The neglect of sex: A call to action for including sex as a biological variable in placebo and nocebo research.
Conditioning
Expectations
Experimental settings
Gender
Randomized clinical trials
Social learning
Journal
Contemporary clinical trials
ISSN: 1559-2030
Titre abrégé: Contemp Clin Trials
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 101242342
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
05 2022
05 2022
Historique:
received:
28
11
2021
revised:
08
03
2022
accepted:
14
03
2022
pubmed:
21
3
2022
medline:
25
5
2022
entrez:
20
3
2022
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Sex differences exist in the prevalence, progression and treatment efficacy of a wide array of medical conditions. While the placebo and nocebo effects have become increasingly relevant in the clinical arena, little is known about the influence of biological sex on placebo and nocebo effects. This paper discusses the existing, relatively limited and sometimes conflicting evidence about how sex impacts the occurrence and magnitude of the placebo and nocebo effects, mainly focusing on pain studies. We present recent evidence that when compared to men, women suffering from chronic orofacial pain may derive greater benefit from the placebo effect for analgesia. Nonetheless, we broadly argue that the field is not currently positioned to draw definitive conclusions and propose several important factors that may explain the inconsistency in the literature and that should be taken into account in future research. These include the specific target symptom of the placebo or nocebo manipulation and whether or not the target is related to the medical condition, the placebo or nocebo induction method, the sex of the experimenter or physician, and so forth. Future research should intentionally include sex a biological variable to favor translation of placebo and nocebo mechanisms into clinical applications.
Identifiants
pubmed: 35306216
pii: S1551-7144(22)00060-X
doi: 10.1016/j.cct.2022.106734
pmc: PMC9332926
mid: NIHMS1793476
pii:
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
106734Subventions
Organisme : NCCIH NIH HHS
ID : R01 AT010333
Pays : United States
Organisme : NCCIH NIH HHS
ID : R01 AT011347
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIDCR NIH HHS
ID : R01 DE025946
Pays : United States
Informations de copyright
Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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