Statins and the risk of gastric, colorectal, and esophageal cancer incidence and mortality: a cohort study based on data from the Korean national health insurance claims database.
Colorectal cancer
Esophageal cancer
Gastric cancer
Incidence
Mortality
Statin
Journal
Journal of cancer research and clinical oncology
ISSN: 1432-1335
Titre abrégé: J Cancer Res Clin Oncol
Pays: Germany
ID NLM: 7902060
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
Oct 2022
Oct 2022
Historique:
received:
29
01
2022
accepted:
16
05
2022
pubmed:
7
6
2022
medline:
16
9
2022
entrez:
6
6
2022
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
This study investigated the association between the use of statins, the incidence of gastric, colorectal, and esophageal cancers, and mortality between January 2005 and June 2013 in South Korea. We compared patients aged 45-70 years statin users for at least 6 months to non-statin users matched by age and sex, from 2004 to June 2013 using the National Health Insurance database. Main outcomes were gastric, colorectal, and esophageal cancer incidence and mortality. Cox proportional hazard regression was used to calculate the adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) among overall cohort and matched cohort after propensity score matching with a 1:1 ratio. Out of 1,008,101 people, 20,473 incident cancers, 3938 cancer deaths occurred and 7669 incident cancer, 1438 cancer death in matched cohort. The aHRs for the association between the risk of cancers and statin use were 0.7 (95% CI 0.65-0.74) for gastric cancer, 0.73 (95% CI 0.69-0.78) for colorectal cancer, and 0.55 (95% CI 0.43-0.71) for esophageal cancer. There were associations between statin use and decreased gastric cancer mortality (HR 0.46, 95% CI 0.52-0.57), colorectal cancer mortality (HR 0.43, 95% CI 0.36-0.51), and esophageal cancer mortality (HR 0.41, 95% CI 0.27-0.50) in the overall cohort and this pattern was similar in the matched cohort. Statin use for at least 6 months was significantly associated with a lower risk of stomach, colorectal, and esophageal cancer incidence as well as cancer mortality after a diagnosis.
Sections du résumé
BACKGROUND
BACKGROUND
This study investigated the association between the use of statins, the incidence of gastric, colorectal, and esophageal cancers, and mortality between January 2005 and June 2013 in South Korea.
METHODS
METHODS
We compared patients aged 45-70 years statin users for at least 6 months to non-statin users matched by age and sex, from 2004 to June 2013 using the National Health Insurance database. Main outcomes were gastric, colorectal, and esophageal cancer incidence and mortality. Cox proportional hazard regression was used to calculate the adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) among overall cohort and matched cohort after propensity score matching with a 1:1 ratio.
RESULTS
RESULTS
Out of 1,008,101 people, 20,473 incident cancers, 3938 cancer deaths occurred and 7669 incident cancer, 1438 cancer death in matched cohort. The aHRs for the association between the risk of cancers and statin use were 0.7 (95% CI 0.65-0.74) for gastric cancer, 0.73 (95% CI 0.69-0.78) for colorectal cancer, and 0.55 (95% CI 0.43-0.71) for esophageal cancer. There were associations between statin use and decreased gastric cancer mortality (HR 0.46, 95% CI 0.52-0.57), colorectal cancer mortality (HR 0.43, 95% CI 0.36-0.51), and esophageal cancer mortality (HR 0.41, 95% CI 0.27-0.50) in the overall cohort and this pattern was similar in the matched cohort.
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSIONS
Statin use for at least 6 months was significantly associated with a lower risk of stomach, colorectal, and esophageal cancer incidence as well as cancer mortality after a diagnosis.
Identifiants
pubmed: 35660949
doi: 10.1007/s00432-022-04075-1
pii: 10.1007/s00432-022-04075-1
doi:
Substances chimiques
Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors
0
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
2855-2865Informations de copyright
© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
Références
Araghi M, Soerjomataram I, Bardot A, Ferlay J, Cabasag CJ, Morrison DS et al (2019a) Changes in colorectal cancer incidence in seven high-income countries: a population-based study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 4(7):511–518. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(19)30147-5
doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(19)30147-5
pubmed: 31105047
Araghi M, Soerjomataram I, Jenkins M, Brierley J, Morris E, Bray F et al (2019b) Global trends in colorectal cancer mortality: projections to the year 2035. Int J Cancer 144(12):2992–3000. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.32055
doi: 10.1002/ijc.32055
pubmed: 30536395
Araghi M, Arnold M, Rutherford MJ, Guren MG, Cabasag CJ, Bardot A et al (2021) Colon and rectal cancer survival in seven high-income countries 2010–2014: variation by age and stage at diagnosis (the ICBP SURVMARK-2 project). Gut 70(1):114–126. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2020-320625
doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-320625
pubmed: 32482683
Arnold M, Abnet CC, Neale RE, Vignat J, Giovannucci EL, McGlynn KA et al (2020) Global Burden of 5 major types of gastrointestinal cancer. Gastroenterology 159(1):335–349. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2020.02.068
doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.02.068
pubmed: 32247694
Bjerre LM, LeLorier J (2001) Do statins cause cancer? A meta-analysis of large randomized clinical trials. Am J Med 110(9):716–723
doi: 10.1016/S0002-9343(01)00705-7
Blum A, Shamburek R (2009) The pleiotropic effects of statins on endothelial function, vascular inflammation, immunomodulation and thrombogenesis. Atherosclerosis 203(2):325–330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.08.022
doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.08.022
pubmed: 18834985
Bocan TM (2002) Pleiotropic effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 3(9):1312–1317
pubmed: 12498006
Bonovas S, Filioussi K, Tsavaris N, Sitaras NM (2006) Statins and cancer risk: a literature-based meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis of 35 randomized controlled trials. J Clin Oncol 24(30):4808–4817. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2006.06.3560
doi: 10.1200/JCO.2006.06.3560
pubmed: 17001070
Bonovas S, Tsantes A, Drosos T, Sitaras NM (2008) Cancer chemoprevention: a summary of the current evidence. Anticancer Res 28(3B):1857–1866
pubmed: 18630472
Boudreau DM, Yu O, Johnson J (2010) Statin use and cancer risk: a comprehensive review. Expert Opin Drug Saf 9(4):603–621. https://doi.org/10.1517/14740331003662620
doi: 10.1517/14740331003662620
pubmed: 20377474
pmcid: 2910322
Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A (2018) Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 68(6):394–424. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21492
doi: 10.3322/caac.21492
pubmed: 30207593
Cabasag CJ, Arnold M, Pineros M, Morgan E, Brierley J, Hofferkamp J et al (2021) Population-based cancer staging for oesophageal, gastric, and pancreatic cancer 2012–2014: International Cancer Benchmarking Partnership SurvMark-2. Int J Cancer. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.33679
doi: 10.1002/ijc.33679
pubmed: 33990959
Cai H, Zhang G, Wang Z, Luo Z, Zhou X (2015) Relationship between the use of statins and patient survival in colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 10(6):e0126944. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0126944
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126944
pubmed: 26030771
pmcid: 4451009
Center NC (2020) Annual report of cancer statistics in Korea in 2017. Ilsan
Chan TF, Chiu HF, Wu CH, Lin CL, Yang CY (2013) Statin use and the risk of esophageal cancer: a population-based case-control study. Expert Opin Drug Saf 12(3):293–298. https://doi.org/10.1517/14740338.2013.778241
doi: 10.1517/14740338.2013.778241
pubmed: 23470154
Cho MH, Yoo TG, Jeong SM, Shin DW (2021) Association of aspirin, metformin, and statin use with gastric cancer incidence and mortality: a nationwide cohort study. Cancer Prev Res 14(1):95–104. https://doi.org/10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-20-0123
doi: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-20-0123
Coogan PF, Smith J, Rosenberg L (2007) Statin use and risk of colorectal cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 99(1):32–40. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djk003
doi: 10.1093/jnci/djk003
pubmed: 17202111
Cuzick J, Otto F, Baron JA, Brown PH, Burn J, Greenwald P et al (2009) Aspirin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for cancer prevention: an international consensus statement. Lancet Oncol 10(5):501–507. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(09)70035-X
doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(09)70035-X
pubmed: 19410194
Dai YN, Wang JH, Zhu JZ, Lin JQ, Yu CH, Li YM (2015) Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers therapy and colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Causes Control CCC. 26(9):1245–1255. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-015-0617-1
doi: 10.1007/s10552-015-0617-1
pubmed: 26081426
Decensi A, Puntoni M, Goodwin P, Cazzaniga M, Gennari A, Bonanni B et al (2010) Metformin and cancer risk in diabetic patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Prev Res 3(11):1451–1461. https://doi.org/10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-10-0157
doi: 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-10-0157
Deng HY, Lan X, Zheng X, Zha P, Zhou J, Wang RL et al (2019) The association between statin use and survival of esophageal cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine 98(29):e16480. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000016480
doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000016480
pubmed: 31335710
pmcid: 6709309
Elwood PC, Gallagher AM, Duthie GG, Mur LA, Morgan G (2009) Aspirin, salicylates, and cancer. Lancet 373(9671):1301–1309. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60243-9
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60243-9
pubmed: 19328542
Farooqi MAM, Malhotra N, Mukherjee SD, Sanger S, Dhesy-Thind SK, Ellis P, et al. Statin therapy in the treatment of active cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS One. 2018;13(12):e0209486. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209486 . PubMed PMID: 30571754; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6301687 following competing interests: DPL has served on advisory boards for Janssen Pharmaceuticals, and Ferring Pharmaceuticals, and has received consultancy fees from Novartis Pharmaceuticals. SDM has served on the advisory boards of and has received consulting fees from Merck, Roche, Astellas, Pfizer, Bayer and Sanofi-Aventis. SDT has served on advisory boards of and has received consulting fees from Novartis. PE has received honoraria from Abbvie and Astra Zeneca. All remaining authors have declared no conflicts of interest. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials. There is no restriction on the sharing of this data and/or materials
Ferlay J, Colombet M, Soerjomataram I, Mathers C, Parkin DM, Pineros M et al (2019) Estimating the global cancer incidence and mortality in 2018: GLOBOCAN sources and methods. Int J Cancer 144(8):1941–1953. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.31937
doi: 10.1002/ijc.31937
pubmed: 30350310
Fransgaard T, Thygesen LC, Gogenur I (2018) Statin use is not associated with improved 30-day survival in patients undergoing surgery for colorectal cancer. Int J Colorectal Dis 33(2):199–207. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00384-017-2947-9
doi: 10.1007/s00384-017-2947-9
pubmed: 29270783
Gleiss A, Oberbauer R, Heinze G (2018) An unjustified benefit: immortal time bias in the analysis of time-dependent events. Transplant Int 31(2):125–130. https://doi.org/10.1111/tri.13081
doi: 10.1111/tri.13081
Gray RT, Coleman HG, Hughes C, Murray LJ, Cardwell CR (2016) Statin use and survival in colorectal cancer: results from a population-based cohort study and an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol 45:71–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canep.2016.10.004
doi: 10.1016/j.canep.2016.10.004
pubmed: 27750068
Hamada T, Khalaf N, Yuan C, Babic A, Morales-Oyarvide V, Qian ZR et al (2018) Statin use and pancreatic cancer risk in two prospective cohort studies. J Gastroenterol 53(8):959–966. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00535-018-1430-x
doi: 10.1007/s00535-018-1430-x
pubmed: 29362938
pmcid: 7609961
Ibanez-Sanz G, Guino E, Pontes C, Quijada-Manuitt MA, de la Pena-Negro LC, Aragon M et al (2019) Statin use and the risk of colorectal cancer in a population-based electronic health records study. Sci Rep 9(1):13560. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-49877-5
doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-49877-5
pubmed: 31537841
pmcid: 6753123
Insitutute S, editor (2001) Reducing bias in a propensity score matched-pair sample using greedy matching techniques. Proceedings of the Twenty-sixth Annual SAS Users Group International Conference
Jeong GH, Lee KH, Kim JY, Eisenhut M, Kronbichler A, van der Vliet HJ et al (2019) Effect of statin on cancer incidence: an umbrella systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Med. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8060819
doi: 10.3390/jcm8060819
pubmed: 31771253
pmcid: 6947085
Jeong GH, Lee KH, Kim JY, Eisenhut M, Kronbichler A, van der Vliet HJ et al (2020) Statin and cancer mortality and survival: an umbrella systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Med. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9020326
doi: 10.3390/jcm9020326
pubmed: 33396842
pmcid: 7794699
Jung KW, Won YJ, Kong HJ, Lee ES (2019) Cancer statistics in Korea: incidence, mortality, survival, and prevalence in 2016. Cancer Res Treatment 51(2):417–430. https://doi.org/10.4143/crt.2019.138
doi: 10.4143/crt.2019.138
Konstantinopoulos PA, Karamouzis MV, Papavassiliou AG (2007) Post-translational modifications and regulation of the RAS superfamily of GTPases as anticancer targets. Nat Rev Drug Discovery 6(7):541–555. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd2221
doi: 10.1038/nrd2221
pubmed: 17585331
Korea S (2015) Cause of Death Statistics. Daejeon
Kuoppala J, Lamminpaa A, Pukkala E (2008) Statins and cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer 44(15):2122–2132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2008.06.025
doi: 10.1016/j.ejca.2008.06.025
pubmed: 18707867
Kwon TJ, Kim TJ, Lee H, Min YW, Min BH, Lee JH et al (2021) Statin use decreases the risk of metachronous gastric cancer in patients without helicobacter pylori infection. Cancers. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13051020
doi: 10.3390/cancers13051020
pubmed: 34638310
pmcid: 8508364
Lai SW, Kuo YH, Liao KF (2020) Statin therapy and gastric cancer death. Postgrad Med J 96(1133):178. https://doi.org/10.1136/postgradmedj-2019-136994
doi: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2019-136994
pubmed: 31446396
Lakha F, Theodoratou E, Farrington SM, Tenesa A, Cetnarskyj R, Din FV et al (2012) Statin use and association with colorectal cancer survival and risk: case control study with prescription data linkage. BMC Cancer 12:487. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2407-12-487
doi: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-487
pubmed: 23088590
pmcid: 3520719
Lash TL, Riis AH, Ostenfeld EB, Erichsen R, Vyberg M, Ahern TP et al (2017) Associations of statin use with colorectal cancer recurrence and mortality in a Danish Cohort. Am J Epidemiol 186(6):679–687. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kww245
doi: 10.1093/aje/kww245
pubmed: 28338891
Lee JW, You NY, Kim Y, Kim Y, Kim J, Kang HT (2019) Statin use and site-specific risk of colorectal cancer in individuals with hypercholesterolemia from the National Health Insurance Service-National Health Screening Cohort (NHIS-HEALS). Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 29(7):701–709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2019.04.002
doi: 10.1016/j.numecd.2019.04.002
pubmed: 31133496
Levesque LE, Hanley JA, Kezouh A, Suissa S (2010) Problem of immortal time bias in cohort studies: example using statins for preventing progression of diabetes. BMJ 340:b5087. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.b5087
doi: 10.1136/bmj.b5087
pubmed: 20228141
Li Y, He X, Ding Y, Chen H, Sun L (2019) Statin uses and mortality in colorectal cancer patients: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Med 8(6):3305–3313. https://doi.org/10.1002/cam4.2151
doi: 10.1002/cam4.2151
pubmed: 31069997
pmcid: 6558478
Ling Y, Yang L, Huang H, Hu X, Zhao C, Huang H et al (2015) Prognostic significance of statin use in colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine 94(25):e908. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000000908
doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000000908
pubmed: 26107680
pmcid: 4504590
Liu Y, Tang W, Wang J, Xie L, Li T, He Y et al (2014) Association between statin use and colorectal cancer risk: a meta-analysis of 42 studies. Cancer Causes Control 25(2):237–249. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-013-0326-6
doi: 10.1007/s10552-013-0326-6
pubmed: 24265089
Liu HW, Bian SY, Zhu QW, Zhao YX (2016) Cancer risk in older people receiving statin therapy: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Geriatric Cardiol JGC 13(8):693–700. https://doi.org/10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2016.08.008
doi: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2016.08.008
pubmed: 27781060
Mc Menamin ÚC, Murray LJ, Hughes CM, Cardwell CR (2016) Statin use and breast cancer survival: a nationwide cohort study in Scotland. BMC Cancer. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-016-2651-0
doi: 10.1186/s12885-016-2651-0
pubmed: 27491389
pmcid: 4973520
Mekuria AN, Ayele Y, Tola A, Mishore KM (2019) Monotherapy with metformin versus sulfonylureas and risk of cancer in type 2 diabetic patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Diabetes Res 2019:7676909. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/7676909
doi: 10.1155/2019/7676909
pubmed: 31828167
pmcid: 6885827
Morgan E, Soerjomataram I, Gavin AT, Rutherford MJ, Gatenby P, Bardot A et al (2021) International trends in oesophageal cancer survival by histological subtype between 1995 and 2014. Gut 70(2):234–242. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2020-321089
doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-321089
pubmed: 32554620
Osmak M (2012) Statins and cancer: current and future prospects. Cancer Lett 324(1):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2012.04.011
doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.04.011
pubmed: 22542807
Park D, Lee H, Kim DS (2021) High-cost users of prescription drugs: national health insurance data from South Korea. J General Internal Med. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-021-07165-x
doi: 10.1007/s11606-021-07165-x
Pilleron S, Soto-Perez-de-Celis E, Vignat J, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Bray F et al (2021) Estimated global cancer incidence in the oldest adults in 2018 and projections to 2050. Int J Cancer 148(3):601–608. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.33232
doi: 10.1002/ijc.33232
pubmed: 32706917
Rothwell PM, Price JF, Fowkes FG, Zanchetti A, Roncaglioni MC, Tognoni G et al (2012) Short-term effects of daily aspirin on cancer incidence, mortality, and non-vascular death: analysis of the time course of risks and benefits in 51 randomised controlled trials. Lancet 379(9826):1602–1612. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61720-0
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61720-0
pubmed: 22440946
Shao YY, Hsu CH, Yeh KH, Chen HM, Yeh YC, Lai CL et al (2015) Statin use is associated with improved prognosis of colorectal cancer in Taiwan. Clin Colorectal Cancer 14(3):177–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clcc.2015.02.003
doi: 10.1016/j.clcc.2015.02.003
pubmed: 25770059
Shaw SM, Fildes JE, Yonan N, Williams SG (2009) Pleiotropic effects and cholesterol-lowering therapy. Cardiology 112(1):4–12. https://doi.org/10.1159/000137692
doi: 10.1159/000137692
pubmed: 18577880
Siegel RL, Torre LA, Soerjomataram I, Hayes RB, Bray F, Weber TK et al (2019) Global patterns and trends in colorectal cancer incidence in young adults. Gut 68(12):2179–2185. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2019-319511
doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2019-319511
pubmed: 31488504
Singh PP, Singh S (2013) Statins are associated with reduced risk of gastric cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Oncol 24(7):1721–1730. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdt150
doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdt150
pubmed: 23599253
Sleijfer S, van der Gaast A, Planting AS, Stoter G, Verweij J (2005) The potential of statins as part of anti-cancer treatment. Eur J Cancer 41(4):516–522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2004.12.009
doi: 10.1016/j.ejca.2004.12.009
pubmed: 15737555
Steliarova-Foucher E, Fidler MM, Colombet M, Lacour B, Kaatsch P, Pineros M et al (2018) Changing geographical patterns and trends in cancer incidence in children and adolescents in Europe, 1991–2010 (Automated Childhood Cancer Information System): a population-based study. Lancet Oncol 19(9):1159–1169. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(18)30423-6
doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(18)30423-6
pubmed: 30098952
pmcid: 6120055
Suissa S (2008) Immortal time bias in pharmaco-epidemiology. Am J Epidemiol 167(4):492–499. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwm324
doi: 10.1093/aje/kwm324
pubmed: 18056625
Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A et al (2021) Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin 71(3):209–249. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21660
doi: 10.3322/caac.21660
pubmed: 33538338
Tsan YT, Lee CH, Wang JD, Chen PC (2012) Statins and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with hepatitis B virus infection. J Clin Oncol 30(6):623–630. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2011.36.0917
doi: 10.1200/JCO.2011.36.0917
pubmed: 22271485
Tsan YT, Lee CH, Ho WC, Lin MH, Wang JD, Chen PC (2013) Statins and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with hepatitis C virus infection. J Clin Oncol 31(12):1514–1521. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2012.44.6831
doi: 10.1200/JCO.2012.44.6831
pubmed: 23509319
Voorneveld PW, Reimers MS, Bastiaannet E, Jacobs RJ, van Eijk R, Zanders MMJ et al (2017) Statin use after diagnosis of colon cancer and patient survival. Gastroenterology 153(2):470–479. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2017.05.011
doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.05.011
pubmed: 28512021
Wang CY, Liu PY, Liao JK (2008) Pleiotropic effects of statin therapy: molecular mechanisms and clinical results. Trends Mol Med 14(1):37–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molmed.2007.11.004
doi: 10.1016/j.molmed.2007.11.004
pubmed: 18068482
pmcid: 2621332
You HS, You N, Lee JW, Lim HJ, Kim J, Kang HT (2020) Inverse Association between Statin Use and Stomach Cancer Incidence in Individuals with Hypercholesterolemia, from the 2002–2015 NHIS-HEALS Data. Int J Environ Res Public Health. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17031054
doi: 10.3390/ijerph17031054
pubmed: 33266117
pmcid: 7730533
Zhao YT, Li PY, Zhang JQ, Wang L, Yi Z (2016) Angiotensin II receptor blockers and cancer risk: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Medicine 95(18):e3600. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000003600
doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000003600
pubmed: 27149494
pmcid: 4863811
Zhong S, Zhang X, Chen L, Ma T, Tang J, Zhao J (2015) Statin use and mortality in cancer patients: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Cancer Treat Rev 41(6):554–567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctrv.2015.04.005
doi: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2015.04.005
pubmed: 25890842
Zhou C, Zhong X, Gao P, Wu Z, Shi J, Guo Z et al (2019) Statin use and its potential therapeutic role in esophageal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Manage Res 11:5655–5663. https://doi.org/10.2147/CMAR.S193945
doi: 10.2147/CMAR.S193945