Long-Term Incidence of Varicella Zoster Virus Disease in Adults Receiving Single-Unit Cord Blood Transplantation.

Although varicella zoster virus (VZV) disease is a common complication after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT), research into the long-term incidence of VZV disease in adults receiving cord blood transplantation (CBT) has been limited. The objective of this study was to evaluate the incidence, risk factors, and clinical impact of VZV disease after CBT with long-term follow-up in our institution. We retrospectively analyzed the data for 156 adult patients who received single-unit CBT at our institution between 2007 and 2020 and who achieved neutrophil engraftment and survived at least 100 days without recurrence of the underlying disease. VZV disease occurred in 61 patients at a median of 608 days (range, 36 to 4090 days) after CBT. The cumulative incidence of VZV disease was 14% (95% confidence interval [CI], 9% to 20%) at 1 year post-CBT and 40% (95% CI, 31% to 48%) at 5 years post-CBT. Multivariate analysis identified the cessation of antiviral prophylaxis as an independent risk factor for an elevated risk of VZV disease (hazard ratio, 15.65; 95% CI, 6.59 to 37.21; P < .001). The cumulative incidence of VZV disease was significantly lower in the long-term antiviral prophylaxis group (who received prophylaxis for approximately 1 year after CBT or to the end of immunosuppressive therapy) compared with the short-term antiviral prophylaxis group (who received prophylaxis for 35 days after CBT) (P = .005). Among the patients who developed VZV disease, the median time to onset of VZV disease was significantly delayed in the long-term antiviral prophylaxis group compared with the short-term antiviral prophylaxis group (694 days versus 130 days; P < .001), but the median onset of VZV disease after the cessation of antiviral prophylaxis was not significantly different between the 2 groups (166 days versus 95 days; P = .087). These data demonstrate that the long-term incidence of VZV disease is relatively high in adult patients undergoing CBT. Given that the incidence of VZV disease remained high after the cessation of antiviral prophylaxis, additional interventions, such as recombinant zoster vaccine administration, could be required to prevent VZV disease in long-term adult survivors after CBT.

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