Heading Exposure in Elite Football (Soccer): A Study in Adolescent, Young Adult, and Adult Male and Female Players.
Journal
Medicine and science in sports and exercise
ISSN: 1530-0315
Titre abrégé: Med Sci Sports Exerc
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 8005433
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
01 09 2022
01 09 2022
Historique:
pubmed:
29
4
2022
medline:
18
8
2022
entrez:
28
4
2022
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
This study aims to quantify heading exposure in real-life elite football at the level of individual male and female adolescents, young adults, and adults. Heading exposure was determined by video analysis in combination with a structured electronic registration tool and observation training, to comprehensively register heading characteristics. Characteristics of heading events were registered in 116 official matches (96 male, 20 female) of Dutch national teams. Mean exposure for male players based on full match participation was 4.2 headers, with maximum heading exposure at 10.6 headers. Mean heading exposure was higher in adult than adolescent players ( P = 0.049), whereas maximum heading exposure was higher for adult than for young adult players ( P = 0.045). Maximum heading exposure was higher in male than in female players ( P = 0.015). Defenders had the greatest mean and maximum heading exposure ( P < 0.001). Longer flight courses of the ball had greater contribution to mean and maximum heading exposure than shorter courses ( P < 0.01). Frontal headers had greater contribution to exposure than other points of contact on player's head ( P < 0.001), whereas linear headers had greater contribution than rotational headers ( P = 0.016). Defensive headers had greater contribution to exposure than other heading types ( P < 0.014). Unintentional head contacts in elite football players were, in most cases (80%), not related to heading situations. This study provides real-life quantifications of mean and maximum heading exposure in elite football, with strong relevance for policy makers and researchers. The results highlight the roles of player and heading characteristics in heading exposure, informing current discussions on the role of heading in football.
Identifiants
pubmed: 35482757
doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000002945
pii: 00005768-202209000-00007
pmc: PMC9390232
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
1459-1465Informations de copyright
Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American College of Sports Medicine.
Références
FIFA. Big count 2006. 2007. FIFA Communications Division, Information Services. Available at: https://digitalhub.fifa.com/m/55621f9fdc8ea7b4/original/mzid0qmguixkcmruvema-pdf.pdf . Accessed September 22, 2021.
Spiotta AM, Bartsch AJ, Benzel EC. Heading in soccer: dangerous play? Neurosurgery . 2012;70(1):1–11.
VanItallie TB. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) in collision sports: possible mechanisms of transformation into chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). Metabolism . 2019;100S:153943.
Koerte IK, Mayinger M, Muehlmann M, et al. Cortical thinning in former professional soccer players. Brain Imaging Behav . 2016;10(3):792–8.
Chiampas GT, Kirkendall DT. Point-counterpoint: should heading be restricted in youth football? Yes, heading should be restricted in youth football. Sci Med Footb . 2018;2(1):80–2.
Vann Jones SA, Breakey RW, Evans PJ. Heading in football, long-term cognitive decline and dementia: evidence from screening retired professional footballers. Br J Sports Med . 2014;48(2):159–61.
Mackay DF, Russell ER, Stewart K, MacLean JA, Pell JP, Stewart W. Neurodegenerative disease mortality among former professional soccer players. N Engl J Med . 2019;381(19):1801–8.
Russell ER, MacKay DF, Stewart K, MacLean JA, Pell JP, Stewart W. Association of field position and career length with risk of neurodegenerative disease in male former professional soccer players. JAMA Neurol . 2021;78(9):1057–63.
U.S. Soccer. Implementation Guidelines for U.S. Soccer’s Player Safety Campaign: Concussion Initiatives & Heading for Youth Players. 2016. Available at: https://dt5602vnjxv0c.cloudfront.net/portals/4322/docs/kasl%20policy%20player%20heading%20of%20the%20ball%202016-2017.pdf . Accessed September 22, 2021.
The FA. English Football Introduces New Guidance for Heading Ahead of 2021–22 Season. 2021. Available at: file:///H:/Downloads/professional-football-heading-in-training-guidance---july-2021.pdf . Accessed September 23, 2021.
Kontos AP, Braithwaite R, Chrisman SPD, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of football heading. Br J Sports Med . 2017;51(15):1118–24.
Maher ME, Hutchison M, Cusimano M, Comper P, Schweizer TA. Concussions and heading in soccer: a review of the evidence of incidence, mechanisms, biomarkers and neurocognitive outcomes. Brain Inj . 2014;28(3):271–85.
Rodrigues AC, Lasmar RP, Caramelli P. Effects of soccer heading on brain structure and function. Front Neurol . 2016;7:38.
Tarnutzer AA, Straumann D, Brugger P, Feddermann-Demont N. Persistent effects of playing football and associated (subconcussive) head trauma on brain structure and function: a systematic review of the literature. Br J Sports Med . 2017;51(22):1592–604.
Matser JT, Kessels AG, Lezak MD, Troost J. A dose-response relation of headers and concussions with cognitive impairment in professional soccer players. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol . 2001;23(6):770–4.
Webbe FM, Ochs SR. Recency and frequency of soccer heading interact to decrease neurocognitive performance. Appl Neuropsychol . 2003;10(1):31–41.
Di Virgilio TG, Hunter A, Wilson L, et al. Evidence for acute electrophysiological and cognitive changes following routine soccer heading. EBioMedicine . 2016;13:66–71.
Haran FJ, Tierney R, Wright WG, Keshner E, Silter M. Acute changes in postural control after soccer heading. Int J Sports Med . 2013;34(4):350–4.
Lynall RC, Clark MD, Grand EE, et al. Head impact biomechanics in women’s college soccer. Med Sci Sports Exerc . 2016;48(9):1772–8.
McCuen E, Svaldi D, Breedlove K, et al. Collegiate women’s soccer players suffer greater cumulative head impacts than their high school counterparts. J Biomech . 2015;48(13):3720–3.
Chrisman SPD, Ebel BE, Stein E, Lowry SJ, Rivara FP. Head impact exposure in youth soccer and variation by age and sex. Clin J Sport Med . 2019;29(1):3–10.
Press JN, Rowson S. Quantifying head impact exposure in collegiate women’s soccer. Clin J Sport Med . 2017;27(2):104–10.
Hanlon EM, Bir CA. Real-time head acceleration measurement in girls’ youth soccer. Med Sci Sports Exerc . 2012;44(6):1102–8.
Sandmo SB, Andersen TE, Koerte IK, Bahr R. Head impact exposure in youth football—are current interventions hitting the target? Scand J Med Sci Sports . 2020;30(1):193–8.
Koerte IK, Nichols E, Tripodis Y, et al. Impaired cognitive performance in youth athletes exposed to repetitive head impacts. J Neurotrauma . 2017;34(16):2389–95.
Harriss A, Johnson AM, Walton DM, Dickey JP. The number of purposeful headers female youth soccer players experience during games depends on player age but not player position. Sci Med Footb . 2019;3(2):109–14.
Beaudouin F, Gioftsidou A, Larsen MN, et al. The UEFA heading study: heading incidence in children’s and youth’ football (soccer) in eight European countries. Scand J Med Sci Sports . 2020;30(8):1506–17.
Tierney GJ, Higgins B. The incidence and mechanism of heading in European professional football players over three seasons. Scand J Med Sci Sports . 2021;31(4):875–83.
Amitay N, Zlotnik Y, Coreanu T, et al. Soccer heading and subclinical neuropsychiatric symptomatology in professional soccer players. Neurology . 2020;95(13):e1776–83.
van Heumen G. MyVideoAnalyser ‘s-Hertogenbosch Netherlands. Available at: https://myvideoanalyser.com/index.html . Accessed September 30, 2021.
Rstudio Team. RStudio: Integrated Development for R . Boston (MA): RStudio, Inc.; 2015.
Signorell A. DescTools: Tools for Descriptive Statistics. 2020. Available at: https://cran.r-project.org/package=DescTools . Accessed October 14, 2021.
Peterson RA, Cavanaugh JE. Ordered quantile normalization: a semiparametric transformation built for the cross-validation era. J Appl Stat . 2020;47(13–15):2312–27.
Kassambara A. rstatix: Pipe-Friendly Framework for Basic Statistical Tests. 2020. Available at: https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=rstatix . Accessed October 14, 2021.
Rowson S, Duma SM, Beckwith JG, et al. Rotational head kinematics in football impacts: an injury risk function for concussion. Ann Biomed Eng . 2012;40(1):1–13.
Harriss A, Johnson AM, Walton DM, Dickey JP. Head impact magnitudes that occur from purposeful soccer heading depend on the game scenario and head impact location. Musculoskelet Sci Pract . 2019;2019(40):53–7.