Vocal Expression of Affective States in Spontaneous Laughter reveals the Bright and the Dark Side of Laughter.
Journal
Scientific reports
ISSN: 2045-2322
Titre abrégé: Sci Rep
Pays: England
ID NLM: 101563288
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
04 04 2022
04 04 2022
Historique:
received:
19
08
2021
accepted:
07
03
2022
entrez:
5
4
2022
pubmed:
6
4
2022
medline:
7
4
2022
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
It has been shown that the acoustical signal of posed laughter can convey affective information to the listener. However, because posed and spontaneous laughter differ in a number of significant aspects, it is unclear whether affective communication generalises to spontaneous laughter. To answer this question, we created a stimulus set of 381 spontaneous laughter audio recordings, produced by 51 different speakers, resembling different types of laughter. In Experiment 1, 159 participants were presented with these audio recordings without any further information about the situational context of the speakers and asked to classify the laughter sounds. Results showed that joyful, tickling, and schadenfreude laughter could be classified significantly above chance level. In Experiment 2, 209 participants were presented with a subset of 121 laughter recordings correctly classified in Experiment 1 and asked to rate the laughter according to four emotional dimensions, i.e., arousal, dominance, sender's valence, and receiver-directed valence. Results showed that laughter types differed significantly in their ratings on all dimensions. Joyful laughter and tickling laughter both showed a positive sender's valence and receiver-directed valence, whereby tickling laughter had a particularly high arousal. Schadenfreude had a negative receiver-directed valence and a high dominance, thus providing empirical evidence for the existence of a dark side in spontaneous laughter. The present results suggest that with the evolution of human social communication laughter diversified from the former play signal of non-human primates to a much more fine-grained signal that can serve a multitude of social functions in order to regulate group structure and hierarchy.
Identifiants
pubmed: 35379847
doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-09416-1
pii: 10.1038/s41598-022-09416-1
pmc: PMC8980048
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
5613Informations de copyright
© 2022. The Author(s).
Références
Provine, R. R. Laughter. Am. Sci. 84, 38–45 (1996).
Davila-Ross, M., Owren, M. J. & Zimmermann, E. Reconstructing the evolution of laughter in great apes and humans. Curr. Biol. 19, 1–6 (2009).
doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2009.05.028
Vettin, J. & Todt, D. Human laughter, social play, and play vocalizations of non-human primates: An evolutionary approach. Behaviour 142, 217–240 (2005).
doi: 10.1163/1568539053627640
Matsusaka, T. When does play panting occur during social play in wild chimpanzees?. Primates 45, 221–229 (2004).
pubmed: 15241635
doi: 10.1007/s10329-004-0090-z
Poyatos, F. The many voices of laughter—A new audible-visual paralinguistic approach. Semiotica 93, 61–81 (1993).
doi: 10.1515/semi.1993.93.1-2.61
Giles, H. & Oxford, G. S. Towards a multidimensional theory of laughter causation and its social implications. Bull. Br. Psychol. Soc. 23, 97–105 (1970).
Szameitat, D. P. et al. Differentiation of emotions in laughter at the behavioral level. Emotion 9, 397–405 (2009).
pubmed: 19485617
doi: 10.1037/a0015692
Russell, J. A., Bachorowski, J.-A. & Fernandez-Dols, J.-M. Facial and vocal expressions of emotion. (2003).
Provine, R. R. Laughing, tickling, and the evolution of speech and self. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 13, 215–218 (2004).
doi: 10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.00311.x
Sauter, D. A., Eisner, F., Ekman, P. & Scott, S. K. Cross-cultural recognition of basic emotions through nonverbal emotional vocalizations. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 107, 2408–2412 (2010).
pubmed: 20133790
pmcid: 2823868
doi: 10.1073/pnas.0908239106
Vettin, J. & Todt, D. Laughter in conversation: features of occurrence and acoustic structure. J. Nonverbal. Behav. 28, 93–115 (2004).
doi: 10.1023/B:JONB.0000023654.73558.72
Provine, R. R. Laughter - a scientific investigation. (Faber and Faber, 2000).
Smoski, M. & Bachorowski, J.-A. Antiphonal laughter between friends and strangers. Cogn. Emot. 17, 327–340 (2003).
pubmed: 29715722
doi: 10.1080/02699930302296
Ruch, W., McGhee, P., Rodden, F. A., Wild, B. & Davies, C. Humor and laughter: theory, research and applications. 1sr Int. Summer Sch. Colloq. Humour Laugh. (2001).
Dezecache, G. & Dunbar, R. I. M. Sharing the joke: the size of natural laughter groups. Evol. Hum. Behav. 33, 775–779 (2012).
doi: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2012.07.002
Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I. Ethology: The biology of behavior (Holt, 1970).
Scott, S. K. Laughter—The ordinary and the extraordinary. The Psychologist 26, 264–268 (2013).
Provine, R. R. Laughing, grooming, and pub scienceXX. Trends Cogn. Sci. 17, 9–10 (2013).
pubmed: 23168210
doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2012.11.001
Ada Jr., R. B. & Hurley, M. M. Inside Jokes: Using Humor to Reverse-Engineer the Mind. (The MIT Press, 2013).
Szameitat, D. P., Darwin, C. J., Wildgruber, D., Alter, K. & Szameitat, A. J. Acoustic correlates of emotional dimensions in laughter: arousal, dominance, and valence. Cogn. Emot. 25, 599–611 (2010).
doi: 10.1080/02699931.2010.508624
Wood, A., Martin, J. & Niedenthal, P. Towards a social functional account of laughter: Acoustic features convey reward, affiliation, and dominance. PLoS ONE https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183811 (2017).
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183811
pubmed: 29284062
pmcid: 5746261
Lavan, N., Scott, S. K. & McGettigan, C. Laugh like you mean It: Authenticity modulates acoustic, physiological and perceptual properties of laughter. J. Nonverbal Behav. 40, 133–149 (2016).
doi: 10.1007/s10919-015-0222-8
Scherer, K. R., Clark-Polner, E. & Mortillaro, M. In the eye of the beholder? Universality and cultural specificity in the expression and perception of emotion. Int. J. Psychol. 46, 401–435 (2011).
pubmed: 22126090
doi: 10.1080/00207594.2011.626049
Nelson, N. L. & Russell, J. A. Universality Revisited. Emot. Rev. 5, 8–15 (2013).
doi: 10.1177/1754073912457227
Lavan, N., Rankin, G., Lorking, N., Scott, S. K. & McGettigan, C. Neural correlates of the affective properties of spontaneous and volitional laughter types. Neuropsychologia 95, 30–39 (2017).
pubmed: 27940151
doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.12.012
Bryant, G. A. & Aktipis, C. A. The animal nature of spontaneous human laughter. Evol. Hum. Behav. 35, 327–335 (2014).
doi: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2014.03.003
Lima, C. F. et al. Authentic and posed emotional vocalizations trigger distinct facial responses. Cortex 141, 280–292 (2021).
pubmed: 34102411
doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2021.04.015
McGettigan, C. et al. Individual differences in laughter perception reveal roles for mentalizing and sensorimotor systems in the evaluation of emotional authenticity. Cereb. Cortex 25, 246–257 (2015).
pubmed: 23968840
doi: 10.1093/cercor/bht227
Bryant, G. A. et al. Detecting affiliation in colaughter across 24 societies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 113, 4682–4687 (2016).
pubmed: 27071114
pmcid: 4855576
doi: 10.1073/pnas.1524993113
Oveis, C., Spectre, A., Smith, P. K., Liu, M. Y. & Keltner, D. Laughter conveys status. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 65, 109–115 (2016).
doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2016.04.005
Wood, A. Social context influences the acoustic properties of laughter. Affect. Sci. 1, 247–256 (2020).
doi: 10.1007/s42761-020-00022-w
Tanaka, H. & Campbell, N. Acoustic Features of Four Types of Laughter in Natural Conversational Speech. ICPhS 1958–1961 (2011).
Buckley, R. C. Aww: The emotion of perceiving cuteness. Front. Psychol. 1740, 1. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01740 (2016).
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01740
Stoet, G. PsyToolkit: A software package for programming psychological experiments using Linux. Behav. Res. Methods 42, 1096–1104 (2010).
pubmed: 21139177
doi: 10.3758/BRM.42.4.1096
Stoet, G. PsyToolkit: A novel web-based method for running online questionnaires and reaction-time experiments. Teach. Psychol. 44, 24–31 (2017).
doi: 10.1177/0098628316677643
Wagner, H. L. On measuring performance in category judgement studies of nonverbal behavior. J. Nonverbal Behav. 17, 3–28 (1993).
doi: 10.1007/BF00987006
Jürgens, R., Drolet, M., Pirow, R., Scheiner, E. & Fischer, J. Encoding conditions affect recognition of vocally expressed emotions across cultures. Front. Psychol. 4, 1 (2013).
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00111
Sauter, D. A. & Fischer, A. H. Can perceivers recognise emotions from spontaneous expressions?. Cogn. Emot. 32, 504–515 (2018).
pubmed: 28447544
doi: 10.1080/02699931.2017.1320978
Wildgruber, D. & Kreifelts, B. Evolutionary perspectives on emotions and their link to intentions, dispositions and behavior. Phys. Life Rev. 13, 89–91 (2015).
pubmed: 25911257
doi: 10.1016/j.plrev.2015.04.013
Burris, C. T. & Leitch, R. Your Pain, My Gain: The Interpersonal Context of Sadism. in The Psychology of Love and Hate in Intimate Relationships (ed. Aumer, K.) 85–103 (Springer International Publishing, 2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39277-6_6 .
Burris, C. T. & Leitch, R. Harmful fun: Pranks and sadistic motivation. Motiv. Emot. 42, 90–102 (2018).
doi: 10.1007/s11031-017-9651-5
Bachorowski, J.-A. & Owren, M. J. Not all laughs are alike: voiced but not unvoiced laughter readily elicits positive affect. Psychol. Sci. 12, 252–257 (2001).
pubmed: 11437310
doi: 10.1111/1467-9280.00346
Owren, M. J. & Bachorowski, J.-A. Reconsidering the evolution of nonlinguistic communication: The case of laughter. J. Nonverbal Behav. 27, 183–200 (2003).
doi: 10.1023/A:1025394015198
Curran, W. et al. Social context disambiguates the interpretation of laughter. Front. Psychol. 8, 2342 (2018).
pubmed: 29375448
pmcid: 5770603
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02342
Scherer, K. R. Vocal communication of emotions: A review of research paradigms. Speech Commun. 40, 227–256 (2003).
doi: 10.1016/S0167-6393(02)00084-5
Banse, R. & Scherer, K. R. Acoustic profiles in vocal emotion expression. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 70, 614–636 (1996).
pubmed: 8851745
doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.70.3.614
Davila-Ross, M., Allcock, B., Thomas, C. & Bard, K. A. Aping expressions? Chimpanzees produce distinct laugh types when responding to laughter of others. Emotion 11, 1113–1120 (2011).
doi: 10.1037/a0022594
Addyman, C., Fogelquist, C., Levakova, L. & Rees, S. Social facilitation of laughter and smiles in preschool children. Front. Psychol. 9, 1048 (2018).
pubmed: 29997549
pmcid: 6030353
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01048
Grammer, K. & Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I. The ritualisation of laughter. In Natürlichkeit der Sprache und der Kultur (ed. Koch, W. A.) 192–215 (Universitätsverlag Dr. Norbert Brockmeyer, 1990).
Ouwerkerk, J. W., van Dijk, W. W., Vonkeman, C. C. & Spears, R. When we enjoy bad news about other groups: A social identity approach to out-group schadenfreude. Group Process. Intergroup Relat. 21, 214–232 (2018).
doi: 10.1177/1368430216663018
Cillessen, A. H. N., Mayeux, L., Ha, T., de Bruyn, E. H. & LaFontana, K. M. Aggressive effects of prioritizing popularity in early adolescence: Prioritizing Popularity. Aggress. Behav. 40, 204–213 (2014).
pubmed: 24338722
doi: 10.1002/ab.21518
Herrera López, M., Romera Félix, E. M. & Ortega Ruiz, R. Influence of social motivation, self-perception of social efficacy and normative adjustment in the peer setting. Psicothema 1, 32–39. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2015.135 (2016).
doi: 10.7334/psicothema2015.135
Gredler, G. R., & Olweus, D. (1993) Bullying at school: What we know and what we can do. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 140 pp., $25.00. Psychol. Sch. 40, 699–700 (2003).
Romera, E. M., Bravo, A., Ortega-Ruiz, R. & Veenstra, R. Differences in perceived popularity and social preference between bullying roles and class norms. PLOS ONE 14, e0223499 (2019).
Greengross, G. & Mankoff, R. Book Review: Inside “Inside Jokes”: The Hidden Side of Humor. Evol. Psychol. 10, 147470491201000 (2012).
doi: 10.1177/147470491201000305
Cikara, M., Botvinick, M. M. & Fiske, S. T. Us Versus Them: Social Identity Shapes Neural Responses to Intergroup Competition and Harm. Psychol. Sci. 22, 306–313 (2011).
pubmed: 21270447
doi: 10.1177/0956797610397667