The distribution of manta rays in the western North Atlantic Ocean off the eastern United States.
Journal
Scientific reports
ISSN: 2045-2322
Titre abrégé: Sci Rep
Pays: England
ID NLM: 101563288
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
21 04 2022
21 04 2022
Historique:
received:
01
07
2021
accepted:
19
01
2022
entrez:
22
4
2022
pubmed:
23
4
2022
medline:
26
4
2022
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
In 2018, the giant manta ray was listed as threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. We integrated decades of sightings and survey effort data from multiple sources in a comprehensive species distribution modeling (SDM) framework to evaluate the distribution of giant manta rays off the eastern United States, including the Gulf of Mexico. Manta rays were most commonly detected at productive nearshore and shelf-edge upwelling zones at surface thermal frontal boundaries within a temperature range of approximately 20-30 °C. SDMs predicted highest nearshore occurrence off northeastern Florida during April, with the distribution extending northward along the shelf-edge as temperatures warm, leading to higher occurrences north of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina from June to October, and then south of Savannah, Georgia from November to March as temperatures cool. In the Gulf of Mexico, the highest nearshore occurrence was predicted around the Mississippi River delta from April to June and again from October to November. SDM predictions will allow resource managers to more effectively protect manta rays from fisheries bycatch, boat strikes, oil and gas activities, contaminants and pollutants, and other threats.
Identifiants
pubmed: 35449381
doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-10482-8
pii: 10.1038/s41598-022-10482-8
pmc: PMC9023537
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
6544Informations de copyright
© 2022. The Author(s).
Références
Couturier, L. et al. Biology, ecology and conservation of the Mobulidae. J. Fish Biol. 80, 1075–1119 (2012).
doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03264.x
pubmed: 22497374
Herman, J., Hovestadt-Euler, M., Hovestadt, D. & Stehmann, M. Contributions to the study of the comparative morphology of teeth and other relevant ichthyodorulites in living supraspecific taxa of Chondrichthyan fishes. Part B: Batomorphii 4c: Order Rajiformes-Suborder Myliobatoidei-Superfamily Dasyatoidea-Family Dasyatidae-Subfamily Dasyatinae-Genus: Urobatis, Subfamily Potamotrygoninae-Genus: Paratrygon, Superfamily Plesiobatoidea-Family Plesiobatidae-Genus: Plesiobatis, Superfamily Myliobatoidea-Family Myliobatidae-Subfamily Myliobatinae-Genera: Aetobatus, Aetomylaeus, Myliobatis and Pteromylaeus, Subfamily Rhinopterinae-Genus: Rhinoptera and Subfamily Mobulinae-Genera: Manta and Mobula. Addendum 1 to 4a: erratum to Genus Pteroplatytrygon. Bull. Koninlijk Belgisch Inst Natuurwetenschappen-Biol. (2000).
Adnet, S., Cappetta, H., Guinot, G. & NOTARBARTOLO DI SCIARA, G. Evolutionary history of the devilrays (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes) from fossil and morphological inference. Zool. J. Linnean Soc. 166, 132–159 (2012).
doi: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00844.x
Naylor, G. J. et al. A DNA sequence–based approach to the identification of shark and ray species and its implications for global elasmobranch diversity and parasitology. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 2012, 1–262 (2012).
doi: 10.1206/754.1
Kitchen-Wheeler, A.-M. The Behaviour and Ecology of Alfred mantas (Manta alfredi) in the Maldives (Newcastle University, 2013).
Paig-Tran, E. M., Kleinteich, T. & Summers, A. P. The filter pads and filtration mechanisms of the devil rays: Variation at macro and microscopic scales. J. Morphol. 274, 1026–1043 (2013).
doi: 10.1002/jmor.20160
pubmed: 23686500
Aschliman, N. C., Claeson, K. M. & McEachran, J. D. Phylogeny of batoidea. Biol. Sharks Relat. 2, 57–96 (2012).
Poortvliet, M. et al. A dated molecular phylogeny of manta and devil rays (Mobulidae) based on mitogenome and nuclear sequences. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 83, 72–85 (2015).
doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2014.10.012
pubmed: 25462995
Marshall, A. D., Compagno, L. J. & Bennett, M. B. Redescription of the genus Manta with resurrection of Manta alfredi (Krefft, 1868)(Chondrichthyes; Myliobatoidei; Mobulidae). Zootaxa 2301, 1–28 (2009).
doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.2301.1.1
White, W. T. et al. Phylogeny of the manta and devilrays (Chondrichthyes: Mobulidae), with an updated taxonomic arrangement for the family. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 182, 50–75 (2018).
doi: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx018
Service, N. O. a. A. A. F. Vol. 83 (ed U.S. Department of Commerce) 2916–2931 (U.S. Department of Commerce, Federal Register, 2018).
Service, N. O. a. A. A. F. Vol. 84 (ed U.S. Department of Commerce) 66652–66664 (U.S. Department of Commerce, Federal Register, 2019).
Clark, T. B. Abundance, home range, and movement patterns of manta rays (Manta alfredi, M. birostris) in Hawaiʻi, [Honolulu]:[University of Hawaii at Manoa],[December 2010], (2010).
Burgess, K. Feeding ecology and habitat use of the giant manta ray Manta birostris at a key aggregation site off mainland Ecuador (2017).
Beale, C. S., Stewart, J. D., Setyawan, E., Sianipar, A. B. & Erdmann, M. V. Population dynamics of oceanic manta rays (Mobula birostris) in the Raja Ampat Archipelago, West Papua, Indonesia, and the impacts of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation on their movement ecology. Divers. Distrib. 25, 1472–1487 (2019).
doi: 10.1111/ddi.12962
Bertolini, F. Dentatura dei Selaci in rapporto con la nutrizione. (editore non identificato, 1933).
Bigelow, H. B. Sawfishes, guitarfishes, skates and rays. Sawfishes, guitarfishes, skates and rays, and chimaeroids, 1–514 (1953).
Rohner, C. A. et al. Mobulid rays feed on euphausiids in the Bohol Sea. R. Soc. Open Sci. 4, 161060 (2017).
doi: 10.1098/rsos.161060
pubmed: 28572998
pmcid: 5451799
Stewart, J. D. et al. Trophic overlap in mobulid rays: insights from stable isotope analysis. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 580, 131–151 (2017).
doi: 10.3354/meps12304
De Boer, M., Saulino, J., Lewis, T. & Notarbartolo-Di-Sciara, G. New records of whale shark (Rhincodon typus), giant manta ray (Manta birostris) and Chilean devil ray (Mobula tarapacana) for Suriname. Mar. Biodivers. Rec. 8 (2015).
Hacohen-Domené, A., Martínez-Rincón, R. O., Galván-Magaña, F., Cárdenas-Palomo, N. & Herrera-Silveira, J. Environmental factors influencing aggregation of manta rays (Manta birostris) off the northeastern coast of the Yucatan Peninsula. Mar. Ecol. 38, e12432 (2017).
doi: 10.1111/maec.12432
Service, N. O. a. A. A. N. O. What is the Loop Current? https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/loopcurrent.html (2021).
Service, N. O. a. A. A. N. O. How fast is the Gulf Stream? https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/gulfstreamspeed.html (2021).
Childs, J. N. The Occurrence, Habitat Use and Behavior of Sharks and Rays Associating with Topographic Highs in the Gulf of Mexico. M.S. Thesis, Texas A&M University (2001).
Stewart, J. D., Nuttall, M., Hickerson, E. L. & Johnston, M. A. Important juvenile manta ray habitat at Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico. Mar. Biol. 165, 1–8 (2018).
Pate, J. H. & Marshall, A. D. Urban manta rays: Potential manta ray nursery habitat along a highly developed Florida coastline. Endanger. Spec. Res. 43, 51–64 (2020).
doi: 10.3354/esr01054
Hosegood, J. et al. Phylogenomics and species delimitation for effective conservation of manta and devil rays. Mol. Ecol. 29, 4783–4796 (2020).
doi: 10.1111/mec.15683
pubmed: 33164287
Hinojosa-Alvarez, S., Walter, R. P., Diaz-Jaimes, P., Galván-Magaña, F. & Paig-Tran, E. M. A potential third manta ray species near the Yucatán Peninsula? Evidence for a recently diverged and novel genetic Manta group from the Gulf of Mexico. PeerJ 4, e2586 (2016).
doi: 10.7717/peerj.2586
pubmed: 27833795
pmcid: 5101608
Bucair, N., Venables, S. K., Balboni, A. P. & Marshall, A. D. Sightings trends and behaviour of manta rays in Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, Brazil. Mar. Biodivers. Rec. 14, 1–11 (2021).
doi: 10.1186/s41200-021-00204-w
Garzon, F., Graham, R., Witt, M. & Hawkes, L. Ecological niche modeling reveals manta ray distribution and conservation priority areas in the Western Central Atlantic. Anim. Conserv. 24, 322–334 (2021).
doi: 10.1111/acv.12663
Stewart, J. D. et al. Research priorities to support effective manta and devil ray conservation. Front. Mar. Sci. 5, 314 (2018).
doi: 10.3389/fmars.2018.00314
Garrison, L. P. Abundance of coastal and continental shelf stocks of bottlenose dolphins in the northern Gulf of Mexico: 2011–2012. (National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Miami, Florida, 2017).
Garrison, L. P., Ortega-Ortiz, J. & Rappucci, G. Abundance of coastal and continental shelf stocks of bottlenose dolphins in the northern Gulf of Mexico: 2017–2018. (National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Miami, Florida, 2021).
Palka, D. L. et al. Atlantic Marine Assessment Program for Protected Species: 2010–2014. (US Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Atlantic OCS Region, Washington, DC, 2017).
Palka, D. et al. Atlantic Marine Assessment Program for Protected Species: FY15 – FY19. (US Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Atlantic OCS Region, Washington, DC, 2021).
Laake, J. L. & Borchers, D. L. in Advanced distance sampling (eds S.T. Buckland et al.) 108–189 (Oxford University Press, 2004).
mrds: Mark-Recapture Distance Sampling v. 2.2.2 ( https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=mrds , 2020).
Akaike, H. Maximum likelihood identification of Gaussian autoregressive moving average models. Biometrika 60, 255–265 (1973).
doi: 10.1093/biomet/60.2.255
Consortium, N. A. R. W. (2018).
Miller, D. L., Rexstad, E., Thomas, L., Marshall, L. & Laake, J. L. Distance sampling in R. J. Stat. Softw. 89, 1–28 (2019).
doi: 10.18637/jss.v089.i01
Pante, E. & Simon-Bouhet, B. marmap: A package for importing, plotting and analyzing bathymetric and topographic data in R. PLoS ONE https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0073051 (2013).
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073051
pubmed: 24019892
pmcid: 3772127
rerddap: General Purpose Client for 'ERDDAP' Servers v. 0.7.4 ( https://cran.r-project.org/package=rerddap , 2021).
Belkin, I. M. & O’Reilly, J. E. An algorithm for oceanic front detection in chlorophyll and SST satellite imagery. J. Mar. Syst. 78, 319–326 (2009).
doi: 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2008.11.018
grec: GRadient-Based RECognition of Spatial Patterns in Environmental Data v. 1.3.1 ( https://github.com/LuisLauM/grec , 2020).
Del Castillo, C. E. et al. Multispectral in situ measurements of organic matter and chlorophyll fluorescence in seawater: Documenting the intrusion of the Mississippi River plume in the West Florida Shelf. Limnol. Oceanogr. 46, 1836–1843 (2001).
doi: 10.4319/lo.2001.46.7.1836
Behrenfeld, M. J. & Falkowski, P. G. Photosynthetic rates derived from satellite-based chlorophyll concentration. Limnol. Oceanogr. 42, 1–20 (1997).
doi: 10.4319/lo.1997.42.1.0001
Wood, S. N. Fast stable restricted maximum likelihood and marginal likelihood estimation of semiparametric generalized linear models. J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B (Stat. Methodol.) 73, 3–36 (2011).
doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9868.2010.00749.x
Brodie, S. et al. Integrating dynamic subsurface habitat metrics into species distribution models. Front. Mar. Sci. 5, 219 (2018).
doi: 10.3389/fmars.2018.00219
Hazen, E. L. et al. WhaleWatch: A dynamic management tool for predicting blue whale density in the California Current. J. Appl. Ecol. 54, 1415–1428 (2017).
doi: 10.1111/1365-2664.12820
Robin, X. et al. pROC: An open-source package for R and S+ to analyze and compare ROC curves. BMC Bioinform. 12, 1–8 (2011).
doi: 10.1186/1471-2105-12-77
Farmer, N. A. et al. Timing and locations of reef fish spawning off the southeastern United States. PLoS ONE 12, e0172968 (2017).
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172968
pubmed: 28264006
pmcid: 5338871
Heyman, W. D. et al. Cooperative monitoring, assessment, and management of fish spawning aggregations and associated fisheries in the US Gulf of Mexico. Mar. Policy 109, 103689 (2019).
doi: 10.1016/j.marpol.2019.103689
Shumway, R. H. & Stoffer, D. S. (Springer, 2017).
astsa: Applied Statistical Time Series Analysis v. 1.12 ( https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=astsa , 2020).
Hosmer, D. W. Jr., Lemeshow, S. & Sturdivant, R. X. Applied logistic regression Vol. 398 (Wiley, New York, 2013).
doi: 10.1002/9781118548387
Service, N. O. a. A. A. F. Giant manta ray recovery outline, https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/resource/document/giant-manta-ray-recovery-outline (2020).
Kashiwagi, T., Marshall, A. D., Bennett, M. B. & Ovenden, J. R. Habitat segregation and mosaic sympatry of the two species of manta ray in the Indian and Pacific Oceans: Manta alfredi and M. birostris. Mar. Biodivers. Rec. 4 (2011).
Adams, D. H. & Amesbury, E. Occurrence of the manta ray, Manta birostris, in the Indian River Lagoon, Florida. Florida Sci., 7–9 (1998).
Milessi, A. C. & Oddone, M. C. Primer registro de Manta birostris (Donndorff 1798)(Batoidea: Mobulidae) en el Rio de La Plata, Uruguay. Gayana (Concepción) 67, 126–129 (2003).
doi: 10.4067/S0717-65382003000100017
Medeiros, A., Luiz, O. & Domit, C. Occurrence and use of an estuarine habitat by giant manta ray Manta birostris. J. Fish Biol. 86, 1830–1838 (2015).
doi: 10.1111/jfb.12667
pubmed: 25898851
Shropshire, T. A. et al. Quantifying spatiotemporal variability in zooplankton dynamics in the Gulf of Mexico with a physical–biogeochemical model. Biogeosciences 17, 3385–3407 (2020).
doi: 10.5194/bg-17-3385-2020
Strömberg, K. P., Smyth, T. J., Allen, J. I., Pitois, S. & O’Brien, T. D. Estimation of global zooplankton biomass from satellite ocean colour. J. Mar. Syst. 78, 18–27 (2009).
doi: 10.1016/j.jmarsys.2009.02.004
Yoder, J. Environmental control of phytoplankton production on the southeastern US continental shelf. Oceanogr. Southeast. US Cont. Shelf 2, 93–103 (1985).
doi: 10.1029/CO002p0093
Yoder, J. A., Atkinson, L. P., Lee, T. N., Kim, H. H. & McClain, C. R. Role of gulf stream frontal eddies in forming phytoplankton patches on the outer southeastern shelf 1. Limnol. Oceanogr. 26, 1103–1110 (1981).
doi: 10.4319/lo.1981.26.6.1103
Cloern, J. E. Tidal stirring and phytoplankton bloom dynamics in an estuary. J. Mar. Res. 49, 203–221 (1991).
doi: 10.1357/002224091784968611
Blauw, A. N., Beninca, E., Laane, R. W., Greenwood, N. & Huisman, J. Dancing with the tides: fluctuations of coastal phytoplankton orchestrated by different oscillatory modes of the tidal cycle. PLoS ONE 7, e49319 (2012).
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049319
pubmed: 23166639
pmcid: 3498149
Deutsch, C. A. et al. Impacts of climate warming on terrestrial ectotherms across latitude. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 105, 6668–6672 (2008).
doi: 10.1073/pnas.0709472105
pubmed: 18458348
pmcid: 2373333
Huey, R. B. & Kingsolver, J. G. Evolution of thermal sensitivity of ectotherm performance. Trends Ecol. Evol. 4, 131–135 (1989).
doi: 10.1016/0169-5347(89)90211-5
pubmed: 21227334
Schulte, P. M., Healy, T. M. & Fangue, N. A. Thermal performance curves, phenotypic plasticity, and the time scales of temperature exposure. Integr. Comp. Biol. 51, 691–702 (2011).
doi: 10.1093/icb/icr097
pubmed: 21841184
Huey, R. B. & Stevenson, R. Integrating thermal physiology and ecology of ectotherms: A discussion of approaches. Am. Zool. 19, 357–366 (1979).
doi: 10.1093/icb/19.1.357
Angilletta, M. J. Jr. Estimating and comparing thermal performance curves. J. Therm. Biol 31, 541–545 (2006).
doi: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2006.06.002
Angilletta, M. J. Jr., Niewiarowski, P. H. & Navas, C. A. The evolution of thermal physiology in ectotherms. J. Therm. Biol 27, 249–268 (2002).
doi: 10.1016/S0306-4565(01)00094-8
Lear, K. O. et al. Thermal performance responses in free-ranging elasmobranchs depend on habitat use and body size. Oecologia 191, 829–842 (2019).
doi: 10.1007/s00442-019-04547-1
pubmed: 31705273
Thorrold, S. R. et al. Extreme diving behaviour in devil rays links surface waters and the deep ocean. Nat. Commun. 5, 1–7 (2014).
doi: 10.1038/ncomms5274
Freedman, R. & Roy, S. S. Spatial patterning of Manta birostris in United States east coast offshore habitat. Appl. Geogr. 32, 652–659 (2012).
doi: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2011.07.015
Graham, R. T. et al. Satellite tracking of manta rays highlights challenges to their conservation. PLoS ONE 7, e36834 (2012).
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036834
pubmed: 22590622
pmcid: 3349638
Duffy, C. & Abbott, D. Sightings of mobulid rays from northern New Zealand, with confirmation of the occurrence of Manta birostris in New Zealand waters. (2003).
Dewar, H. et al. Movements and site fidelity of the giant manta ray, Manta birostris, in the Komodo Marine Park, Indonesia. Mar. Biol. 155, 121–133 (2008).
doi: 10.1007/s00227-008-0988-x
Johnston, M. A. et al. Long-term monitoring at east and west Flower Garden Banks: 2017 annual report. (Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary, Galveston, Texas, 2018).
Morita, K., Fukuwaka, M. A., Tanimata, N. & Yamamura, O. Size-dependent thermal preferences in a pelagic fish. Oikos 119, 1265–1272 (2010).
doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2009.18125.x
Gilchrist, G. W. Specialists and generalists in changing environments. I. Fitness landscapes of thermal sensitivity. Am. Nat. 146, 252–270 (1995).
doi: 10.1086/285797
Kingsolver, J. G. The Well-temperatured biologist: (American Society of Naturalists Presidential Address). Am. Nat. 174, 755–768 (2009).
doi: 10.1086/648310
pubmed: 19857158
Stevenson, R. Body size and limits to the daily range of body temperature in terrestrial ectotherms. Am. Nat. 125, 102–117 (1985).
doi: 10.1086/284330
Blanton, J., Atkinson, L., Pietrafesa, L. & Lee, T. The intrusion of Gulf Stream water across the continental shelf due to topographically-induced upwelling. Deep Sea Res. Part A Oceanogr. Res. Pap. 28, 393–405 (1981).
doi: 10.1016/0198-0149(81)90006-6
Savidge, G. A preliminary study of the distribution of chlorophyll a in the vicinity of fronts in the Celtic and western Irish Seas. Estuar. Coast. Mar. Sci. 4, 617–625 (1976).
doi: 10.1016/0302-3524(76)90070-0
Pingree, R. & Griffiths, D. Tidal fronts on the shelf seas around the British Isles. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 83, 4615–4622 (1978).
doi: 10.1029/JC083iC09p04615
Tett, P. Modelling phytoplankton production at shelf-sea fronts. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A Math. Phys. Sci. 302, 605–615 (1981).
Bumpus, D. F. & Wehe, T. Hydrography of the Western Atlantic: coastal water circulation off the east coast of the United States between Cape Hatteras and Florida. (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1949).
Clark, T. B. Population structure of Manta birostris (Chondrichthyes: Mobulidae) from the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Texas A&M University (2002).
Kashiwagi, T. et al. in The Joint Meeting of Ichthyologists & Herpetologist. Austin: American Elasmobranch Society Conference. 254–255.
Notarbartolo-di-Sciara, G. Natural history of the rays of the genus Mobula in the Gulf of California. Fish. Bull. 86, 45–66 (1988).
Notarbartolo-di-Sciara, G. A revisionary study of the genus Mobula Rafinesque, 1810 (Chondrichthyes: Mobulidae) with the description of a new species. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 91, 1–91 (1987).
doi: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1987.tb01723.x
Canese, S. et al. Diving behavior of the giant devil ray in the Mediterranean Sea. Endangered Species Research 14, 171–176 (2011).
doi: 10.3354/esr00349
Stewart, J. D. et al. Spatial ecology and conservation of Manta birostris in the Indo-Pacific. Biol. Cons. 200, 178–183 (2016).
doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2016.05.016
Farmer, N. A. et al. Population consequences of disturbance by offshore oil and gas activity for endangered sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus). Biol. Cons. 227, 189–204 (2018).
doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2018.09.006
Farmer, N. A., Gowan, T. A., Powell, J. R. & Zoodsma, B. J. Evaluation of alternatives to winter closure of black sea bass pot gear: Projected impacts on catch and risk of entanglement with North Atlantic right whales Eubalaena glacialis. Mar. Coast. Fish. 8, 202–221 (2016).
doi: 10.1080/19425120.2016.1146181
Miller, M. & Klimovich, C. Endangered Species Act status review report: Giant manta ray (Manta birostris) and reef manta ray (Manta alfredi). Report to National Marine Fisheries Service, Office of Protected Resources. Silver Spring, MD (2016).
Croll, D. A. et al. Vulnerabilities and fisheries impacts: the uncertain future of manta and devil rays. Aquat. Conserv. Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst. 26, 562–575 (2016).
doi: 10.1002/aqc.2591
Carlson, J. K. Estimated incidental take of smalltooth sawfish (Pristis pectinata) and giant manta ray (Manta birostris) in the South Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico shrimp trawl fishery. 16 (National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Panama City Laboratory, Panama City, Florida, 2020).
Essumang, D. First determination of the levels of platinum group metals in Manta birostris (Manta Ray) caught along the Ghanaian coastline. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 84, 720–725 (2010).
doi: 10.1007/s00128-010-0019-8
pubmed: 20440471
Hajbane, S. & Pattiaratchi, C. B. Plastic pollution patterns in offshore, nearshore and estuarine waters: A case study from Perth Western Australia. Front. Mar. Sci. 4, 63 (2017).
doi: 10.3389/fmars.2017.00063
Germanov, E. S. et al. Microplastics on the menu: Plastics pollute Indonesian manta ray and whale shark feeding grounds. Front. Mar. Sci. 6, 679 (2019).
doi: 10.3389/fmars.2019.00679
McCauley, D. J. et al. Reliance of mobile species on sensitive habitats: A case study of manta rays (Manta alfredi) and lagoons. Mar. Biol. 161, 1987–1998 (2014).
doi: 10.1007/s00227-014-2478-7
Guard, U. S. C. 2019 recreational boating statistics. 83 (U.S. Department of Homeland Security, U.S. Coast Guard, Office of Auxiliary and Boating Safety, Washington, DC, 2019).
Roberts, B. in Florida Sportsman (2020).
Pate, J. H., Macdonald, C. & Wester, J. Surveys of recreational anglers reveal knowledge gaps and positive attitudes towards manta ray conservation in Florida. Aquat. Conserv. Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst. 31, 1410–1419 (2021).
doi: 10.1002/aqc.3508
Currier, R., Kirkpatrick, B., Simoniello, C., Lowerre-Barbieri, S. & Bickford, J. in OCEANS 2015-MTS/IEEE Washington. 1–3 (IEEE).
Young, J. M. et al. The FACT Network: Philosophy, evolution, and management of a collaborative coastal tracking network. Mar. Coast. Fish. 12, 258–271 (2020).
doi: 10.1002/mcf2.10100