Early mobilization in spinal cord injury promotes changes in microglial dynamics and recovery of motor function.
BBB score, The Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan locomotor rating scale score
CNS, central nervous system
CSPGs, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans
DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole
EM, early mobilization
Early mobilization
GAP43, growth associated protein 43
GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein
IL1β, interleukin-1β
MMPs, matrix metalloproteinases
Matrix metalloproteinases
Microglia
Motor function
NEM, non-early mobilization
Neuroinflammation
PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
PBST, PBS containing 0.05% Tween 20
PFA, paraformaldehyde
SCI, spinal cord injury
Spinal cord injury
TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α
iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase
tomato lectin, Lycopersicon Esculentum lectin
Journal
IBRO neuroscience reports
ISSN: 2667-2421
Titre abrégé: IBRO Neurosci Rep
Pays: Netherlands
ID NLM: 101775148
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
Jun 2022
Jun 2022
Historique:
received:
11
10
2021
revised:
11
04
2022
accepted:
11
04
2022
entrez:
19
5
2022
pubmed:
20
5
2022
medline:
20
5
2022
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
In the acute phase of spinal cord injury, the initial injury triggers secondary damage due to neuroinflammation, leading to the formation of cavities and glial scars that impair nerve regeneration. Following injuries to the central nervous system, early mobilization promotes the recovery of physical function. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the effects of early mobilization on motor function recovery and neuroinflammation in rats. Early mobilization of rats with complete spinal cord transection resulted in good recovery of hindlimb motor function after 3 weeks. At 1 week after spinal cord injury, the early-mobilized rats expressed fewer inflammatory M1 microglia/macrophages and more anti-inflammatory M2 microglia. In addition, significantly more matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2)-positive cells were observed at the lesion site 1 week after injury in the early-mobilized rats. Multiple labeling studies suggested that many MMP2-positive cells were M2 microglia. MMP9-positive cells that highly co-expressed GFAP were also observed more frequently in the early-mobilized rats. The density of growth-associated protein-positive structures in the lesion center was significantly higher in the early-mobilized rats at 3 weeks after spinal cord injury. The present results suggest that early mobilization after spinal cord injury reduced the production of M1 microglia/macrophages while increasing the production of M2 microglia at the lesion site. Early mobilization might also activate the expression of MMP2 in M2 microglia and MMP9 in astrocytes. These cellular dynamics might suppress neuroinflammation at the lesion site, thereby inhibiting the progression of tissue destruction and promoting nerve regeneration to recover motor function.
Identifiants
pubmed: 35586775
doi: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2022.04.002
pii: S2667-2421(22)00021-5
pmc: PMC9108724
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Pagination
366-376Informations de copyright
© 2022 The Authors.
Déclaration de conflit d'intérêts
None.
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