Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander MD, Prof E C Böttger MD); Swiss National Center for Mycobacteria, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander, Prof E C Böttger); The HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre and Tuberculosis Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand (A Avihingsanon MD); Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria (Prof A G Abimiku PhD); Centre de Prise en Charge de Recherche et de Formation, Yopougon, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire (O Marcy MD); Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (J Collantes MSc); Department of Medicine, Moi University School of Medicine, and Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya (Prof E J Carter MD); Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI, USA (Prof E J Carter); Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (Prof R J Wilkinson PhD, Prof H Cox PhD), Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (Prof H Cox), and Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, Faculty of Health Sciences (Prof M Egger), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); National TB Lab, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Prof M Yotebieng MD); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA (Prof M Yotebieng); National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA (R Huebner PhD).

Robert J Wilkinson (RJ)

Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (K Zürcher MSc, M L Reichmuth MSc, M Ballif PhD, V Skrivankova PhD, Prof L Fenner MD, Prof M Egger MD); Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau PhD, S Borrell PhD, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux PhD); University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau, S Borrell, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux); Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander MD, Prof E C Böttger MD); Swiss National Center for Mycobacteria, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander, Prof E C Böttger); The HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre and Tuberculosis Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand (A Avihingsanon MD); Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria (Prof A G Abimiku PhD); Centre de Prise en Charge de Recherche et de Formation, Yopougon, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire (O Marcy MD); Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (J Collantes MSc); Department of Medicine, Moi University School of Medicine, and Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya (Prof E J Carter MD); Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI, USA (Prof E J Carter); Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (Prof R J Wilkinson PhD, Prof H Cox PhD), Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (Prof H Cox), and Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, Faculty of Health Sciences (Prof M Egger), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); National TB Lab, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Prof M Yotebieng MD); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA (Prof M Yotebieng); National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA (R Huebner PhD).

Helen Cox (H)

Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (K Zürcher MSc, M L Reichmuth MSc, M Ballif PhD, V Skrivankova PhD, Prof L Fenner MD, Prof M Egger MD); Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau PhD, S Borrell PhD, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux PhD); University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau, S Borrell, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux); Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander MD, Prof E C Böttger MD); Swiss National Center for Mycobacteria, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander, Prof E C Böttger); The HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre and Tuberculosis Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand (A Avihingsanon MD); Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria (Prof A G Abimiku PhD); Centre de Prise en Charge de Recherche et de Formation, Yopougon, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire (O Marcy MD); Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (J Collantes MSc); Department of Medicine, Moi University School of Medicine, and Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya (Prof E J Carter MD); Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI, USA (Prof E J Carter); Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (Prof R J Wilkinson PhD, Prof H Cox PhD), Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (Prof H Cox), and Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, Faculty of Health Sciences (Prof M Egger), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); National TB Lab, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Prof M Yotebieng MD); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA (Prof M Yotebieng); National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA (R Huebner PhD).

Marcel Yotebieng (M)

Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (K Zürcher MSc, M L Reichmuth MSc, M Ballif PhD, V Skrivankova PhD, Prof L Fenner MD, Prof M Egger MD); Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau PhD, S Borrell PhD, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux PhD); University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau, S Borrell, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux); Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander MD, Prof E C Böttger MD); Swiss National Center for Mycobacteria, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander, Prof E C Böttger); The HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre and Tuberculosis Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand (A Avihingsanon MD); Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria (Prof A G Abimiku PhD); Centre de Prise en Charge de Recherche et de Formation, Yopougon, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire (O Marcy MD); Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (J Collantes MSc); Department of Medicine, Moi University School of Medicine, and Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya (Prof E J Carter MD); Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI, USA (Prof E J Carter); Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (Prof R J Wilkinson PhD, Prof H Cox PhD), Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (Prof H Cox), and Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, Faculty of Health Sciences (Prof M Egger), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); National TB Lab, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Prof M Yotebieng MD); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA (Prof M Yotebieng); National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA (R Huebner PhD).

Robin Huebner (R)

Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (K Zürcher MSc, M L Reichmuth MSc, M Ballif PhD, V Skrivankova PhD, Prof L Fenner MD, Prof M Egger MD); Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau PhD, S Borrell PhD, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux PhD); University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau, S Borrell, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux); Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander MD, Prof E C Böttger MD); Swiss National Center for Mycobacteria, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander, Prof E C Böttger); The HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre and Tuberculosis Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand (A Avihingsanon MD); Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria (Prof A G Abimiku PhD); Centre de Prise en Charge de Recherche et de Formation, Yopougon, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire (O Marcy MD); Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (J Collantes MSc); Department of Medicine, Moi University School of Medicine, and Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya (Prof E J Carter MD); Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI, USA (Prof E J Carter); Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (Prof R J Wilkinson PhD, Prof H Cox PhD), Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (Prof H Cox), and Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, Faculty of Health Sciences (Prof M Egger), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); National TB Lab, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Prof M Yotebieng MD); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA (Prof M Yotebieng); National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA (R Huebner PhD).

Lukas Fenner (L)

Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (K Zürcher MSc, M L Reichmuth MSc, M Ballif PhD, V Skrivankova PhD, Prof L Fenner MD, Prof M Egger MD); Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau PhD, S Borrell PhD, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux PhD); University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau, S Borrell, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux); Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander MD, Prof E C Böttger MD); Swiss National Center for Mycobacteria, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander, Prof E C Böttger); The HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre and Tuberculosis Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand (A Avihingsanon MD); Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria (Prof A G Abimiku PhD); Centre de Prise en Charge de Recherche et de Formation, Yopougon, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire (O Marcy MD); Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (J Collantes MSc); Department of Medicine, Moi University School of Medicine, and Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya (Prof E J Carter MD); Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI, USA (Prof E J Carter); Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (Prof R J Wilkinson PhD, Prof H Cox PhD), Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (Prof H Cox), and Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, Faculty of Health Sciences (Prof M Egger), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); National TB Lab, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Prof M Yotebieng MD); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA (Prof M Yotebieng); National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA (R Huebner PhD).

Erik C Böttger (EC)

Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (K Zürcher MSc, M L Reichmuth MSc, M Ballif PhD, V Skrivankova PhD, Prof L Fenner MD, Prof M Egger MD); Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau PhD, S Borrell PhD, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux PhD); University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau, S Borrell, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux); Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander MD, Prof E C Böttger MD); Swiss National Center for Mycobacteria, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander, Prof E C Böttger); The HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre and Tuberculosis Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand (A Avihingsanon MD); Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria (Prof A G Abimiku PhD); Centre de Prise en Charge de Recherche et de Formation, Yopougon, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire (O Marcy MD); Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (J Collantes MSc); Department of Medicine, Moi University School of Medicine, and Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya (Prof E J Carter MD); Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI, USA (Prof E J Carter); Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (Prof R J Wilkinson PhD, Prof H Cox PhD), Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (Prof H Cox), and Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, Faculty of Health Sciences (Prof M Egger), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); National TB Lab, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Prof M Yotebieng MD); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA (Prof M Yotebieng); National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA (R Huebner PhD).

Sebastien Gagneux (S)

Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (K Zürcher MSc, M L Reichmuth MSc, M Ballif PhD, V Skrivankova PhD, Prof L Fenner MD, Prof M Egger MD); Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau PhD, S Borrell PhD, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux PhD); University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau, S Borrell, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux); Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander MD, Prof E C Böttger MD); Swiss National Center for Mycobacteria, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander, Prof E C Böttger); The HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre and Tuberculosis Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand (A Avihingsanon MD); Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria (Prof A G Abimiku PhD); Centre de Prise en Charge de Recherche et de Formation, Yopougon, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire (O Marcy MD); Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (J Collantes MSc); Department of Medicine, Moi University School of Medicine, and Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya (Prof E J Carter MD); Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI, USA (Prof E J Carter); Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (Prof R J Wilkinson PhD, Prof H Cox PhD), Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (Prof H Cox), and Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, Faculty of Health Sciences (Prof M Egger), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); National TB Lab, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Prof M Yotebieng MD); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA (Prof M Yotebieng); National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA (R Huebner PhD).

Matthias Egger (M)

Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland (K Zürcher MSc, M L Reichmuth MSc, M Ballif PhD, V Skrivankova PhD, Prof L Fenner MD, Prof M Egger MD); Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau PhD, S Borrell PhD, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux PhD); University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (C Loiseau, S Borrell, M Reinhard, Prof S Gagneux); Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander MD, Prof E C Böttger MD); Swiss National Center for Mycobacteria, Zurich, Switzerland (R Hömke, P Sander, Prof E C Böttger); The HIV Netherlands Australia Thailand Research Collaboration, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre and Tuberculosis Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand (A Avihingsanon MD); Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria (Prof A G Abimiku PhD); Centre de Prise en Charge de Recherche et de Formation, Yopougon, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire (O Marcy MD); Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru (J Collantes MSc); Department of Medicine, Moi University School of Medicine, and Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya (Prof E J Carter MD); Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI, USA (Prof E J Carter); Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (Prof R J Wilkinson PhD, Prof H Cox PhD), Institute for Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (Prof H Cox), and Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, Faculty of Health Sciences (Prof M Egger), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK (Prof R J Wilkinson); National TB Lab, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo (Prof M Yotebieng MD); Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA (Prof M Yotebieng); National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA (R Huebner PhD).

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questionsmedicales.fr › Personnes › Tranches d'âge › Adulte › Mortality from drug-resistant tuberculosis in...
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questionsmedicales.fr › Bactéries › Bactéries à Gram positif › Bâtonnets à Gram positif › Bâtonnets asporogènes à Gram positif › Bâtonnets asporogènes réguliers à Gram positif › Mycobacteriaceae › Mycobacterium › Mycobacterium tuberculosis › Mortality from drug-resistant tuberculosis in...
questionsmedicales.fr › Infection › Infections bactériennes et mycoses › Infections bactériennes › Infections bactériennes à Gram positif › Infections à Actinomycetales › Infections à Mycobacterium › Tuberculose › Mortality from drug-resistant tuberculosis in...
questionsmedicales.fr › Infection › Infections bactériennes et mycoses › Infections bactériennes › Infections bactériennes à Gram positif › Infections à Actinomycetales › Infections à Mycobacterium › Tuberculose › Tuberculose multirésistante › Mortality from drug-resistant tuberculosis in...
questionsmedicales.fr › Maladies de l'appareil respiratoire › Infections de l'appareil respiratoire › Tuberculose pulmonaire › Mortality from drug-resistant tuberculosis in...