Life tables of annual life expectancy and mortality for companion dogs in the United Kingdom.
Journal
Scientific reports
ISSN: 2045-2322
Titre abrégé: Sci Rep
Pays: England
ID NLM: 101563288
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
28 04 2022
28 04 2022
Historique:
received:
06
08
2021
accepted:
28
03
2022
entrez:
28
4
2022
pubmed:
29
4
2022
medline:
3
5
2022
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
A life table is a tabulated expression of life expectancy and mortality-related information at specified ages in a given population. This study utilised VetCompass data to develop life tables for the UK companion dog population and broken down by sex, Kennel Club breed group, and common breeds. Among 30,563 dogs that died between 1st January 2016 and 31st July 2020, life expectancy at age 0 was 11.23 [95% confidence interval (CI): 11.19-11.27] years. Female dogs (11.41 years; 95% CI: 11.35-11.47) had a greater life expectancy than males (11.07 years; 95% CI: 11.01-11.13) at age 0. Life tables varied widely between breeds. Jack Russell Terrier (12.72 years; 95% CI: 12.53-12.90) and French Bulldog (4.53 years; 95% CI: 4.14-5.01) had the longest and shortest life expectancy at age 0, respectively. Life tables generated by the current study allow a deeper understanding of the varied life trajectory across many types of dogs and offer novel insights and applications to improve canine health and welfare. The current study helps promote further understanding of life expectancy, which will benefit pet owners and the veterinary profession, along with many other sectors.
Identifiants
pubmed: 35484374
doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-10341-6
pii: 10.1038/s41598-022-10341-6
pmc: PMC9050668
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
6415Informations de copyright
© 2022. The Author(s).
Références
O’Neill, D. G., Church, D. B., McGreevy, P. D., Thomson, P. C. & Brodbelt, D. C. Longevity and mortality of owned dogs in England. Vet. J. 198, 638–643 (2013).
pubmed: 24206631
doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.09.020
Teng, K. T. et al. Welfare-Adjusted Life Years (WALY): A novel metric of animal welfare that combines the impacts of impaired welfare and abbreviated lifespan. PLoS ONE 13, e0202580 (2018).
pubmed: 30208045
pmcid: 6135394
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202580
Fleming, J. M., Creevy, K. E. & Promislow, D. E. L. Mortality in North American dogs from 1984 to 2004: An investigation into age-, size-, and breed-related causes of death. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 25, 187–198 (2011).
pubmed: 21352376
doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.0695.x
Bonnett, B. N. & Egenvall, A. Age patterns of disease and death in insured Swedish dogs, cats and horses. J. Comp. Pathol. 142, S33-38 (2010).
pubmed: 19932895
doi: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2009.10.008
Adams, V. J., Evans, K. M., Sampson, J. & Wood, J. L. N. Methods and mortality results of a health survey of purebred dogs in the UK. J. Small Anim. Pract. 51, 512–524 (2010).
pubmed: 21029096
doi: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2010.00974.x
Lewis, T. W., Wiles, B. M., Llewellyn-Zaidi, A. M., Evans, K. M. & O’Neill, D. G. Longevity and mortality in Kennel Club registered dog breeds in the UK in 2014. Canine Genet. Epidemiol. 5, 10 (2018).
pubmed: 30349728
pmcid: 6191922
doi: 10.1186/s40575-018-0066-8
Chiang, C. L. On constructing current life tables. JASA 67, 538–541 (1972).
doi: 10.1080/01621459.1972.10481245
Chiang, C. L. The Life Table and Its Applications (Robert E. Krieger, 1984).
Feuer, E. J. et al. The lifetime risk of developing breast cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 85, 892–897 (1993).
pubmed: 8492317
doi: 10.1093/jnci/85.11.892
Inoue, M., Kwan, N. C. L. & Sugiura, K. Estimating the life expectancy of companion dogs in Japan using pet cemetery data. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 80, 1153–1158 (2018).
pubmed: 29798968
pmcid: 6068313
doi: 10.1292/jvms.17-0384
Vaupel, J. W., Zhang, Z. & van Raalte, A. A. Life expectancy and disparity: An international comparison of life table data. BMJ Open 1, e000128 (2011).
pubmed: 22021770
pmcid: 3191439
doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000128
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Products-Life Tables-Homepage. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/life_tables.htm (2019).
Lledó, J., Pavía, J. M. & Morillas, F. G. Assessing implicit hypotheses in life table construction. Scand. Actuar. J. 2017, 495–518 (2017).
doi: 10.1080/03461238.2016.1177585
Soneji, S. & King, G. Statistical security for social security. Demography 49, 1037–1060 (2012).
pubmed: 22592944
doi: 10.1007/s13524-012-0106-z
Office for National Statistics. National life tables: UK - Office for National Statistics. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/lifeexpectancies/datasets/nationallifetablesunitedkingdomreferencetables/current (2020).
Arias, E., Xu, J. & Division of Vital Statistics. United States life tables, 2017. National Vital Statistics Reports 66 (2019).
Inoue, M., Hasegawa, A., Hosoi, Y. & Sugiura, K. A current life table and causes of death for insured dogs in Japan. Prev. Vet. Med. 120, 210–218 (2015).
pubmed: 25896026
doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.03.018
Jónás, D., Sándor, S., Tátrai, K., Egyed, B. & Kubinyi, E. A preliminary study to investigate the genetic background of longevity based on whole-genome sequence data of two methuselah dogs. Front. Genet. 11, 315 (2020).
pubmed: 32373156
pmcid: 7176982
doi: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00315
Kwan, N. C. L., Ogawa, H., Yamada, A. & Sugiura, K. Quantitative risk assessment of the introduction of rabies into Japan through the illegal landing of dogs from Russian fishing boats in the ports of Hokkaido, Japan. Prev. Vet. Med. 128, 112–123 (2016).
pubmed: 27237397
doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.04.015
Proschowsky, H. F., Rugbjerg, H. & Ersbøll, A. K. Mortality of purebred and mixed-breed dogs in Denmark. Prev. Vet. Med. 58, 63–74 (2003).
pubmed: 12628771
doi: 10.1016/S0167-5877(03)00010-2
Wang, H. et al. Global age-sex-specific fertility, mortality, healthy life expectancy (HALE), and population estimates in 204 countries and territories, 1950–2019: A comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet 396, 1160–1203 (2020).
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30977-6
VetCompass. VetCompass
The Venom Coding Group. VeNom Veterinary Nomenclature. http://venomcoding.org (2019).
The Kennel Club. Breed Information Centre. http://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/services/public/breed/ (2019).
American Kennel Club. Dog Breeds. American Kennel Club https://www.akc.org/dog-breeds/ (2021).
R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2019).
RStudio Team. RStudio: Integrated Development for R (RStudio, Inc., 2019).
Wickham, H. tidyverse: Easily install and load the ‘tidyverse’. (2017).
Efron, B. & Tibshirani, R. J. An Introduction to the Bootstrap (CRC Press, 1994).
doi: 10.1201/9780429246593
Harvey, N. D. How old Is my dog? identification of rational age groupings in pet dogs based upon normative age-linked processes. Front. Vet. Sci. 8, 321 (2021).
doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.643085
Szilard, L. On the nature of aging process. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 45, 30–45 (1959).
pubmed: 16590351
pmcid: 222509
doi: 10.1073/pnas.45.1.30
Felsburg, P. J. Overview of immune system development in the dog: Comparison with humans. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 21, 487–492 (2002).
pubmed: 12458905
doi: 10.1191/0960327102ht286oa
Arias, E. & Xu, J. United States life tables, 2018. Natl. Vital Stat. Rep. 69, 45 (2020).
Australian Bureau of Statistics. Life tables. https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population/life-tables (2020).
Boller, M. et al. The effect of pet insurance on presurgical euthanasia of dogs with gastric dilatation-volvulus: A novel approach to quantifying economic euthanasia in veterinary emergency medicine. Front. Vet. Sci. 7, 1039 (2020).
doi: 10.3389/fvets.2020.590615
Egenvall, A., Nødtvedt, A., Penell, J., Gunnarsson, L. & Bonnett, B. N. Insurance data for research in companion animals: Benefits and limitations. Acta Vet. Scand. 51, 42 (2009).
pubmed: 19874612
pmcid: 2777155
doi: 10.1186/1751-0147-51-42
Chaters, G., Trees, A. J. & Laing, G. Higher Insurance Premiums Revealed for Popular Brachycephalic Breeds https://vprf.wordpress.com/2020/07/09/higher-insurance-premiums-revealed-for-popular-brachycephalic-breeds/ (Veterinary Policy Research Foundation, 2020).
Bergström, A., Nødtvedt, A. N., Lagerstedt, A. S. & Egenvall, A. A. Incidence and breed predilection for dystocia and risk factors for cesarean section in a Swedish population of insured dogs. Vet. Surg. 35, 786–791 (2006).
pubmed: 17187641
doi: 10.1111/j.1532-950X.2006.00223.x
The Kennel Club. Breed registration statistics. https://www.thekennelclub.org.uk/media-centre/breed-registration-statistics/ (2021).
Hoffman, J. M., O’Neill, D. G., Creevy, K. E. & Austad, S. N. Do female dogs age differently than male dogs?. J. Gerontol. Ser. A 73, 150–156 (2018).
doi: 10.1093/gerona/glx061
Urfer, S. R. & Kaeberlein, M. Desexing dogs: A review of the current literature. Animals 9, 1086 (2019).
pmcid: 6940997
doi: 10.3390/ani9121086
Hart, L. A. & Hart, B. L. An ancient practice but a new paradigm: Personal choice for the age to spay or neuter a dog. Front. Vet. Sci. 8, 244 (2021).
doi: 10.3389/fvets.2021.603257
Diesel, G., Brodbelt, D. & Laurence, C. Survey of veterinary practice policies and opinions on neutering dogs. Vet. Rec. 166, 455–458 (2010).
pubmed: 20382933
doi: 10.1136/vr.b4798
Egenvall, A. et al. Breed risk of pyometra in insured dogs in Sweden. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 15, 530–538 (2001).
pubmed: 11817057
doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2001.tb01587.x
Belanger, J. M., Bellumori, T. P., Bannasch, D. L., Famula, T. R. & Oberbauer, A. M. Correlation of neuter status and expression of heritable disorders. Canine Genet. Epidemiol. 4, 6 (2017).
pubmed: 28560045
pmcid: 5445488
doi: 10.1186/s40575-017-0044-6
Banzato, T. et al. A Frailty Index based on clinical data to quantify mortality risk in dogs. Sci. Rep. 9, 16749 (2019).
pubmed: 31727920
pmcid: 6856105
doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-52585-9
Yordy, J. et al. Body size, inbreeding, and lifespan in domestic dogs. Conserv. Genet. 21, 137–148 (2020).
pubmed: 32607099
doi: 10.1007/s10592-019-01240-x
Gough, A., Thomas, A. & O’Neill, D. Breed Predispositions to Disease in Dogs and Cats (Wiley-Blackwell, 2018).
doi: 10.1002/9781119225584
O’Neill, D. G. et al. Epidemiological associations between brachycephaly and upper respiratory tract disorders in dogs attending veterinary practices in England. Canine Genet. Epidemiol. 2, 10 (2015).
pubmed: 26401338
pmcid: 4579368
doi: 10.1186/s40575-015-0023-8
O’Neill, D. G. et al. Canine dystocia in 50 UK first-opinion emergency care veterinary practices: Clinical management and outcomes. Vet. Rec. 184, 409–409 (2019).
pubmed: 30718270
doi: 10.1136/vr.104944
Liu, N.-C. et al. Outcomes and prognostic factors of surgical treatments for brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome in 3 breeds. Vet. Surg. 46, 271–280 (2017).
pubmed: 28146288
doi: 10.1111/vsu.12608
Ryan, R., Gutierrez-Quintana, R., ter Haar, G. & De Decker, S. Prevalence of thoracic vertebral malformations in French bulldogs, Pugs and English bulldogs with and without associated neurological deficits. Vet. J. 221, 25–29 (2017).
pubmed: 28283076
doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.01.018
Teng, K. T., McGreevy, P. D., Toribio, J.-A.L.M.L. & Dhand, N. K. Trends in popularity of some morphological traits of purebred dogs in Australia. Canine Genet. Epidemiol. 3, 2 (2016).
pubmed: 27051522
pmcid: 4820977
doi: 10.1186/s40575-016-0032-2
O’Neill, D. G., Baral, L., Church, D. B., Brodbelt, D. C. & Packer, R. M. A. Demography and disorders of the French Bulldog population under primary veterinary care in the UK in 2013. Canine Genet. Epidemiol. 5, 3 (2018).
pubmed: 29750111
pmcid: 5932866
doi: 10.1186/s40575-018-0057-9
O’Neill, D. G. et al. Disorders of Bulldogs under primary veterinary care in the UK in 2013. PLoS ONE 14, e0217928 (2019).
pubmed: 31188857
pmcid: 6561557
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217928
O’Neill, D. G., Darwent, E. C., Church, D. B. & Brodbelt, D. C. Demography and health of Pugs under primary veterinary care in England. Canine Genet. Epidemiol. 3, 5 (2016).
pubmed: 27293771
pmcid: 4903005
doi: 10.1186/s40575-016-0035-z
O’Neill, D. G., Coulson, N. R., Church, D. B. & Brodbelt, D. C. Demography and disorders of German Shepherd Dogs under primary veterinary care in the UK. Canine Genet. Epidemiol. 4, 7 (2017).
pubmed: 28770095
pmcid: 5532765
doi: 10.1186/s40575-017-0046-4
O’Neill, D. G., Seah, W. Y., Church, D. B. & Brodbelt, D. C. Rottweilers under primary veterinary care in the UK: Demography, mortality and disorders. Canine Genet. Epidemiol. 4, 13 (2017).
pubmed: 29201384
pmcid: 5698930
doi: 10.1186/s40575-017-0051-7
O’Neill, D. G., Butcher, C., Church, D. B., Brodbelt, D. C. & Gough, A. G. Miniature Schnauzers under primary veterinary care in the UK in 2013: Demography, mortality and disorders. Canine Genet. Epidemiol. 6, 1 (2019).
pubmed: 30783533
pmcid: 6376765
doi: 10.1186/s40575-019-0069-0
McGreevy, P. D. et al. Labrador retrievers under primary veterinary care in the UK: Demography, mortality and disorders. Canine Genet. Epidemiol. 5, 8 (2018).
pubmed: 30377534
pmcid: 6196571
doi: 10.1186/s40575-018-0064-x
Herzog, H. Forty-two thousand and one Dalmatians: Fads, social contagion, and dog breed popularity. Soc. Anim. 14, 383–397 (2006).
doi: 10.1163/156853006778882448
Andrasfay, T. & Goldman, N. Reductions in 2020 US life expectancy due to COVID-19 and the disproportionate impact on the Black and Latino populations. PNAS 118, (2021).
Johnson, S. Extra Life: A Short History of Living Longer (Riverhead Books, 2021).
Murray, C. J. Quantifying the burden of disease: The technical basis for disability-adjusted life years. Bull. World Health Organ. 72, 429–445 (1994).
pubmed: 8062401
pmcid: 2486718
Vos, T. et al. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet 396, 1204–1222 (2020).
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30925-9
Rioja-Lang, F., Bacon, H., Connor, M. & Dwyer, C. M. Determining priority welfare issues for cats in the United Kingdom using expert consensus. Vet. Rec. Open 6, e000365 (2019).
pubmed: 31798909
pmcid: 6861065
doi: 10.1136/vetreco-2019-000365
Rioja-Lang, F., Bacon, H., Connor, M. & Dwyer, C. M. Rabbit welfare: Determining priority welfare issues for pet rabbits using a modified Delphi method. Vet. Rec. Open 6, e000363 (2019).
pubmed: 31903189
pmcid: 6924855
doi: 10.1136/vetreco-2019-000363
Summers, J. F. et al. Health-related welfare prioritisation of canine disorders using electronic health records in primary care practice in the UK. BMC Vet. Res. 15, 163 (2019).
pubmed: 31118035
pmcid: 6532203
doi: 10.1186/s12917-019-1902-0
Neumann, P. J. et al. A systematic review of cost-effectiveness studies reporting cost-per-DALY averted. PLoS ONE 11, e0168512 (2016).
pubmed: 28005986
pmcid: 5179084
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168512
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. Global Burden of Disease (GBD 2019). http://www.healthdata.org/gbd/2019 (Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 2021).
Dicker, D. et al. Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality and life expectancy, 1950–2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 392, 1684–1735 (2018).
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31891-9
Pegram, C. et al. Proportion and risk factors for death by euthanasia in dogs in the UK. Sci. Rep. 11, 9145 (2021).
pubmed: 33947877
pmcid: 8096845
doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-88342-0
Boyd, C. et al. Mortality resulting from undesirable behaviours in dogs aged under three years attending primary-care veterinary practices in England. Anim. Welf. 27, 251–262 (2018).
doi: 10.7120/09627286.27.3.251