Advances in nanotechnology-based platforms for survivin-targeted drug discovery.

Due to its unique functional impact on multiple cancer cell circuits including proliferation, apoptosis, tumor dissemination, DNA damage repair, and immune response, the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) survivin has gained high interest as a molecular target and a multitude of therapeutics were developed to interfere with survivin expression and functionality. First clinical evaluations of these therapeutics, however, were disappointing highlighting the need to develop advanced delivery systems of survivin-targeting therapeutics. This review focuses on advancements in nanocarriers to molecularly target survivin in human malignancies. A plethora of nanoparticle platforms, including liposomes, polymeric systems, dendrimers, inorganic nanocarriers, RNA/DNA nanotechnology and exosomes, are discussed in the background of survivin-tailored RNA interference, small molecule inhibitors, dominant negative mutants or survivin vaccination or combined modality treatment with chemotherapeutic drugs and photo-dynamic/photothermal strategies. Novel therapeutic approaches include the use of biocompatible nanoformulations carrying gene silencing or drug molecules to directly or indirectly target proteins, allow for a more precise and controlled delivery of survivin therapeutics. Moreover, surface modification of these nanocarriers may result in a tumor entity-specific delivery. Therefore, nanomedicine exploiting survivin-tailored strategies in a multimodal background is considered the way forward to enhance the development of future personalized medicine.