Bacteroides ovatus-mediated CD27
Bacteroides ovatus
MAIT cells
bacterial translocation
obesity
type 2 diabetes
Journal
Cellular & molecular immunology
ISSN: 2042-0226
Titre abrégé: Cell Mol Immunol
Pays: China
ID NLM: 101242872
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
07 2022
07 2022
Historique:
received:
06
11
2021
accepted:
13
04
2022
pubmed:
12
5
2022
medline:
2
7
2022
entrez:
11
5
2022
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is highly associated with obesity. However, the factors that drive the transition from excessive weight gain to glucose metabolism disruption are still uncertain and seem to revolve around systemic immune disorder. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, which are innate-like T cells that recognize bacterial metabolites, have been reported to be altered in obese people and to lead to metabolic dysfunction during obesity. By studying the immunophenotypes of blood MAIT cells from a cross-sectional cohort of obese participants with/without T2D, we found an elevation in CD27-negative (CD27
Identifiants
pubmed: 35545662
doi: 10.1038/s41423-022-00871-4
pii: 10.1038/s41423-022-00871-4
pmc: PMC9243016
doi:
Substances chimiques
Interleukin-17
0
Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7
0
Glucose
IY9XDZ35W2
Types de publication
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
791-804Informations de copyright
© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to CSI and USTC.
Références
Pillon NJ, Loos RJF, Marshall SM, Zierath JR. Metabolic consequences of obesity and type 2 diabetes: Balancing genes and environment for personalized care. Cell. 2021;184:1530–44.
pubmed: 33675692
pmcid: 9191863
doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.02.012
Bramante CT, Lee CJ, Gudzune KA. Treatment of obesity in patients with diabetes. Diabetes Spectr. 2017;30:237–43.
pubmed: 29151713
pmcid: 5687113
doi: 10.2337/ds17-0030
Wondmkun YT. Obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes: associations and therapeutic implications. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2020;13:3611–6.
pubmed: 33116712
pmcid: 7553667
doi: 10.2147/DMSO.S275898
Ying W, Lee YS, Dong Y, Seidman JS, Yang M, Isaac R, et al. Expansion of ISLET-resident macrophages leads to inflammation affecting beta cell proliferation and function in obesity. Cell Metab. 2019;29:457–74 e455.
pubmed: 30595478
doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.12.003
McLaughlin T, Ackerman SE, Shen L, Engleman E. Role of innate and adaptive immunity in obesity-associated metabolic disease. J Clin Investig. 2017;127:5–13.
pubmed: 28045397
pmcid: 5199693
doi: 10.1172/JCI88876
Lu J, Zhao J, Meng H, Zhang X. Adipose tissue-resident immune cells in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Front Immunol. 2019;10:1173.
pubmed: 31191541
pmcid: 6540829
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01173
Smith GI, Mittendorfer B, Klein S. Metabolically healthy obesity: facts and fantasies. J Clin Investig. 2019;129:3978–89.
pubmed: 31524630
pmcid: 6763224
doi: 10.1172/JCI129186
Jayashree B, Bibin YS, Prabhu D, Shanthirani CS, Gokulakrishnan K, Lakshmi BS, et al. Increased circulatory levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and zonulin signify novel biomarkers of proinflammation in patients with type 2 diabetes. Mol Cell Biochem. 2014;388:203–10.
pubmed: 24347174
doi: 10.1007/s11010-013-1911-4
Jensen BA, Marette A. Microbial translocation in type 2 diabetes: when bacterial invaders overcome host defence in human obesity. Gut. 2020;69:1724–6.
pubmed: 32518079
doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-321288
Massier L, Chakaroun R, Tabei S, Crane A, Didt KD, Fallmann J, et al. Adipose tissue-derived bacteria are associated with inflammation in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Gut. 2020;69:1796–806.
pubmed: 32317332
doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2019-320118
Anhê FF, Jensen B, Varin TV, Servant F, Van Blerk S, Richard D, et al. Type 2 diabetes influences bacterial tissue compartmentalisation in human obesity. Nat Metab. 2020;2:233–42.
pubmed: 32694777
doi: 10.1038/s42255-020-0178-9
Mazmanian SK, Round JL, Kasper DL. A microbial symbiosis factor prevents intestinal inflammatory disease. Nature. 2008;453:620–5.
pubmed: 18509436
doi: 10.1038/nature07008
Seki D, Mayer M, Hausmann B, Pjevac P, Giordano V, Goeral K, et al. Aberrant gut-microbiota-immune-brain axis development in premature neonates with brain damage. Cell Host Microbe. 2021;29:1558–72 e1556.
pubmed: 34480872
pmcid: 8525911
doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.08.004
Provine NM, Klenerman P. MAIT cells in health and disease. Annu Rev Immunol. 2020;38:203–28.
pubmed: 31986071
doi: 10.1146/annurev-immunol-080719-015428
Gazali AM, Schroderus AM, Näntö-Salonen K, Rintamäki R, Pihlajamäki J, Knip M, et al. Mucosal-associated invariant T cell alterations during the development of human type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2020;63:2396–409.
pubmed: 32880687
pmcid: 7527319
doi: 10.1007/s00125-020-05257-7
Magalhaes I, Pingris K, Poitou C, Bessoles S, Venteclef N, Kiaf B, et al. Mucosal-associated invariant T cell alterations in obese and type 2 diabetic patients. J Clin Investig. 2015;125:1752–62.
pubmed: 25751065
pmcid: 4396481
doi: 10.1172/JCI78941
Toubal A, Kiaf B, Beaudoin L, Cagninacci L, Rhimi M, Fruchet B, et al. Mucosal-associated invariant T cells promote inflammation and intestinal dysbiosis leading to metabolic dysfunction during obesity. Nat Commun. 2020;11:3755.
pubmed: 32709874
pmcid: 7381641
doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-17307-0
American Diabetes, A. 2. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: standards of medical care in diabetes-2021. Diabetes Care. 2021;44:S15–S33.
doi: 10.2337/dc21-S002
Wallace TM, Levy JC, Matthews DR. Use and abuse of HOMA modeling. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:1487–95.
pubmed: 15161807
doi: 10.2337/diacare.27.6.1487
Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO consultation. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 2000;894, i–xii, 1–253.
Picelli S, Faridani OR, Björklund AK, Winberg G, Sagasser S, Sandberg R. Full-length RNA-seq from single cells using Smart-seq2. Nat Protoc. 2014;9:171–81.
pubmed: 24385147
doi: 10.1038/nprot.2014.006
Ram AK, Pottakat B, Vairappan B. Increased systemic zonula occludens 1 associated with inflammation and independent biomarker in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. BMC Cancer. 2018;18:572.
pubmed: 29776350
pmcid: 5960107
doi: 10.1186/s12885-018-4484-5
Mishra A, Lai GC, Yao LJ, Aung TT, Shental N, Rotter-Maskowitz A, et al. Microbial exposure during early human development primes fetal immune cells. Cell. 2021;184:3394–409 e3320.
pubmed: 34077752
pmcid: 8240556
doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.04.039
Kollarcikova M, Faldynova M, Matiasovicova J, Jahodarova E, Kubasova T, Z Seidlerova Z, et al. Different bacteroides species colonise human and chicken intestinal tract. Microorganisms. 2020;8:1483.
Bergin R, Kinlen D, Kedia-Mehta N, Hayes E, Cassidy FC, Cody D, et al. Mucosal-associated invariant T cells are associated with insulin resistance in childhood obesity, and disrupt insulin signalling via IL-17. Diabetologia. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-022-05682-w . Epub ahead of print.
Harms RZ, Lorenzo KM, Corley KP, Cabrera MS, Sarvetnick NE. Altered CD161 bright CD8+ mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT)-like cell dynamics and increased differentiation states among juvenile type 1 diabetics. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0117335.
pubmed: 25625430
pmcid: 4307988
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117335
Brien AO, Kedia-Mehta N, Tobin L, Veerapen N, Besra GS, Shea DO, et al. Targeting mitochondrial dysfunction in MAIT cells limits IL-17 production in obesity. Cell Mol Immunol. 2020;17:1193–5.
pubmed: 32107463
pmcid: 7784973
doi: 10.1038/s41423-020-0375-1
Eckel RH, Kahn SE, Ferrannini E, Goldfine AB, Nathan DM, Schwartz MW, et al. Obesity and type 2 diabetes: what can be unified and what needs to be individualized? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96:1654–63.
pubmed: 21602457
pmcid: 3206399
doi: 10.1210/jc.2011-0585
Agus A, Clement K, Sokol H. Gut microbiota-derived metabolites as central regulators in metabolic disorders. Gut. 2021;70:1174–82.
pubmed: 33272977
doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-323071
Fan Y, Pedersen O. Gut microbiota in human metabolic health and disease. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2021;19:55–71.
pubmed: 32887946
doi: 10.1038/s41579-020-0433-9
Allin KH, Tremaroli V, Caesar R, Jensen B, Damgaard M, Bahl MI, et al. Aberrant intestinal microbiota in individuals with prediabetes. Diabetologia. 2018;61:810–20.
pubmed: 29379988
pmcid: 6448993
doi: 10.1007/s00125-018-4550-1
Boulange CL, Neves AL, Chilloux J, Nicholson JK, Dumas ME. Impact of the gut microbiota on inflammation, obesity, and metabolic disease. Genome Med. 2016;8:42.
pubmed: 27098727
pmcid: 4839080
doi: 10.1186/s13073-016-0303-2
Schirmer M, Smeekens SP, Vlamakis H, Jaeger M, Oosting M, Franzosa EA, et al. Linking the human gut microbiome to inflammatory cytokine production capacity. Cell. 2016;167:1897.
pubmed: 27984736
doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.11.046
von Stebut E, Boehncke WH, Ghoreschi K, Gori T, Kaya Z, Thaci D, et al. IL-17A in psoriasis and beyond: cardiovascular and metabolic implications. Front Immunol. 2019;10:3096.
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03096
Donath MY, Shoelson SE. Type 2 diabetes as an inflammatory disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2011;11:98–107.
pubmed: 21233852
doi: 10.1038/nri2925
Zapata-Gonzalez F, Auguet T, Aragonès G, Guiu-Jurado E, Berlanga A, Martinez S, et al. Interleukin-17A gene expression in morbidly obese women. Int J Mol Sci. 2015;16:17469–81.
pubmed: 26263971
pmcid: 4581203
doi: 10.3390/ijms160817469
Sumarac-Dumanovic M, Stevanovic D, Ljubic A, Jorga J, Simic M, Stamenkovic-Pejkovic D, et al. Increased activity of interleukin-23/interleukin-17 proinflammatory axis in obese women. Int J Obes. 2009;33:151–6.
doi: 10.1038/ijo.2008.216
Cavallari JF, Denou E, Foley KP, Khan WI, Schertzer JD. Different Th17 immunity in gut, liver, and adipose tissues during obesity: the role of diet, genetics, and microbes. Gut Microbes. 2016;7:82–89.
pubmed: 26939856
pmcid: 4856458
doi: 10.1080/19490976.2015.1127481
Endo Y, Asou HK, Matsugae N, Hirahara K, Shinoda K, Tumes DJ, et al. Obesity drives Th17 cell differentiation by inducing the lipid metabolic kinase, ACC1. Cell Rep. 2015;12:1042–55.
pubmed: 26235623
doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.07.014
Ohshima K, Mogi M, Jing F, Iwanami J, Tsukuda K, Min LJ, et al. Roles of interleukin 17 in angiotensin II type 1 receptor-mediated insulin resistance. Hypertension. 2012;59:493–9.
pubmed: 22184328
doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.183178
Gaffen SL, Jain R, Garg AV, Cua DJ. The IL-23-IL-17 immune axis: from mechanisms to therapeutic testing. Nat Rev Immunol. 2014;14:585–600.
pubmed: 25145755
pmcid: 4281037
doi: 10.1038/nri3707
Shinjo T, Iwashita M, Yamashita A, Sano T, Tsuruta M, Matsunaga H, et al. IL-17A synergistically enhances TNFalpha-induced IL-6 and CCL20 production in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2016;477:241–6.
pubmed: 27311858
doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.06.049
Zepp J, Wu L, Li X. IL-17 receptor signaling and T helper 17-mediated autoimmune demyelinating disease. Trends Immunol. 2011;32:232–9.
pubmed: 21493143
pmcid: 3329781
doi: 10.1016/j.it.2011.02.007
Wang Y, Yin Y, Chen X, Zhao Y, Wu Y, Li Y, et al. Induction of intestinal Th17 cells by flagellins from segmented filamentous bacteria. Front Immunol. 2019;10:2750.
pubmed: 31824516
pmcid: 6883716
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02750
Sano T, Kageyama T, Fang V, Kedmi R, Martinez CS, Talbot J, et al. Redundant cytokine requirement for intestinal microbiota-induced Th17 cell differentiation in draining lymph nodes. Cell Rep. 2021;36:109766.
pubmed: 34551308
doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109766
Goto Y, Panea C, Nakato G, Cebula A, Lee C, Diez MG, et al. Segmented filamentous bacteria antigens presented by intestinal dendritic cells drive mucosal Th17 cell differentiation. Immunity. 2014;40:594–607.
pubmed: 24684957
pmcid: 4084624
doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.03.005
Constantinides MG, Link VM, Tamoutounour S, Wong AC, Perez-Chaparro PJ, Han S-J, et al. MAIT cells are imprinted by the microbiota in early life and promote tissue repair. Science 2019;366:eaax6624.
Hendriks J, Gravestein LA, Tesselaar K, van Lier RAW, Schumacher TNM, Borst J. CD27 is required for generation and long-term maintenance of T cell immunity. Nat Immunol. 2000;1:433–40.
pubmed: 11062504
doi: 10.1038/80877
Ahlers JD, Belyakov IM. Memories that last forever: strategies for optimizing vaccine T-cell memory. Blood. 2010;115:1678–89.
pubmed: 19903895
pmcid: 2920202
doi: 10.1182/blood-2009-06-227546
Guerra-Maupome M, Palmer MV, Waters WR, McGill JL. Characterization of gammadelta T cell effector/memory subsets based on CD27 and CD45R expression in response to Mycobacterium bovis. Infect Immunohorizons. 2019;3:208–18.
doi: 10.4049/immunohorizons.1900032
Koay HF, Gherardin NA, Enders A, Loh L, Mackay LK, Almeida CF, et al. A three-stage intrathymic development pathway for the mucosal-associated invariant T cell lineage. Nat Immunol. 2016;17:1300–11.
pubmed: 27668799
doi: 10.1038/ni.3565
Lezmi G, Abou-Taam R, Garcelon N, Dietrich C, Machavoine F, Delacourt C, et al. Evidence for a MAIT-17-high phenotype in children with severe asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2019;144:1714–6 e1716.
pubmed: 31425779
doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.08.003
Gherardin NA, Loh L, Admojo L, Davenport AJ, Richardson K, Rogers A, et al. Enumeration, functional responses and cytotoxic capacity of MAIT cells in newly diagnosed and relapsed multiple myeloma. Sci Rep. 2018;8:4159.
pubmed: 29515123
pmcid: 5841305
doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-22130-1
Tilg H, Zmora N, Adolph TE, Elinav E. The intestinal microbiota fuelling metabolic inflammation. Nat Rev Immunol. 2020;20:40–54.
pubmed: 31388093
doi: 10.1038/s41577-019-0198-4
Cani PD, Amar J, Iglesias MA, Poggi M, Knauf C, Bastelica D, et al. Metabolic endotoxemia initiates obesity and insulin resistance. Diabetes. 2007;56:1761–72.
pubmed: 17456850
doi: 10.2337/db06-1491
Cani PD, Bibiloni R, Knauf C, Waget A, Neyrinck AM, Delzenne NM, et al. Changes in gut microbiota control metabolic endotoxemia-induced inflammation in high-fat diet-induced obesity and diabetes in mice. Diabetes. 2008;57:1470–81.
pubmed: 18305141
doi: 10.2337/db07-1403
Rohr MW, Narasimhulu CA, Rudeski-Rohr TA, Parthasarathy S. Negative effects of a high-fat diet on intestinal permeability: a review. Adv Nutr. 2020;11:77–91.
pubmed: 31268137
Scheithauer TPM, Rampanelli E, Nieuwdorp M, Vallance BA, Verchere CB, van Raalte DH, et al. Gut microbiota as a trigger for metabolic inflammation in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Front Immunol. 2020;11:571731.
pubmed: 33178196
pmcid: 7596417
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.571731
Amar J, Serino M, Lange C, Chabo C, Iacovoni J, Mondot S, et al. Involvement of tissue bacteria in the onset of diabetes in humans: evidence for a concept. Diabetologia. 2011;54:3055–61.
pubmed: 21976140
doi: 10.1007/s00125-011-2329-8
Burcelin R, Serino M, Chabo C, Garidou L, Pomié C, Courtney M, et al. Metagenome and metabolism: the tissue microbiota hypothesis. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2013;15(Suppl 3):61–70.
pubmed: 24003922
doi: 10.1111/dom.12157
Cani PD, Van Hul M. Microbial signatures in metabolic tissues: a novel paradigm for obesity and diabetes? Nat Metab. 2020;2:211–2.
pubmed: 32694773
doi: 10.1038/s42255-020-0182-0
Qin J, Li Y, Cai Z, Li S, Zhu J, Zhang F, et al. A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes. Nature. 2012;490:55–60.
pubmed: 23023125
doi: 10.1038/nature11450
Zhou W, Sailani MR, Contrepois K, Zhou Y, Ahadi S, Leopold SR, et al. Longitudinal multi-omics of host-microbe dynamics in prediabetes. Nature. 2019;569:663–71.
pubmed: 31142858
pmcid: 6666404
doi: 10.1038/s41586-019-1236-x
Turnbaugh PJ, Hamady M, Yatsunenko T, Cantarel BL, Duncan A, Ley RE, et al. A core gut microbiome in obese and lean twins. Nature. 2009;457:480–4.
pubmed: 19043404
doi: 10.1038/nature07540
Ley RE, Bäckhed F, Turnbaugh P, Lozupone CA, Knight RD, Gordon JI. Obesity alters gut microbial ecology. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2005;102:11070–5.
pubmed: 16033867
pmcid: 1176910
doi: 10.1073/pnas.0504978102
Schwiertz A, Taras D, Schäfer K, Beijer S, Bos NA, Donus C, et al. Microbiota and SCFA in lean and overweight healthy subjects. Obesity. 2010;18:190–5.
pubmed: 19498350
doi: 10.1038/oby.2009.167
Ridaura VK, Faith JJ, Rey FE, Cheng J, Duncan AE, Kau AL, et al. Gut microbiota from twins discordant for obesity modulate metabolism in mice. Science. 2013;341:1241214.
pubmed: 24009397
doi: 10.1126/science.1241214
Magnusdottir S, Ravcheev D, de Crecy-Lagard V, Thiele I. Systematic genome assessment of B-vitamin biosynthesis suggests co-operation among gut microbes. Front Genet. 2015;6:148.
pubmed: 25941533
pmcid: 4403557
doi: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00148
Yoshii K, Hosomi K, Sawane K, Kunisawa J. Metabolism of dietary and microbial vitamin B family in the regulation of host immunity. Front Nutr. 2019;6:48.
pubmed: 31058161
pmcid: 6478888
doi: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00048
Kurioka A, Ussher JE, Cosgrove C, Clough C, Fergusson JR, Smith K, et al. MAIT cells are licensed through granzyme exchange to kill bacterially sensitized targets. Mucosal Immunol. 2015;8:429–40.
pubmed: 25269706
doi: 10.1038/mi.2014.81
Sharpe AH, Pauken KE. The diverse functions of the PD1 inhibitory pathway. Nat Rev Immunol. 2018;18:153–67.
pubmed: 28990585
doi: 10.1038/nri.2017.108
Lu Y, Zhong MC, Qian J, Calderon V, Cruz Tleugabulova M, Mallevaey T, et al. SLAM receptors foster iNKT cell development by reducing TCR signal strength after positive selection. Nat Immunol. 2019;20:447–57.
pubmed: 30833791
doi: 10.1038/s41590-019-0334-0
Douzandeh-Mobarrez B, Kariminik A. Gut microbiota and IL-17A: physiological and pathological responses. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins. 2019;11:1–10.
pubmed: 28921400
doi: 10.1007/s12602-017-9329-z
McGeachy MJ, Cua DJ, Gaffen SL. The IL-17 family of cytokines in health and disease. Immunity. 2019;50:892–906.
pubmed: 30995505
pmcid: 6474359
doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.03.021
Naik S, Bouladoux N, Linehan JL, Han SJ, Harrison OJ, Wilhelm C, et al. Commensal-dendritic-cell interaction specifies a unique protective skin immune signature. Nature. 2015;520:104–8.
pubmed: 25539086
pmcid: 4667810
doi: 10.1038/nature14052
Huang C, Chen J, Wang J, Zhou H, Lu Y, Lou L, et al. Dysbiosis of intestinal microbiota and decreased antimicrobial peptide level in paneth cells during hypertriglyceridemia-related acute necrotizing pancreatitis in rats. Front Microbiol. 2017;8:776.
pubmed: 28522995
pmcid: 5415626
doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00776
López P, de Paz B, Rodríguez-Carrio J, Hevia A, Sánchez B, Margolles A, et al. Th17 responses and natural IgM antibodies are related to gut microbiota composition in systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Sci Rep. 2016;6:24072.
pubmed: 27044888
pmcid: 4820712
doi: 10.1038/srep24072
Heimesaat MM, Grundmann U, Alutis ME, Fischer A, Göbel UB, Bereswill S. The IL-23/IL-22/IL-18 axis in murine Campylobacter jejuni infection. Gut Pathog. 2016;8:21.
pubmed: 27385977
pmcid: 4934010
doi: 10.1186/s13099-016-0106-4
Chen J, Wright K, Davis JM, Jeraldo P, Marietta EV, Murray J, et al. An expansion of rare lineage intestinal microbes characterizes rheumatoid arthritis. Genome Med. 2016;8:43.
pubmed: 27102666
pmcid: 4840970
doi: 10.1186/s13073-016-0299-7
Legoux F, Bellet D, Daviaud C, El Morr Y, Darbois A, Niort K, et al. Microbial metabolites control the thymic development of mucosal-associated invariant T cells. Science. 2019;366:494–9.
pubmed: 31467190
doi: 10.1126/science.aaw2719
Salou M, Legoux F, Gilet J, Darbois A, du Halgouet A, Alonso R, et al. A common transcriptomic program acquired in the thymus defines tissue residency of MAIT and NKT subsets. J Exp Med. 2019;216:133–51.
pubmed: 30518599
pmcid: 6314520
doi: 10.1084/jem.20181483
Sobkowiak MJ, Davanian H, Heymann R, Gibbs A, Emgård J, Dias J, et al. Tissue-resident MAIT cell populations in human oral mucosa exhibit an activated profile and produce IL-17. Eur J Immunol. 2019;49:133–43.
pubmed: 30372518
doi: 10.1002/eji.201847759
Violet V, Buggert M, Slichter CK, Berkson JD, Mair F, Addison MM, et al. Human MAIT cells exit peripheral tissues and recirculate via lymph in steady state conditions. JCI Insight. 2018;3:e98487.
Sankar SA, Lagier JC, Pontarotti P, Raoult D, Fournier PE. The human gut microbiome, a taxonomic conundrum. Syst Appl Microbiol. 2015;38:276–86.
pubmed: 25864640
doi: 10.1016/j.syapm.2015.03.004
Fu WL, Xiao GX, Yue XL, Hua C, Lei MP. Tracing method study of bacterial translocation in vivo. World J Gastroenterol. 2000;6:153–5.
pubmed: 11819550
pmcid: 4723590
doi: 10.3748/wjg.v6.i1.153
Natividad JM, Verdu EF. Modulation of intestinal barrier by intestinal microbiota: pathological and therapeutic implications. Pharm Res. 2013;69:42–51.
doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2012.10.007