Time-resolved hadronic particle acceleration in the recurrent nova RS Ophiuchi.

Journal

Science (New York, N.Y.)
ISSN: 1095-9203
Titre abrégé: Science
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 0404511

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
04 2022
Historique:
pubmed: 11 3 2022
medline: 11 3 2022
entrez: 10 3 2022
Statut: ppublish

Résumé

Recurrent novae are repeating thermonuclear explosions in the outer layers of white dwarfs, due to the accretion of fresh material from a binary companion. The shock generated when ejected material slams into the companion star's wind can accelerate particles. We report very-high-energy (VHE; [Formula: see text]) gamma rays from the recurrent nova RS Ophiuchi, up to 1 month after its 2021 outburst, observed using the High Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.). The temporal profile of VHE emission is similar to that of lower-energy giga-electron volt emission, indicating a common origin, with a 2-day delay in peak flux. These observations constrain models of time-dependent particle energization, favoring a hadronic emission scenario over the leptonic alternative. Shocks in dense winds provide favorable environments for efficient acceleration of cosmic rays to very high energies.

Identifiants

DOI: 10.1126/science.abn0567 PMID: 35271303
pubmed: 35271303
doi: 10.1126/science.abn0567
doi:

Types de publication

Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Pagination

77-80

Commentaires et corrections

Type : CommentIn

Auteurs

F Aharonian (F)

Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 31 Fitzwilliam Place, Dublin 2, Ireland.
Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany.
High Energy Astrophysics Laboratory, Russian-Armenian University (RAU), 123 Hovsep Emin St Yerevan 0051, Armenia.

F Ait Benkhali (F)

Landessternwarte, Universität Heidelberg, Königstuhl, D 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.

E O Angüner (EO)

Aix Marseille Université, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS)/Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et Physique des Particules (IN2P3), Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille (CPPM), Marseille, France.

H Ashkar (H)

Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École Polytechnique, CNRS, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, F-91128 Palaiseau, France.

M Backes (M)

University of Namibia, Department of Physics, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek 10005, Namibia.
Centre for Space Research, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.

V Baghmanyan (V)

Instytut Fizyki J[Formula: see text]drowej Polskiej Akademii Nauk (PAN), ul. Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Kraków, Poland.

V Barbosa Martins (V)

Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, 15738, Germany.

R Batzofin (R)

School of Physics, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Avenue, Braamfontein, Johannesburg, 2050 South Africa.

Y Becherini (Y)

Université de Paris, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, F-75013 Paris, France.
Department of Physics and Electrical Engineering, Linnaeus University, 351 95 Växjö, Sweden.

D Berge (D)

Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, 15738, Germany.

K Bernlöhr (K)

Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany.

B Bi (B)

Institut für Astronomie und Astrophysik, Universität Tübingen, Sand 1, D 72076 Tübingen, Germany.

M Böttcher (M)

Centre for Space Research, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.

C Boisson (C)

Laboratoire Univers et Théories, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Université de Paris, 92190 Meudon, France.

J Bolmont (J)

Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS/IN2P3, Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), 4 Place Jussieu, F-75252 Paris, France.

M de Bony de Lavergne (M)

Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules - IN2P3, 74000 Annecy, France.

M Breuhaus (M)

Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany.

R Brose (R)

Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 31 Fitzwilliam Place, Dublin 2, Ireland.

F Brun (F)

Institute for Research on the Fundamental Laws of the Universe (IRFU), Commisariat à l'énergie atomique (CEA), Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.

S Caroff (S)

Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS/IN2P3, Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), 4 Place Jussieu, F-75252 Paris, France.

S Casanova (S)

Instytut Fizyki J[Formula: see text]drowej Polskiej Akademii Nauk (PAN), ul. Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Kraków, Poland.

M Cerruti (M)

Université de Paris, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, F-75013 Paris, France.

T Chand (T)

Centre for Space Research, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.

A Chen (A)

School of Physics, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Avenue, Braamfontein, Johannesburg, 2050 South Africa.

G Cotter (G)

University of Oxford, Department of Physics, Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK.

J Damascene Mbarubucyeye (J)

Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, 15738, Germany.

A Djannati-Ataï (A)

Université de Paris, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, F-75013 Paris, France.

A Dmytriiev (A)

Laboratoire Univers et Théories, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Université de Paris, 92190 Meudon, France.

V Doroshenko (V)

Institut für Astronomie und Astrophysik, Universität Tübingen, Sand 1, D 72076 Tübingen, Germany.

C Duffy (C)

University of Oxford, Department of Physics, Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK.

K Egberts (K)

Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24/25, D 14476 Potsdam, Germany.

J-P Ernenwein (JP)

Aix Marseille Université, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS)/Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et Physique des Particules (IN2P3), Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille (CPPM), Marseille, France.

S Fegan (S)

Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École Polytechnique, CNRS, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, F-91128 Palaiseau, France.

K Feijen (K)

School of Physical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia.

A Fiasson (A)

Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules - IN2P3, 74000 Annecy, France.

G Fichet de Clairfontaine (G)

Laboratoire Univers et Théories, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Université de Paris, 92190 Meudon, France.

G Fontaine (G)

Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École Polytechnique, CNRS, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, F-91128 Palaiseau, France.

M Füßling (M)

Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, 15738, Germany.

S Funk (S)

Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Erwin-Rommel-Str. 1, D 91058 Erlangen, Germany.

S Gabici (S)

Université de Paris, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, F-75013 Paris, France.

Y A Gallant (YA)

Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, CNRS/IN2P3, CC 72, Place Eugène Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.

S Ghafourizadeh (S)

Landessternwarte, Universität Heidelberg, Königstuhl, D 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.

G Giavitto (G)

Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, 15738, Germany.

L Giunti (L)

Université de Paris, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, F-75013 Paris, France.
Institute for Research on the Fundamental Laws of the Universe (IRFU), Commisariat à l'énergie atomique (CEA), Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.

D Glawion (D)

Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Erwin-Rommel-Str. 1, D 91058 Erlangen, Germany.

J F Glicenstein (JF)

Institute for Research on the Fundamental Laws of the Universe (IRFU), Commisariat à l'énergie atomique (CEA), Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.

M-H Grondin (MH)

Université Bordeaux, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique des Deux Infinis (LP2i), Bordeaux, Joint Research Unit (UMR 5797), F-33170 Gradignan, France.

G Hermann (G)

Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany.

J A Hinton (JA)

Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany.

M Hörbe (M)

University of Oxford, Department of Physics, Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK.

W Hofmann (W)

Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany.

C Hoischen (C)

Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24/25, D 14476 Potsdam, Germany.

T L Holch (TL)

Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, 15738, Germany.

M Holler (M)

Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.

D Horns (D)

Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany.

Zhiqiu Huang (Z)

Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany.

M Jamrozy (M)

Obserwatorium Astronomiczne, Uniwersytet Jagielloński, ul. Orla 171, 30-244 Kraków, Poland.

F Jankowsky (F)

Landessternwarte, Universität Heidelberg, Königstuhl, D 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.

I Jung-Richardt (I)

Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Erwin-Rommel-Str. 1, D 91058 Erlangen, Germany.

E Kasai (E)

University of Namibia, Department of Physics, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek 10005, Namibia.

K Katarzyński (K)

Institute of Astronomy, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Grudziadzka 5, 87-100 Torun, Poland.

U Katz (U)

Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Erwin-Rommel-Str. 1, D 91058 Erlangen, Germany.

D Khangulyan (D)

Department of Physics, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan.

B Khélifi (B)

Université de Paris, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, F-75013 Paris, France.

S Klepser (S)

Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, 15738, Germany.

W Kluźniak (W)

Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Bartycka 18, 00-716 Warsaw, Poland.

Nu Komin (N)

School of Physics, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Avenue, Braamfontein, Johannesburg, 2050 South Africa.

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Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, 15738, Germany.

K Kosack (K)

Institute for Research on the Fundamental Laws of the Universe (IRFU), Commisariat à l'énergie atomique (CEA), Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.

D Kostunin (D)

Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, 15738, Germany.

S Le Stum (S)

Aix Marseille Université, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS)/Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et Physique des Particules (IN2P3), Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille (CPPM), Marseille, France.

A Lemière (A)

Université de Paris, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, F-75013 Paris, France.

M Lemoine-Goumard (M)

Université Bordeaux, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique des Deux Infinis (LP2i), Bordeaux, Joint Research Unit (UMR 5797), F-33170 Gradignan, France.

J-P Lenain (JP)

Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS/IN2P3, Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Energies (LPNHE), 4 Place Jussieu, F-75252 Paris, France.

F Leuschner (F)

Institut für Astronomie und Astrophysik, Universität Tübingen, Sand 1, D 72076 Tübingen, Germany.

T Lohse (T)

Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstr. 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany.

A Luashvili (A)

Laboratoire Univers et Théories, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Université de Paris, 92190 Meudon, France.

I Lypova (I)

Landessternwarte, Universität Heidelberg, Königstuhl, D 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.

J Mackey (J)

Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 31 Fitzwilliam Place, Dublin 2, Ireland.

D Malyshev (D)

Institut für Astronomie und Astrophysik, Universität Tübingen, Sand 1, D 72076 Tübingen, Germany.

D Malyshev (D)

Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Erwin-Rommel-Str. 1, D 91058 Erlangen, Germany.

V Marandon (V)

Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany.

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School of Physics, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Avenue, Braamfontein, Johannesburg, 2050 South Africa.

A Marcowith (A)

Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, CNRS/IN2P3, CC 72, Place Eugène Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.

G Martí-Devesa (G)

Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.

R Marx (R)

Landessternwarte, Universität Heidelberg, Königstuhl, D 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.

G Maurin (G)

Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules - IN2P3, 74000 Annecy, France.

M Meyer (M)

Universität Hamburg, Institut für Experimentalphysik, Luruper Chaussee 149, D 22761 Hamburg, Germany.

A Mitchell (A)

Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany.
Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Erwin-Rommel-Str. 1, D 91058 Erlangen, Germany.

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Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Bartycka 18, 00-716 Warsaw, Poland.

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Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany.

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Institute for Research on the Fundamental Laws of the Universe (IRFU), Commisariat à l'énergie atomique (CEA), Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.

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Institute for Research on the Fundamental Laws of the Universe (IRFU), Commisariat à l'énergie atomique (CEA), Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.

J Muller (J)

Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École Polytechnique, CNRS, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, F-91128 Palaiseau, France.

T Murach (T)

Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, 15738, Germany.

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Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Erwin-Rommel-Str. 1, D 91058 Erlangen, Germany.

M de Naurois (M)

Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, École Polytechnique, CNRS, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, F-91128 Palaiseau, France.

A Nayerhoda (A)

Instytut Fizyki J[Formula: see text]drowej Polskiej Akademii Nauk (PAN), ul. Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Kraków, Poland.

J Niemiec (J)

Instytut Fizyki J[Formula: see text]drowej Polskiej Akademii Nauk (PAN), ul. Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Kraków, Poland.

A Priyana Noel (A)

Obserwatorium Astronomiczne, Uniwersytet Jagielloński, ul. Orla 171, 30-244 Kraków, Poland.

P O'Brien (P)

Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK.

S Ohm (S)

Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, 15738, Germany.

L Olivera-Nieto (L)

Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany.

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Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, 15738, Germany.

M Ostrowski (M)

Obserwatorium Astronomiczne, Uniwersytet Jagielloński, ul. Orla 171, 30-244 Kraków, Poland.

S Panny (S)

Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.

M Panter (M)

Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany.

R D Parsons (RD)

Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstr. 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany.

G Peron (G)

Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany.

S Pita (S)

Université de Paris, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, F-75013 Paris, France.

V Poireau (V)

Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules - IN2P3, 74000 Annecy, France.

D A Prokhorov (DA)

Gravitation and Astroparticle Physics at the University of Amsterdam (GRAPPA), Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands.

H Prokoph (H)

Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, 15738, Germany.

G Pühlhofer (G)

Institut für Astronomie und Astrophysik, Universität Tübingen, Sand 1, D 72076 Tübingen, Germany.

M Punch (M)

Université de Paris, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, F-75013 Paris, France.
Department of Physics and Electrical Engineering, Linnaeus University, 351 95 Växjö, Sweden.

A Quirrenbach (A)

Landessternwarte, Universität Heidelberg, Königstuhl, D 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.

P Reichherzer (P)

Institute for Research on the Fundamental Laws of the Universe (IRFU), Commisariat à l'énergie atomique (CEA), Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.

A Reimer (A)

Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.

O Reimer (O)

Institut für Astro- und Teilchenphysik, Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.

M Renaud (M)

Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, CNRS/IN2P3, CC 72, Place Eugène Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.

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Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany.

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Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany.

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School of Physical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia.

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Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Bartycka 18, 00-716 Warsaw, Poland.

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Institute for Research on the Fundamental Laws of the Universe (IRFU), Commisariat à l'énergie atomique (CEA), Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.

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Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany.

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Yerevan Physics Institute, 2 Alikhanian Brothers St., 375036 Yerevan, Armenia.

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Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany.

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Institut für Astronomie und Astrophysik, Universität Tübingen, Sand 1, D 72076 Tübingen, Germany.

D A Sanchez (DA)

Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules - IN2P3, 74000 Annecy, France.

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Institut für Astronomie und Astrophysik, Universität Tübingen, Sand 1, D 72076 Tübingen, Germany.

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Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Erwin-Rommel-Str. 1, D 91058 Erlangen, Germany.

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Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Erwin-Rommel-Str. 1, D 91058 Erlangen, Germany.

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Institute for Research on the Fundamental Laws of the Universe (IRFU), Commisariat à l'énergie atomique (CEA), Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.

H M Schutte (HM)

Centre for Space Research, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.

U Schwanke (U)

Institut für Physik, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstr. 15, D 12489 Berlin, Germany.

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Department of Physics and Electrical Engineering, Linnaeus University, 351 95 Växjö, Sweden.

J N S Shapopi (JNS)

University of Namibia, Department of Physics, Private Bag 13301, Windhoek 10005, Namibia.

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Gravitation and Astroparticle Physics at the University of Amsterdam (GRAPPA), Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands.

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Laboratoire Univers et Particules de Montpellier, Université Montpellier, CNRS/IN2P3, CC 72, Place Eugène Bataillon, F-34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.

H Sol (H)

Laboratoire Univers et Théories, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Université de Paris, 92190 Meudon, France.

A Specovius (A)

Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Erwin-Rommel-Str. 1, D 91058 Erlangen, Germany.

S Spencer (S)

University of Oxford, Department of Physics, Denys Wilkinson Building, Keble Road, Oxford OX1 3RH, UK.

Ł Stawarz (Ł)

Obserwatorium Astronomiczne, Uniwersytet Jagielloński, ul. Orla 171, 30-244 Kraków, Poland.

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Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany.

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Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24/25, D 14476 Potsdam, Germany.

T Takahashi (T)

Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (World Premier International Research Center Initiative (WPI)), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study (UTIAS), The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwa-no-Ha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8583, Japan.

T Tanaka (T)

Department of Physics, Konan University, 8-9-1 Okamoto, Higashinada, Kobe, Hyogo 658-8501, Japan.

A M Taylor (AM)

Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, 15738, Germany.

R Terrier (R)

Université de Paris, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, F-75013 Paris, France.

C Thorpe-Morgan (C)

Institut für Astronomie und Astrophysik, Universität Tübingen, Sand 1, D 72076 Tübingen, Germany.

M Tsirou (M)

Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany.

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Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.

R Tuffs (R)

Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany.

Y Uchiyama (Y)

Department of Physics, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan.

T Unbehaun (T)

Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Erwin-Rommel-Str. 1, D 91058 Erlangen, Germany.

C van Eldik (C)

Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Erwin-Rommel-Str. 1, D 91058 Erlangen, Germany.

B van Soelen (B)

Department of Physics, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa.

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Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Erwin-Rommel-Str. 1, D 91058 Erlangen, Germany.

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Centre for Space Research, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.

J Vink (J)

Gravitation and Astroparticle Physics at the University of Amsterdam (GRAPPA), Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, Netherlands.

S J Wagner (SJ)

Landessternwarte, Universität Heidelberg, Königstuhl, D 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.

F Werner (F)

Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany.

R White (R)

Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik, P.O. Box 103980, D 69029 Heidelberg, Germany.

A Wierzcholska (A)

Instytut Fizyki J[Formula: see text]drowej Polskiej Akademii Nauk (PAN), ul. Radzikowskiego 152, 31-342 Kraków, Poland.

Yu Wun Wong (YW)

Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Erwin-Rommel-Str. 1, D 91058 Erlangen, Germany.

A Yusafzai (A)

Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Erwin-Rommel-Str. 1, D 91058 Erlangen, Germany.

M Zacharias (M)

Centre for Space Research, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.
Laboratoire Univers et Théories, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Université de Paris, 92190 Meudon, France.

D Zargaryan (D)

Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 31 Fitzwilliam Place, Dublin 2, Ireland.
High Energy Astrophysics Laboratory, Russian-Armenian University (RAU), 123 Hovsep Emin St Yerevan 0051, Armenia.

A A Zdziarski (AA)

Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Bartycka 18, 00-716 Warsaw, Poland.

A Zech (A)

Laboratoire Univers et Théories, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Université de Paris, 92190 Meudon, France.

S J Zhu (SJ)

Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Platanenallee 6, 15738, Germany.

S Zouari (S)

Université de Paris, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, F-75013 Paris, France.

N Żywucka (N)

Centre for Space Research, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.

Classifications MeSH