Relationship between temperature and Anopheles gambiae sensu lato mosquitoes' susceptibility to pyrethroids and expression of metabolic enzymes.
Anopheles gambiae
Bioassay
Biochemical analysis
Climate change
Insecticide
Metabolic enzyme
Susceptibility
Journal
Parasites & vectors
ISSN: 1756-3305
Titre abrégé: Parasit Vectors
Pays: England
ID NLM: 101462774
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
08 May 2022
08 May 2022
Historique:
received:
03
01
2022
accepted:
01
04
2022
entrez:
8
5
2022
pubmed:
9
5
2022
medline:
11
5
2022
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
Malaria remains one of the most devastating diseases globally, and the control of mosquitoes as the vector is mainly dependent on chemical insecticides. Elevated temperatures associated with future warmer climates could affect mosquitoes' metabolic enzyme expression and increase insecticide resistance, making vector control difficult. Understanding how mosquito rearing temperatures influence their susceptibility to insecticide and expression of metabolic enzymes could aid in the development of novel tools and strategies to control mosquitoes in a future warmer climate. This study evaluated the effects of temperature on the susceptibility of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) mosquitoes to pyrethroids and their expression of metabolic enzymes. Anopheles gambiae s.l. eggs obtained from laboratory-established colonies were reared under eight temperature regimes (25, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, and 40 °C). Upon adult emergence, 3- to 5-day-old female non-blood-fed mosquitoes were used for susceptibility tests following the World Health Organization (WHO) bioassay protocol. Batches of 20-25 mosquitoes from each temperature regime (25-34 °C) were exposed to two pyrethroid insecticides (0.75% permethrin and 0.05% deltamethrin). In addition, the levels of four metabolic enzymes (α-esterase, β-esterase, glutathione S-transferase [GST], and mixed-function oxidase [MFO]) were examined in mosquitoes that were not exposed and those that were exposed to pyrethroids. Mortality in An. gambiae s.l. mosquitoes exposed to deltamethrin and permethrin decreased at temperatures above 28 °C. In addition, mosquitoes reared at higher temperatures were more resistant and had more elevated enzyme levels than those raised at low temperatures. Overall, mosquitoes that survived after being exposed to pyrethroids had higher levels of metabolic enzymes than those that were not exposed to pyrethroids. This study provides evidence that elevated temperatures decreased An. gambiae s.l. mosquitoes' susceptibility to pyrethroids and increased the expression of metabolic enzymes. This evidence suggests that elevated temperatures projected in a future warmer climate could increase mosquitoes' resistance to insecticides and complicate malaria vector control measures. This study therefore provides vital information, and suggests useful areas of future research, on the effects of temperature variability on mosquitoes that could guide vector control measures in a future warmer climate.
Sections du résumé
BACKGROUND
BACKGROUND
Malaria remains one of the most devastating diseases globally, and the control of mosquitoes as the vector is mainly dependent on chemical insecticides. Elevated temperatures associated with future warmer climates could affect mosquitoes' metabolic enzyme expression and increase insecticide resistance, making vector control difficult. Understanding how mosquito rearing temperatures influence their susceptibility to insecticide and expression of metabolic enzymes could aid in the development of novel tools and strategies to control mosquitoes in a future warmer climate. This study evaluated the effects of temperature on the susceptibility of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) mosquitoes to pyrethroids and their expression of metabolic enzymes.
METHODS
METHODS
Anopheles gambiae s.l. eggs obtained from laboratory-established colonies were reared under eight temperature regimes (25, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, and 40 °C). Upon adult emergence, 3- to 5-day-old female non-blood-fed mosquitoes were used for susceptibility tests following the World Health Organization (WHO) bioassay protocol. Batches of 20-25 mosquitoes from each temperature regime (25-34 °C) were exposed to two pyrethroid insecticides (0.75% permethrin and 0.05% deltamethrin). In addition, the levels of four metabolic enzymes (α-esterase, β-esterase, glutathione S-transferase [GST], and mixed-function oxidase [MFO]) were examined in mosquitoes that were not exposed and those that were exposed to pyrethroids.
RESULTS
RESULTS
Mortality in An. gambiae s.l. mosquitoes exposed to deltamethrin and permethrin decreased at temperatures above 28 °C. In addition, mosquitoes reared at higher temperatures were more resistant and had more elevated enzyme levels than those raised at low temperatures. Overall, mosquitoes that survived after being exposed to pyrethroids had higher levels of metabolic enzymes than those that were not exposed to pyrethroids.
CONCLUSIONS
CONCLUSIONS
This study provides evidence that elevated temperatures decreased An. gambiae s.l. mosquitoes' susceptibility to pyrethroids and increased the expression of metabolic enzymes. This evidence suggests that elevated temperatures projected in a future warmer climate could increase mosquitoes' resistance to insecticides and complicate malaria vector control measures. This study therefore provides vital information, and suggests useful areas of future research, on the effects of temperature variability on mosquitoes that could guide vector control measures in a future warmer climate.
Identifiants
pubmed: 35527275
doi: 10.1186/s13071-022-05273-z
pii: 10.1186/s13071-022-05273-z
pmc: PMC9080126
doi:
Substances chimiques
Insecticides
0
Pyrethrins
0
Permethrin
509F88P9SZ
Esterases
EC 3.1.-
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
163Subventions
Organisme : 1/2 West Africa-Michigan CHARTER in GEOHealth with funding from the United States National Institutes of Health/Fogarty International Center (US NIH/FIC) and Canada's International Development Research Center (IDRC)
ID : (paired grant no. 1U2RTW010110-01/5U01TW010101)
Organisme : 1/2 West Africa-Michigan CHARTER in GEOHealth with funding from the United States National Institutes of Health/Fogarty International Center (US NIH/FIC) and Canada's International Development Research Center (IDRC)
ID : (Grant no. 108121-001)
Organisme : 1/2 West Africa-Michigan CHARTER in GEOHealth with funding from the United States National Institutes of Health/Fogarty International Center (US NIH/FIC) and Canada's International Development Research Center (IDRC)
ID : (paired grant no. 1U2RTW010110-01/5U01TW010101)
Organisme : 1/2 West Africa-Michigan CHARTER in GEOHealth with funding from the United States National Institutes of Health/Fogarty International Center (US NIH/FIC) and Canada's International Development Research Center (IDRC)
ID : (Grant no. 108121-001)
Informations de copyright
© 2022. The Author(s).
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