A highly magnified star at redshift 6.2.


Journal

Nature
ISSN: 1476-4687
Titre abrégé: Nature
Pays: England
ID NLM: 0410462

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
03 2022
Historique:
received: 28 07 2021
accepted: 20 01 2022
entrez: 31 3 2022
pubmed: 1 4 2022
medline: 1 4 2022
Statut: ppublish

Résumé

Galaxy clusters magnify background objects through strong gravitational lensing. Typical magnifications for lensed galaxies are factors of a few but can also be as high as tens or hundreds, stretching galaxies into giant arcs

Identifiants

pubmed: 35354998
doi: 10.1038/s41586-022-04449-y
pii: 10.1038/s41586-022-04449-y
doi:

Types de publication

Journal Article Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Pagination

815-818

Commentaires et corrections

Type : ErratumIn

Informations de copyright

© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.

Références

Rivera-Thorsen, T. E. et al. The Sunburst Arc: direct Lyman α escape observed in the brightest known lensed galaxy. Astron. Astrophys. 608, L4 (2017).
doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201732173
Johnson, T. L. et al. Star formation at z = 2.481 in the lensed galaxy SDSS J1110+6459: star formation down to 30 pm scales. Astrophys. J. Lett. 843, L21 (2017).
pubmed: 29651332 pmcid: 5890445 doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/aa7516
Kelly, P. L. et al. Extreme magnification of an individual star at redshift 1.5 by a galaxy-cluster lens. Nat. Astron. 2, 334–342 (2018).
doi: 10.1038/s41550-018-0430-3
Rodney, S. A. et al. Two peculiar fast transients in a strongly lensed host galaxy. Nat. Astron. 2, 324–333 (2018).
doi: 10.1038/s41550-018-0405-4
Chen, W. et al. Searching for highly magnified stars at cosmological distances: discovery of a redshift 0.94 supergiant in archival images of the galaxy cluster MACS J0416.1-2403. Astrophys. J. 881, 8 (2019).
doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab297d
Kaurov, A. A., Dai, L., Venumadhav, T., Miralda-Escudé, J. & Frye, B. Highly magnified stars in lensing clusters: new evidence in a galaxy lensed by MACS J0416.1-2403. Astrophys. J. 881, 58 (2019).
doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab2888
Coe, D. et al. RELICS: Reionization Lensing Cluster Survey. Astrophys. J. 884, 85 (2019).
doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab412b
Salmon, B. et al. RELICS: The Reionization Lensing Cluster Survey and the brightest high-z galaxies. Astrophys. J. 889, 189 (2020).
doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab5a8b
Rivera-Thorsen, T. E. et al. Gravitational lensing reveals ionizing ultraviolet photons escaping from a distant galaxy. Science 366, 738–741 (2019).
pubmed: 31699936 doi: 10.1126/science.aaw0978
Zitrin, A. et al. Hubble Space Telescope combined strong and weak lensing analysis of the CLASH sample: mass and magnification models and systematic uncertainties. Astrophys. J. 801, 44 (2015).
doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/801/1/44
Zitrin, A. et al. New multiply-lensed galaxies identified in ACS/NIC3 observations of Cl0024+1654 using an improved mass model. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 395, 1319–1332 (2009).
Broadhurst, T. et al. Strong-lensing analysis of A1689 from Deep Advanced Camera images. Astrophys. J. 621, 53–88 (2005).
doi: 10.1086/426494
Jullo, E. & Kneib, J. P. Multiscale cluster lens mass mapping – I. Strong lensing modelling. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 395, 1319–1332 (2009).
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.14654.x
Jullo, E. et al. A Bayesian approach to strong lensing modelling of galaxy clusters. New J. Phys. 9, 447 (2007).
doi: 10.1088/1367-2630/9/12/447
Oguri, M. The mass distribution of SDSS J1004+4112 revisited. Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn 62, 1017–1024 (2010).
doi: 10.1093/pasj/62.4.1017
Diego, J. M., Tegmark, M., Protopapas, P. & Sandvik, H. B. Combined reconstruction of weak and strong lensing data with WSLAP. Mon. Mot. R. Astron. Soc. 375, 958–970 (2007).
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.11380.x
Diego, J. M., Protopapas, P., Sandvik, H. B. & Tegmark, M. Non-parametric inversion of strong lensing systems. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 360, 477–491 (2005).
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09021.x
Diego, J. M. The Universe at extreme magnification. Astron. Astrophys. 625, A84 (2019).
doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201833670
Meneghetti, M. et al. The Frontier Fields lens modelling comparison project. Mon. Mot. R. Astron. Soc. 472, 3177–3216 (2017).
doi: 10.1093/mnras/stx2064
Venumadhav, T., Dai, L. & Miralda-Escudé, J. Microlensing of extremely magnified stars near caustics of galaxy clusters. Astrophys. J. 850, 49 (2017).
doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/aa9575
Diego, J. M. et al. Dark matter under the microscope: constraining compact dark matter with caustic crossing events. Astrophys. J. 857, 25 (2018).
doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/aab617
Dai, L. Statistical microlensing towards magnified high-redshift star clusters. Mon. Mot. R. Astron. Soc. 501, 5538–5553 (2021).
doi: 10.1093/mnras/stab017
Portegies Zwart, S. F., McMillan, S. L. W. & Gieles, M. Young massive star clusters. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 48, 431–493 (2010).
doi: 10.1146/annurev-astro-081309-130834
Figer, D. F., McLean, I. S. & Morris, M. Massive stars in the quintuplet cluster. Astrophys. J. 514, 202–220 (1999).
doi: 10.1086/306931
Bouwens, R. J. et al. Very low-luminosity galaxies in the early universe have observed sizes similar to single star cluster complexes. Preprint at https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.02090 (2017).
Vanzella, E. et al. Massive star cluster formation under the microscope at z = 6. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 483, 3618–3635 (2019).
doi: 10.1093/mnras/sty3311
Behrendt, M., Schartmann, M. & Burkert, A. The possible hierarchical scales of observed clumps in high-redshift disc galaxies. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 488, 306–323 (2019).
doi: 10.1093/mnras/stz1717
Sana, H. et al. Binary interaction dominates the evolution of massive stars. Science 337, 444–446 (2012).
pubmed: 22837522 doi: 10.1126/science.1223344
Sana, H. et al. Southern massive stars at high angular resolution: observational campaign and companion detection. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 215, 15 (2014).
doi: 10.1088/0067-0049/215/1/15
Moe, M. & Di Stefano, R. Mind your Ps and Qs: the interrelation between period (P) and mass-ratio (Q) distributions of binary stars. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 230, 15 (2017).
doi: 10.3847/1538-4365/aa6fb6
Szécsi, D., Agrawal, P., Wünsch, R. & Langer, N. Bonn Optimized Stellar Tracks (BoOST). Simulated populations of massive and very massive stars for astrophysical applications. Astron. Astrophys. 628, A125 (2022).
Shimizu, I., Inoue, A. K., Okamoto, T. & Yoshida, N. Nebular line emission from z > 7 galaxies in a cosmological simulation: rest-frame UV to optical lines. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 461, 3563–3575 (2016).
doi: 10.1093/mnras/stw1423
Wen, Z. L., Han, J. L. & Liu, F. S. A catalog of 132,684 clusters of galaxies identified from Sloan Digital Sky Survey III. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 199, 34 (2012).
doi: 10.1088/0067-0049/199/2/34
Wen, Z. L. & Han, J. L. Calibration of the optical mass proxy for clusters of galaxies and an update of the WHL12 cluster catalog. Astrophys. J. 807, 178 (2015).
doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/807/2/178
Alam, S. et al. The eleventh and twelfth data releases of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey: final data from SDSS-III. Astropys. J. Suppl. Ser. 219, 12 (2015).
doi: 10.1088/0067-0049/219/1/12
Planck Collaboration. Planck 2015 results: XXVII. The second Planck catalogue of Sunyaev–Zeldovich sources. Astron. Astrophys. 594, A27 (2016).
doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201525823
Sunyaev, R. A. & Zeldovich, Y. B. Small-scale fluctuations of relic radiation. Astrophys. Space Sci. 7, 3–19 (1970).
doi: 10.1007/BF00653471
Strait, V. et al. RELICS: properties of z ≥ 5.5 galaxies inferred from Spitzer and Hubble imaging, including a candidate z ~ 6.8 strong [O III] emitter. Astrophys. J. 910, 135 (2021).
doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/abe533
Bertin, E. & Arnouts, S. SExtractor: software for source extraction. Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. Ser. 117, 393–404 (1996).
doi: 10.1051/aas:1996164
Beintez, N. Bayesian photometric redshift estimation. Astrophys. J. 536, 571–583 (2000).
doi: 10.1086/308947
Coe, D. et al. Galaxies in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field. I. Detection, multiband photometry, photometric redshifts, and morphology. Astron. J. 132, 926–959 (2006).
doi: 10.1086/505530
Carnall, A. C., McLure, R. J., Dunlop, J. S. & Davé, R. Inferring the star formation histories of massive quiescent galaxies with BAGPIPES: evidence for multiple quenching mechanisms. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 480, 4379–4401 (2018).
doi: 10.1093/mnras/sty2169
Eldridge, J. J. et al. Binary Population and Spectral Synthesis version 2.1: construction, observational verification, and new results. Publ. Astron. Soc. Aust. 34, e058 (2017).
doi: 10.1017/pasa.2017.51
Ferland, G. J. et al. The 2017 release of Cloudy. Rev. Mex. Astron. Astr. 53, 385–438 (2017).
Salpeter, E. E. The luminosity function and stellar evolution. Astrophys. J. 121, 161–167 (1955).
doi: 10.1086/145971
Calzetti, D. et al. The dust content and opacity of actively star-forming galaxies. Astrophys. J. 533, 682–695 (2000).
doi: 10.1086/308692
Ellis, R. S. et al. The homogeneity of spheroidal populations in distant clusters. Astrophys. J. 483, 582–596 (1997).
doi: 10.1086/304261
Stanford, S. A., Eisenhardt, P. R. & Dickinson, M. The evolution of early-type galaxies in distant clusters. Astrophys. J. 492, 461–479 (1998).
doi: 10.1086/305050
Hastings, W. K. Monte Carlo sampling methods using Markov chains and their applications. Biometrika 57, 97–109 (1970).
doi: 10.1093/biomet/57.1.97
Limousin, M., Kneib, J.-P. & Natarajan, P. Constraining the mass distribution of galaxies using galaxy–galaxy lensing in clusters and in the field. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 356, 309–322 (2005).
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.08449.x
Eliasdóttir, Á. et al. Where is the matter in the Merging Cluster Abell 2218? Preprint at https://arxiv.org/abs/0710.5636 (2007).
Navarro, J. F., Frenk, C. S. & White, S. D. M. The structure of cold dark matter halos. Astrophys. J. 462, 563–575 (1996).
doi: 10.1086/177173
Johnson, T. L. et al. Star formation at z = 2.481 in the lensed galaxy SDSS J1110+6459. I. Lens modeling and source reconstruction. Astrophys. J. 843, 78 (2017).
doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/aa7756
Dai, L. & Pascale, M. New approximation of magnification statistics for random microlensing of magnified sources. Preprint at https://arxiv.org/abs/2104.12009 (2021).
Jiménez-Teja, Y. et al. RELICS: ICL analysis of the z = 0.566 merging cluster WHL J013719.8–08284. Astrophys. J. 922, 268 (2021).
doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ac24a3
Kriek, M. et al. An ultra-deep near-infrared spectrum of a compact quiescent galaxy at z = 2.2. Astrophys. J. 700, 221–231 (2009).
doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/700/1/221
Bruzual, G. & Charlot, S. Stellar population synthesis at the resolution of 2003. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 344, 1000–1028 (2003).
doi: 10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06897.x
Chabrier, G. Galactic stellar and substellar initial mass function. Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacif. 115, 763–795 (2003).
doi: 10.1086/376392
Spera, M., Mapelli, M. & Bressan, A. The mass spectrum of compact remnants from the PARSEC stellar evolution tracks. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 451, 4086–4103 (2015).
Oguri, M., Diego, J. M., Kaiser, N., Kelly, P. L. & Broadhurst, T. Understanding caustic crossings in giant arcs: characteristic scales, event rates, and constraints on compact dark matter. Phys. Rev. D 97, 023518 (2018).
doi: 10.1103/PhysRevD.97.023518
Windhorst, R. A. et al. On the observability of individual population III stars and their stellar-mass black hole accretion disks through cluster caustic transits. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 234, 41 (2018).
doi: 10.3847/1538-4365/aaa760
Lejeune, T. H., Cuisinier, F. & Buser, R. Standard stellar library for evolutionary synthesis. I. Calibration of theoretical spectra. Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. Ser. 125, 229–246 (1997).
doi: 10.1051/aas:1997373
Calzetti, D. et al. The brightest young star clusters in NGC 5253. Astrophys. J. 811, 75 (2015).
doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/811/2/75
Sanyal, D., Grassitelli, L., Langer, N. & Bestenlehner, J. M. Massive main-sequence stars evolving at the Eddington limit. Astron. Astrophys. 580, A20 (2015).
doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/201525945
El-Badry, K., Rix, H.-W., Tian, H., Duchêne, G. & Moe, M. Discovery of an equal-mass ‘twin’ binary population reaching 1000+ AU separations. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 489, 5822–5857 (2019).
doi: 10.1093/mnras/stz2480
Leitherer, C. et al. Starburst99: synthesis models for galaxies with active star formation. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 123, 3–40 (1999).
doi: 10.1086/313233
Kroupa, P. On the variation of the initial mass function. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 322, 231–246 (2001).
doi: 10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04022.x
da Silva, R. L., Fumagalli, M. & Krumholz, M. SLUG—Stochastically Lighting Up Galaxies. I. Methods and validating tests. Astrophys. J. 745, 145 (2012).
doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/745/2/145
Krumholz, M. R., Fumagalli, M., da Silva, R. L., Rendahl, T. & Parra, J. SLUG – stochastically lighting up galaxies – III. A suite of tools for simulated photometry, spectroscopy, and Bayesian inference with stochastic stellar populations. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 452, 1447–1467 (2015).
doi: 10.1093/mnras/stv1374
Madau, P. & Dickinson, M. Cosmic star-formation history. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 52, 415–486 (2014).
doi: 10.1146/annurev-astro-081811-125615
Kehrig, C. et al. The extended He II λ4686 emission in the extremely metal-poor galaxy SBS 0335 - 052E seen with MUSE. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 480, 1081–1095 (2018).
Sarmento, R., Scannapieco, E. & Cohen, S. Following the cosmic evolution of pristine gas. II. The search for pop III–bright galaxies. Astrophys. J. 854, 75 (2018).
doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/aa989a
Sarmento, R., Scannapieco, E. & Côté, B. Following the cosmic evolution of pristine gas. III. The observational consequences of the unknown properties of population III stars. Astrophys. J. 871, 206 (2019).
doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/aafa1a
Trenti, M., Stiavelli, M. & Shull, J. M. Metal-free gas supply at the edge of reionization: late-epoch population III star formation. Astrophys. J. 700, 1672–1679 (2009).
doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/700/2/1672
Vanzella, E. et al. Candidate population III stellar complex at z = 6.629 in the MUSE Deep Lensed Field. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 494, L81–L85 (2020).
doi: 10.1093/mnrasl/slaa041
Abbott, R. et al. GW190521: a binary black hole merger with a total mass of 150M
pubmed: 32955328 doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.125.101102
Farrell, E. et al. Is GW190521 the merger of black holes from the first stellar generations? Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. Lett. 502, L40–L44 (2020).
doi: 10.1093/mnrasl/slaa196
Kinugawa, T., Nakamura, T. & Nakano, H. Formation of binary black holes similar to GW190521 with a total mass of ~150M
doi: 10.1093/mnrasl/slaa191
Zdziarski, A. A. & Gierliński, M. Radiative processes, spectral states and variability of black-hole binaries. Prog. Theor. Phys. Suppl. 155, 99–119 (2004).
doi: 10.1143/PTPS.155.99
Holwerda, B. W. et al. Milky Way red dwarfs in the BoRG Survey; galactic scale-height and the distribution of dwarf stars in WFC3 imaging. Astrophys. J. 788, 77 (2014).
doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/788/1/77
Burgasser, A. J. & Splat Development Team. The SpeX Prism Library Analysis Toolkit (SPLAT): a data curation model. In Proc. Intl Workshop on Stellar Spectral Libraries (IWSSL 2017) (eds Coelho, P. et al.) 7–12 (Astronomical Society of India, 2017).
Hainline, K. N., Shapley, A. E., Greene, J. E. & Steidel, C. C. The rest-frame ultraviolet spectra of UV-selected active galactic nuclei at z ~ 2–3. Astrophys. J. 733, 31 (2011).
doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/733/1/31

Auteurs

Brian Welch (B)

Center for Astrophysical Sciences, Department of Physics and Astronomy, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA. bwelch7@jhu.edu.

Dan Coe (D)

Center for Astrophysical Sciences, Department of Physics and Astronomy, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI), Baltimore, MD, USA.
Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) for the European Space Agency (ESA), STScI, Baltimore, MD, USA.

Jose M Diego (JM)

Instituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-UC), Santander, Spain.

Adi Zitrin (A)

Physics Department, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er-Sheva, Israel.

Erik Zackrisson (E)

Observational Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.

Paola Dimauro (P)

Observatório Nacional, Ministério da Ciencia, Tecnologia, Inovaçãoe Comunicações, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Yolanda Jiménez-Teja (Y)

Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, Granada, Spain.

Patrick Kelly (P)

School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.

Guillaume Mahler (G)

Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham University, Durham, UK.
Centre for Extragalactic Astronomy, Durham University, Durham, UK.

Masamune Oguri (M)

Research Center for the Early Universe, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
Center for Frontier Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (Kavli IPMU, WPI), University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan.

F X Timmes (FX)

School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics - Center for the Evolution of the Elements, Tempe, AZ, USA.

Rogier Windhorst (R)

School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.

Michael Florian (M)

Department of Astronomy, Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.

S E de Mink (SE)

Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Garching, Germany.
GRAPPA, Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA, USA.

Roberto J Avila (RJ)

Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI), Baltimore, MD, USA.

Jay Anderson (J)

Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI), Baltimore, MD, USA.

Larry Bradley (L)

Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI), Baltimore, MD, USA.

Keren Sharon (K)

Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.

Anton Vikaeus (A)

Observational Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.

Stephan McCandliss (S)

Center for Astrophysical Sciences, Department of Physics and Astronomy, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.

Maruša Bradač (M)

Department of Physics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.

Jane Rigby (J)

Observational Cosmology Lab, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA.

Brenda Frye (B)

Department of Astronomy, Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.

Sune Toft (S)

Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN), Copenhagen, Denmark.
Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.

Victoria Strait (V)

Department of Physics, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN), Copenhagen, Denmark.
Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.

Michele Trenti (M)

School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
ARC Centre of Excellence for All-Sky Astrophysics in 3 Dimensions, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.

Soniya Sharma (S)

Observational Cosmology Lab, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA.

Felipe Andrade-Santos (F)

Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Clay Center Observatory, Dexter Southfield, Brookline, MA, USA.

Tom Broadhurst (T)

Department of Theoretical Physics, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Bilbao, Spain.
Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia, Spain.
IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.

Classifications MeSH