The effect of ethanol or long-time reaction on the diatom test in water samples using sodium hypochlorite.
Alternative digestion
Diatom test
Drowning
Forensic pathology
Sodium hypochlorite
Journal
Legal medicine (Tokyo, Japan)
ISSN: 1873-4162
Titre abrégé: Leg Med (Tokyo)
Pays: Ireland
ID NLM: 100889186
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
Jul 2022
Jul 2022
Historique:
received:
16
01
2022
revised:
04
03
2022
accepted:
07
03
2022
pubmed:
14
3
2022
medline:
29
6
2022
entrez:
13
3
2022
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
The diatom test method using sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) was equivalent to the conventional method in water samples. However, the method using NaClO was inferior to the conventional method in lung samples, in which ethanol was used and the reaction with NaClO was longer compared with the method in water samples. Using water samples, we aimed to clarify whether these differences affect the diatom test result. Thirteen water samples from natural water sources were each divided into four parts corresponding to four (2 × 2) digestion methods: 3 "digestion" vs. 1 "digestion" and with ethanol vs. without ethanol. After the base-2 logarithmic transformation, the diatom counts were analyzed using three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA); factor 1 was "digestion times," factor 2 was "ethanol," and factor 3 was "sample number," and the interaction between factors 1 and 2 was also analyzed. The geometric means of the diatoms from the 3 "digestion" with ethanol method, the 3 "digestion" without ethanol method, the 1 "digestion" with ethanol method, and the 1 "digestion" without ethanol method were 373.5, 551.8, 436.6, and 522.0, respectively. ANOVA showed a significant difference in factor 2 (P = 1.7 × 10 Ethanol may decrease the diatom count in the diatom test using NaClO. In contrast, the diatom frustules do not dissolve through three-times digestion using NaClO.
Sections du résumé
BACKGROUND
BACKGROUND
The diatom test method using sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) was equivalent to the conventional method in water samples. However, the method using NaClO was inferior to the conventional method in lung samples, in which ethanol was used and the reaction with NaClO was longer compared with the method in water samples. Using water samples, we aimed to clarify whether these differences affect the diatom test result.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
METHODS
Thirteen water samples from natural water sources were each divided into four parts corresponding to four (2 × 2) digestion methods: 3 "digestion" vs. 1 "digestion" and with ethanol vs. without ethanol. After the base-2 logarithmic transformation, the diatom counts were analyzed using three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA); factor 1 was "digestion times," factor 2 was "ethanol," and factor 3 was "sample number," and the interaction between factors 1 and 2 was also analyzed.
RESULTS
RESULTS
The geometric means of the diatoms from the 3 "digestion" with ethanol method, the 3 "digestion" without ethanol method, the 1 "digestion" with ethanol method, and the 1 "digestion" without ethanol method were 373.5, 551.8, 436.6, and 522.0, respectively. ANOVA showed a significant difference in factor 2 (P = 1.7 × 10
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSIONS
Ethanol may decrease the diatom count in the diatom test using NaClO. In contrast, the diatom frustules do not dissolve through three-times digestion using NaClO.
Identifiants
pubmed: 35279533
pii: S1344-6223(22)00042-6
doi: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2022.102054
pii:
doi:
Substances chimiques
Water
059QF0KO0R
Ethanol
3K9958V90M
Sodium Hypochlorite
DY38VHM5OD
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
102054Informations de copyright
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