Pharmaceutical nanotechnology applied to phthalocyanines for the promotion of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy: A literature review.

Phthalocyanines are photosensitizers activated by light at a specific wavelength in the presence of oxygen and act through the production of Reactive Oxygen Species, which simultaneously attack several biomolecular targets in the pathogen agent and, therefore, have multiple and variable action sites. This nonspecific action site bypasses conventional resistance mechanisms. Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT) is safe, easy to implement and, unlike conventional agents, may have a wide activity spectrum of photoantimicrobials. This work is a systematic review of the literature based on nanocarriers containing phthalocyanines in aPDT against bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa. The search was performed in two different databases (MEDLINE/PubMed and Web of Science) between 2011 and May 2021. Nanocarriers often improve the action or are equivalent to free drugs, but their use allows substituting the organic solvent in the case of hydrophobic phthalocyanines, allowing for a safer application of aPDT with the possibility of prolonged release. In the case of hydrophilic phthalocyanines, they would allow for nonspecific site delivery with a possibility of cellular internalization. A single infectious lesion can have multiple microorganisms, and PDT with phthalocyanines is an interesting treatment given its ample spectrum of action. It is possible to highlight the upconversion nanosystems, which allow for the activation of phthalocyanine in deeper tissues by using longer wavelengths, as a system that has not yet been studied, but which could provide treatment solutions. The use of nanocarriers containing phthalocyanines requires more study to establish the use of aPDT in humans.

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Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they are not aware of any personal and financial conflicts of interest.