Global Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Cerebral Venous Thrombosis and Mortality.

COVID-19 Cerebral venous thrombosis Mortality SARS-CoV-2 Stroke Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia

Journal

Journal of stroke
ISSN: 2287-6391
Titre abrégé: J Stroke
Pays: Korea (South)
ID NLM: 101602023

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
05 2022
Historique:
received: 25 02 2022
accepted: 15 04 2022
entrez: 9 6 2022
pubmed: 10 6 2022
medline: 10 6 2022
Statut: ppublish

Résumé

Recent studies suggested an increased incidence of cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. We evaluated the volume of CVT hospitalization and in-hospital mortality during the 1st year of the COVID-19 pandemic compared to the preceding year. We conducted a cross-sectional retrospective study of 171 stroke centers from 49 countries. We recorded COVID-19 admission volumes, CVT hospitalization, and CVT in-hospital mortality from January 1, 2019, to May 31, 2021. CVT diagnoses were identified by International Classification of Disease-10 (ICD-10) codes or stroke databases. We additionally sought to compare the same metrics in the first 5 months of 2021 compared to the corresponding months in 2019 and 2020 (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04934020). There were 2,313 CVT admissions across the 1-year pre-pandemic (2019) and pandemic year (2020); no differences in CVT volume or CVT mortality were observed. During the first 5 months of 2021, there was an increase in CVT volumes compared to 2019 (27.5%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 24.2 to 32.0; P<0.0001) and 2020 (41.4%; 95% CI, 37.0 to 46.0; P<0.0001). A COVID-19 diagnosis was present in 7.6% (132/1,738) of CVT hospitalizations. CVT was present in 0.04% (103/292,080) of COVID-19 hospitalizations. During the first pandemic year, CVT mortality was higher in patients who were COVID positive compared to COVID negative patients (8/53 [15.0%] vs. 41/910 [4.5%], P=0.004). There was an increase in CVT mortality during the first 5 months of pandemic years 2020 and 2021 compared to the first 5 months of the pre-pandemic year 2019 (2019 vs. 2020: 2.26% vs. 4.74%, P=0.05; 2019 vs. 2021: 2.26% vs. 4.99%, P=0.03). In the first 5 months of 2021, there were 26 cases of vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT), resulting in six deaths. During the 1st year of the COVID-19 pandemic, CVT hospitalization volume and CVT in-hospital mortality did not change compared to the prior year. COVID-19 diagnosis was associated with higher CVT in-hospital mortality. During the first 5 months of 2021, there was an increase in CVT hospitalization volume and increase in CVT-related mortality, partially attributable to VITT.

Sections du résumé

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
Recent studies suggested an increased incidence of cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. We evaluated the volume of CVT hospitalization and in-hospital mortality during the 1st year of the COVID-19 pandemic compared to the preceding year.
METHODS
We conducted a cross-sectional retrospective study of 171 stroke centers from 49 countries. We recorded COVID-19 admission volumes, CVT hospitalization, and CVT in-hospital mortality from January 1, 2019, to May 31, 2021. CVT diagnoses were identified by International Classification of Disease-10 (ICD-10) codes or stroke databases. We additionally sought to compare the same metrics in the first 5 months of 2021 compared to the corresponding months in 2019 and 2020 (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04934020).
RESULTS
There were 2,313 CVT admissions across the 1-year pre-pandemic (2019) and pandemic year (2020); no differences in CVT volume or CVT mortality were observed. During the first 5 months of 2021, there was an increase in CVT volumes compared to 2019 (27.5%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 24.2 to 32.0; P<0.0001) and 2020 (41.4%; 95% CI, 37.0 to 46.0; P<0.0001). A COVID-19 diagnosis was present in 7.6% (132/1,738) of CVT hospitalizations. CVT was present in 0.04% (103/292,080) of COVID-19 hospitalizations. During the first pandemic year, CVT mortality was higher in patients who were COVID positive compared to COVID negative patients (8/53 [15.0%] vs. 41/910 [4.5%], P=0.004). There was an increase in CVT mortality during the first 5 months of pandemic years 2020 and 2021 compared to the first 5 months of the pre-pandemic year 2019 (2019 vs. 2020: 2.26% vs. 4.74%, P=0.05; 2019 vs. 2021: 2.26% vs. 4.99%, P=0.03). In the first 5 months of 2021, there were 26 cases of vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT), resulting in six deaths.
CONCLUSIONS
During the 1st year of the COVID-19 pandemic, CVT hospitalization volume and CVT in-hospital mortality did not change compared to the prior year. COVID-19 diagnosis was associated with higher CVT in-hospital mortality. During the first 5 months of 2021, there was an increase in CVT hospitalization volume and increase in CVT-related mortality, partially attributable to VITT.

Identifiants

pubmed: 35677980
pii: jos.2022.00752
doi: 10.5853/jos.2022.00752
pmc: PMC9194544
doi:

Banques de données

ClinicalTrials.gov
['NCT04934020']

Types de publication

Journal Article

Langues

eng

Pagination

256-265

Subventions

Organisme : Transilvania University Brasov
Organisme : COST Association
ID : CA18118
Organisme : Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports
ID : LTC20051
Organisme : CZECRIN Large Research Infrastructure
ID : LM2018128
Organisme : Medtronic
Organisme : SVIN
Organisme : Stryker
Organisme : IschemiaView
Organisme : Viz.ai
Organisme : Siemens Foundation
Organisme : National C-VASC COVID-19 Study
Organisme : National Program of Sustainability
ID : LQ1605
Organisme : Bristol-Myers Squibb
Organisme : Medtronic
Organisme : Cerenovus
Organisme : Penumbra
Organisme : Genentech

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Auteurs

Thanh N Nguyen (TN)

Department of Neurology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
Department of Radiology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.

Muhammad M Qureshi (MM)

Department of Radiology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
Department of Radiation Oncology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.

Piers Klein (P)

Department of Neurology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
Department of Radiology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.

Hiroshi Yamagami (H)

Department of Stroke Neurology, National Hospital Organization, Osaka National Hospital, Osaka, Japan.

Mohamad Abdalkader (M)

Department of Radiology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.

Robert Mikulik (R)

Department of Neurology, International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.

Anvitha Sathya (A)

Department of Neurology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
Department of Radiology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.

Ossama Yassin Mansour (OY)

Department of Neurology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.

Anna Czlonkowska (A)

2nd Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland.

Hannah Lo (H)

Department of Neurology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
Department of Radiology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.

Thalia S Field (TS)

Division of Neurology, Dept. Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.

Andreas Charidimou (A)

Department of Neurology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.

Soma Banerjee (S)

Department of Stroke Medicine, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK.

Shadi Yaghi (S)

Department of Neurology, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.

James E Siegler (JE)

Department of Neurology, Cooper University, Camden, NJ, USA.

Petra Sedova (P)

Department of Neurology, International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.

Joseph Kwan (J)

Department of Stroke Medicine, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK.

Diana Aguiar de Sousa (DA)

Department of Neurology, Hospital de Santa Maria, North Lisbon University Hospital Center (CHULN), Lisbon, Portugal.

Jelle Demeestere (J)

Neurology Department, Leuven University Hospital, Leuven, Belgium.

Violiza Inoa (V)

Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.

Setareh Salehi Omran (SS)

Department of Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.

Liqun Zhang (L)

Department of Neurology St George's University Hospital, London, UK.

Patrik Michel (P)

Department of Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.

Davide Strambo (D)

Department of Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.

João Pedro Marto (JP)

Department of Neurology, Egas Moniz Hospital, West Lisbon Hospital Center (CHLO), Lisbon, Portugal.

Raul G Nogueira (RG)

Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.

Espen Saxhaug Kristoffersen (ES)

Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, University of Oslo, Lørenskog, Norway.
Department of General Practice, University of Oslo.

Georgios Tsivgoulis (G)

Second Department of Neurology, "Attikon" University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.

Virginia Pujol Lereis (VP)

Division de Neurologia Vascular, Departmento de Neurologia, Institute for Neurological Research - FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Alice Ma (A)

Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia.

Christian Enzinger (C)

Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.

Thomas Gattringer (T)

Department of Neurology and Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.

Aminur Rahman (A)

Department of Neurology, Sir Salimullah Medical College, Mitford, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Thomas Bonnet (T)

Hopital Erasme, Brussels, Belgium.

Noémie Ligot (N)

Hopital Erasme, Brussels, Belgium.

Sylvie De Raedt (S)

Department of Neurology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Center for Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.

Robin Lemmens (R)

Neurology Department, Leuven University Hospital, Leuven, Belgium.

Peter Vanacker (P)

Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
Department of Translational Neuroscience, University of Antwerp, Belgium.

Fenne Vandervorst (F)

Department of Neurology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Center for Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.

Adriana Bastos Conforto (AB)

Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo University, São Paulo , Brazil.

Raquel C T Hidalgo (RCT)

Department of Neurology and Interventional Neuroradiology, Hospital de Base de São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.

Daissy Liliana Mora Cuervo (DL)

Moinhos de Vento Hospital, Brazil, Porto Alegre, Brazil.

Luciana de Oliveira Neves (L)

Hospital São Carlos, Brazil, Fortaleza, Brazil.

Isabelle Lameirinhas da Silva (I)

Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo University, São Paulo , Brazil.

Rodrigo Targa Martíns (RT)

Stroke Unit, Neurology, Nossa Senhora da Conceição Hospital, Porto Alegre, Brazil.

Letícia C Rebello (LC)

Hospital de Base do Distrito Federal, Brasilia, Brazil.

Igor Bessa Santiago (IB)

Hospital São Carlos, Brazil, Fortaleza, Brazil.

Teodora Sakelarova (T)

St. Anna University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria.

Rosen Kalpachki (R)

St. Anna University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria.

Filip Alexiev (F)

St. Anna University Hospital, Sofia, Bulgaria.

Elena Adela Cora (EA)

Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Halifax Infirmary, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada.

Michael E Kelly (ME)

Royal University Hospital, Saskatoon, Canada.

Lissa Peeling (L)

Royal University Hospital, Saskatoon, Canada.

Aleksandra Pikula (A)

Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.

Hui-Sheng Chen (HS)

Department of Neurology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shen Yang, China.

Yimin Chen (Y)

Department of Neurology, Foshan Sanshui District People's Hospital, Foshan, China.

Shuiquan Yang (S)

Department of Neurology, Foshan Sanshui District People's Hospital, Foshan, China.

Marina Roje Bedekovic (M)

Department of Neurology, Sestre Milosrdnice University Hospital Center, Croatia, Zagreb, Croatia.

Martin Čabal (M)

Department of Neurology, Faculty Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic.

Dusan Tenora (D)

Department of Neurology, Blansko Hospital, Czech Republic, Blansko, Czech Republic.

Petr Fibrich (P)

Oblastní nemocnice Trutnov a.s., Trutnov, Czech Republic.

Pavel Dušek (P)

Department of Neurology and Centre of Clinical Neuroscience, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.

Helena Hlaváčová (H)

Neurology, Hospital Příbram, Příbram, Czech Republic.

Emanuela Hrabanovska (E)

Uherskohradišťská Hospital, Uherské Hradiště, Czech Republic.

Lubomír Jurák (L)

Neurocenter, Regional Hospital Liberec, Liberec, Czech Republic.

Jana Kadlčíková (J)

Neurology, Hospital Vyskov, Vyskov, Czech Republic.

Igor Karpowicz (I)

Regional Hospital Karlovy Vary, Karlovy Vary, Czech Republic.

Lukáš Klečka (L)

Municipal Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic.

Martin Kovář (M)

Na Homolce Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.

Jiří Neumann (J)

Department of Neurology, Krajská zdravotní-Hospital Chomutov, Chomutov, Czech Republic.

Hana Paloušková (H)

Karvina Mining Hospital, Czech Republic, Karvina, Czech Republic.

Martin Reiser (M)

Neurology, České Budejovice Hospital, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.

Vladimir Rohan (V)

Department of Neurology, University Hospital Plzen, Plzen, Czech Republic.

Libor Šimůnek (L)

Department of Neurology, Comprehensive Stroke Center, Charles University Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.

Ondreij Skoda (O)

Department of Neurology, Hospital Jihlava, Jihlava, Czech Republic.

Miroslav Škorňa (M)

Department of Neurology, Masaryk University Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.

Martin Šrámek (M)

Central Military Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.

Nicolas Drenck (N)

Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.

Khalid Sobh (K)

El hussein Alzahar University Hospital, Cairo, Egypt.

Emilie Lesaine (E)

Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Bordeaux, INSERM, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, CIC-EC 14-01, Bordeaux, France.

Candice Sabben (C)

Department of Neurology, Rothschild Foundation Hospital, Paris, France.

Peggy Reiner (P)

Lariboisiere Hospital, Paris, France.

Francois Rouanet (F)

Bordeaux University Hospital Neurology, Stroke Unit, Bordeaux, France.

Daniel Strbian (D)

Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.

Stefan Boskamp (S)

Department of Neurology, Albertinen Krankenhaus, Hamburg, Germany.

Joshua Mbroh (J)

Department of Neurology & Stroke, Eberhard-Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany.
Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany.

Simon Nagel (S)

Department of Neurology, Klinikum Ludwigshafen, Ludwigshafen/Rhein, Germany.
Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.

Michael Rosenkranz (M)

Department of Neurology, Albertinen Krankenhaus, Hamburg, Germany.

Sven Poli (S)

Department of Neurology & Stroke, Eberhard-Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany.
Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany.

Götz Thomalla (G)

Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie, Hamburg, Germany.

Theodoros Karapanayiotides (T)

2nd Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Thessaloniki, Greece.

Ioanna Koutroulou (I)

2nd Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Thessaloniki, Greece.

Odysseas Kargiotis (O)

Stroke Unit, Metropolitan Hospital, Piraeus, Greece.

Lina Palaiodimou (L)

Second Department of Neurology, "Attikon" University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.

José Dominguo Barrientos Guerra (JD)

Hospital General San Juan de Dios, Guatemala City, Guatemala.

Vikram Huded (V)

Mazumdar Shaw Medical Center, Bangalore, India.

Shashank Nagendra (S)

Department of Neurology, Grant Medical College and Sir JJ Hospital, Mumbai, India.

Chintan Prajapati (C)

Mazumdar Shaw Medical Center, Bangalore, India.

P N Sylaja (PN)

Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Kerala, India.

Achmad Firdaus Sani (AF)

Dr. Soetomo General Hospital Surabaya, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.

Abdoreza Ghoreishi (A)

Department of Neurology, Vali-e-Asr Hospital, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.

Mehdi Farhoudi (M)

Neurosciences Research Center, Imam Reza Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.

Elyar Sadeghi Hokmabadi (E)

Neurosciences Research Center, Imam Reza Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.

Mazyar Hashemilar (M)

Neurosciences Research Center, Razi Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.

Sergiu Ionut Sabetay (SI)

Neurology Department, Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera, Israel.

Fadi Rahal (F)

Hillel Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera, Israel.

Maurizio Acampa (M)

Stroke Unit, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.

Alessandro Adami (A)

Stroke Center IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria, Verona, Italy.

Marco Longoni (M)

Neurology and Stroke Unit, Ospedale Bufalini, Cesena, Italy.

Raffaele Ornello (R)

Neuroscience Section, Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.

Leonardo Renieri (L)

Interventional Neurovascular Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy.

Michele Romoli (M)

Neurology and Stroke Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Bufalini Hospital, Cesena, Italy.

Simona Sacco (S)

Neuroscience Section, Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.

Andrea Salmaggi (A)

Neurological Department, "Alessandro Manzoni" Hospital, ASST Lecco, Via dell'Eremo 9/11, Lecco, Italy.

Davide Sangalli (D)

Neurological Department, "Alessandro Manzoni" Hospital, ASST Lecco, Via dell'Eremo 9/11, Lecco, Italy.

Andrea Zini (A)

IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Neurologia e Rete Stroke Metropolitana, Bologna, Italy.

Kenichiro Sakai (K)

Department of Neurology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.

Hiroki Fukuda (H)

Department of Neurology, Japanese Red Cross Matsue Hospital, Matsue, Japan.

Kyohei Fujita (K)

Department of Endovascular Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.

Hirotoshi Imamura (H)

Department of Neurosurgery, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Japan.

Miyake Kosuke (M)

Shiroyama Hospital, Shiroyama, Japan.

Manabu Sakaguchi (M)

Department of Neurology, Osaka General Medical Center, Osaka, Japan.

Kazutaka Sonoda (K)

Department of Neurology, Saiseikai Fukuoka General Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan.

Yuji Matsumaru (Y)

Department of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Tskukuba, Japan.

Nobuyuki Ohara (N)

Department of Neurology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe City, Japan.

Seigo Shindo (S)

Department of Neurology, Japanese Red Cross Kumamoto Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan.

Yohei Takenobu (Y)

Osaka Red Cross Hospital, Osaka, Japan.

Takeshi Yoshimoto (T)

Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan.

Kazunori Toyoda (K)

Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan.

Takeshi Uwatoko (T)

Cerebrovascular Medicine, Stroke Center, Saga Medical Centre Koseikan, Saga, Japan.

Nobuyuki Sakai (N)

Department of Neurosurgery, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Japan.

Nobuaki Yamamoto (N)

Advanced Brain Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan.

Ryoo Yamamoto (R)

Yokohama Brain and Spine Center, Yokohama, Japan.

Yukako Yazawa (Y)

Department of Stroke Neurology, Kohnan Hospital, Sendai, Japan.

Yuri Sugiura (Y)

Toyonaka Municipal Hospital, Toyonaka, Japan.

Jang-Hyun Baek (JH)

Department of Neurology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.

Si Baek Lee (SB)

Department of Neurology, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Uijeongbu, South Korea.

Kwon-Duk Seo (KD)

Department of Neurology, National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, South Korea.

Sung-Il Sohn (SI)

Department of Neurology, Keimyung University Dongsan Hospital, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, South Korea.

Jin Soo Lee (JS)

Department of Neurology, Ajou University Hospital, Ajou, South Korea.

Anita Ante Arsovska (AA)

Department of Urgent Neurology, University Clinic of Neurology, University Ss. Cyril and Methodius-Faculty of Medicine, Skopje, North Macedonia.

Chan Yong Chieh (CY)

Hospital Sultan Abdul Halim, Sungai Petani, Malaysia.

Wan Asyraf Wan Zaidi (WA)

Department of Medicine, National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Wan Nur Nafisah Wan Yahya (WNN)

Department of Medicine, Pusat Perubatan Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Fernando Gongora-Rivera (F)

Neurovascular Unit and Neurology Department, University Hospital Jose Eleuterio Gonzalez, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Mexico.

Manuel Martinez-Marino (M)

Department of Neurology, Hospital de especialidades del Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico.

Adrian Infante-Valenzuela (A)

Neurovascular Unit and Neurology Department, University Hospital Jose Eleuterio Gonzalez, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Monterrey, Mexico.

Diederik Dippel (D)

Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands.

Dianne H K van Dam-Nolen (DHK)

Department of Neurology, Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands.

Teddy Y Wu (TY)

Department of Neurology, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand.

Martin Punter (M)

Wellington Regional Hospital, Capital and Coast District Health Board, Wellington, New Zealand.
Department of Medicine, University of Otago.

Tajudeen Temitayo Adebayo (TT)

Department of Medical Records, Federal Medical Centre, Owo, Nigeria.

Abiodun H Bello (AH)

Neurology Unit, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.

Taofiki Ajao Sunmonu (TA)

Department of Medicine, Federal Medical Centre Owerri, Neurology Unit, Federal Medical Centre, Owerri, Nigeria.

Kolawole Wasiu Wahab (KW)

Neurology Unit, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.

Antje Sundseth (A)

Department of Neurology, Akershus University Hospital, University of Oslo, Lørenskog, Norway.

Amal M Al Hashmi (AM)

Central Stroke Unit, Neuroscience Directorate, Khoula Hospital, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman.

Saima Ahmad (S)

Lahore General Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan.

Umair Rashid (U)

Lahore General Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan.

Liliana Rodriguez-Kadota (L)

Departamento de Neurología, Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Essalud, Lima, Peru.

Miguel Ángel Vences (MÁ)

Departamento de Neurología, Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Essalud, Lima, Peru.

Patrick Matic Yalung (PM)

St. Luke's Medical Center, Global City, Philippines.

Jon Stewart Hao Dy (JSH)

St. Luke's Medical Center, Global City, Philippines.

Waldemar Brola (W)

Department of Neurology, Specialist Hospital Konskie, Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland.

Aleksander Dębiec (A)

Clinic of Neurology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland.

Malgorzata Dorobek (M)

Department of Neurology, Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of Interior and Administration, Warsaw, Poland.

Michal Adam Karlinski (MA)

2nd Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland.

Beata M Labuz-Roszak (BM)

Department of Neurology, St. Jadwiga Provincial Specialist Hospital in Opole, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Opole, Opole, Poland.

Anetta Lasek-Bal (A)

Department of Neurology, Leszek Giec Upper Silesian Medical Centre of the Silesian Medical University in Katowice, School of Health Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland.

Halina Sienkiewicz-Jarosz (H)

1st Department of Neurology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warsaw, Poland.

Jacek Staszewski (J)

Clinic of Neurology, Military Institute of Medicine, Szasero 128, Warsaw, Poland.

Piotr Sobolewski (P)

Department of Neurology in Sandomierz, Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, Sandomierz, Poland.

Marcin Wiącek (M)

Department of Neurology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszow University, Rzeszow, Poland.

Justyna Zielinska-Turek (J)

Department of Neurology, Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of Interior and Administration, Warsaw, Poland.
Department of Neurology, Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Administration, Warsaw, Poland.

André Pinho Araújo (AP)

Neuroradiology Department - Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal.

Mariana Rocha (M)

Neurology Department, Centro Hospitalar Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal.

Pedro Castro (P)

Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto, Portugal.

Patricia Ferreira (P)

Stroke Unit, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal.

Ana Paiva Nunes (AP)

Stroke Unit, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal.

Luísa Fonseca (L)

Stroke Unit, Medicine Department, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto, Portugal.

Teresa Pinho E Melo (T)

Hospital de Santa Maria - Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal.

Miguel Rodrigues (M)

Department of Neurology, Hospital Garcia de Orta, Almada, Portugal.

M Luis Silva (ML)

Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto, Portugal.

Bogdan Ciopleias (B)

County Emergency Clinic Hospital Brasov, Brasov, Romania.

Adela Dimitriade (A)

Bucharest University Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania.

Cristian Falup-Pecurariu (C)

Department of Neurology, County Clinic Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University, Brasov, Romania.

May Adel Hamid (MA)

Department of Neurology King Fahad Hospital of the University Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.

Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian (N)

Raffles Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.

Georgi Krastev (G)

Department of Neurology, Faculty Hospital Trnava, Trnava, Slovakia.
Jessenius Medical Faculty, Martin, Commenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.
Department of Neurology, Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovakia.

Jozef Haring (J)

Department of Neurology, Faculty Hospital Trnava, Trnava, Slovakia.
Jessenius Medical Faculty, Martin, Commenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.

Oscar Ayo-Martin (O)

Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain.

Francisco Hernandez-Fernandez (F)

Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain.

Jordi Blasco (J)

Interventional Neuroradiology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.

Alejandro Rodríguez-Vázquez (A)

Comprehensive Stroke Center, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.

Antonio Cruz-Culebras (A)

Department of Neurology (Unidad de Ictus), Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain.

Francisco Moniche (F)

Stroke Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain.

Joan Montaner (J)

Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena , Seville, Spain.
Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla-IbiS, Spain.

Soledad Perez-Sanchez (S)

Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena , Seville, Spain.
Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla-IbiS, Spain.

María Jesús García Sánchez (MJ)

Department of Neuroradiology, Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain.

Marta Guillán Rodríguez (M)

Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain.

Gianmarco Bernava (G)

Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.

Manuel Bolognese (M)

Neurocenter, Cantonal Hospital of Lucerne, Lucerne, Switzerland.

Emmanuel Carrera (E)

Department of Neurology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.

Anchalee Churojana (A)

Department of Radiology, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.

Ozlem Aykac (O)

Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey.

Atilla Özcan Özdemir (AÖ)

Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey.

Arsida Bajrami (A)

Istanbul Aydın University, Florya Medicalpark Stroke Center, Istanbul, Turkey.

Songul Senadim (S)

Istanbul Aydın University, Florya Medicalpark Stroke Center, Istanbul, Turkey.

Syed I Hussain (SI)

Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arabe Emirates.

Seby John (S)

Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arabe Emirates.

Kailash Krishnan (K)

Stroke, Department of Medicine, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom.

Robert Lenthall (R)

Neuroradiology, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom.

Kaiz S Asif (KS)

Amita Health and University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago, United States.

Kristine Below (K)

Neuroscience and Stroke Program, Bon Secours Mercy Health St Vincent Hospital, Toledo, United States.

Jose Biller (J)

Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, United States.

Michael Chen (M)

Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, United States.

Alex Chebl (A)

Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, United States.

Marco Colasurdo (M)

Department of Radiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States.

Alexandra Czap (A)

Neurology, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, United States.

Adam H de Havenon (AH)

University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States.

Sushrut Dharmadhikari (S)

Baptist Health Medical Center - Little Rock, Little Rock, United States.

Clifford J Eskey (CJ)

Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, United States.

Mudassir Farooqui (M)

University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States.

Steven K Feske (SK)

Neurology, Boston Medical Center, Boston, USA.

Nitin Goyal (N)

Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.

Kasey B Grimmett (KB)

Baptist Health Medical Center - Little Rock, Little Rock, United States.

Amy K Guzik (AK)

Department of Neurology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, United States.

Diogo C Haussen (DC)

Department of Neurology, Grady Memorial Hospital, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States.

Majesta Hovingh (M)

Department of Neurosciences and Comprehensive Stroke Center, Spectrum Health and Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, United States.

Dinesh Jillela (D)

Department of Neurology, Grady Memorial Hospital, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States.

Peter T Kan (PT)

Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, United States.

Rakesh Khatri (R)

Department of Neurology, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, El Paso, United States.

Naim N Khoury (NN)

HSHS St. John's Hospital, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, United States.

Nicole L Kiley (NL)

Department of Radiology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.

Murali K Kolikonda (MK)

Baptist Health Medical Group, Baptist Health Lexington, Lexington, United States.

Stephanie Lara (S)

Community Memorial Hospital, Ventura, United States.

Grace Li (G)

University of Florida, Gainesfille, United States.

Italo Linfante (I)

Miami Cardiac & Vascular Institute, Miami Neuroscience Institute, Miami, United States.

Aaron I Loochtan (AI)

Ohio Health Riverside Methodist Hospital, Columbus, United States.

Carlos D Lopez (CD)

SUNY Upstate New York, Syracuse, United States.

Sarah Lycan (S)

Department of Neurology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, United States.

Shailesh S Male (SS)

Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Vidant Medical Center, Greenville, United States.

Fadi Nahab (F)

Department of Neurology, Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, United States.

Laith Maali (L)

Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, United States.

Hesham E Masoud (HE)

Department of Neurology, SUNY Upstate, Syracuse, United States.

Jiangyong Min (J)

Department of Neurosciences and Comprehensive Stroke Center, Spectrum Health and Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, United States.

Santiago Orgeta-Gutierrez (S)

University of Iowa, Iowa, USA, Iowa City, United States.

Ghada A Mohamed (GA)

Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, United States.

Mahmoud Mohammaden (M)

Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States.

Krishna Nalleballe (K)

Department of Neurology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, United States.

Yazan Radaideh (Y)

Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, United States.

Pankajavalli Ramakrishnan (P)

Riverside Regional Medical Center, Newport News, United States.

Bliss Rayo-Taranto (B)

Santa Barbara Cottage Hospital, Santa Barbara, United States.

Diana M Rojas-Soto (DM)

Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, United States.

Sean Ruland (S)

Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, United States.

Alexis N Simpkins (AN)

Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, United States.

Sunil A Sheth (SA)

Neurology, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, United States.

Amy K Starosciak (AK)

Miami Neuroscience Institute, Miami, United States.

Nicholas E Tarlov (NE)

Community Memorial Hospital, Ventura, United States.

Robert A Taylor (RA)

Santa Barbara Cottage Hospital, Santa Barbara, United States.

Barbara Voetsch (B)

Department of Neurology, Lahey Health, Burlington, United States.

Linda Zhang (L)

Department of Neurology, Cooper Neurological Institute, Cooper University Hospital, Camden, USA.

Hai Quang Duong (HQ)

Da Nang Hospital, Da Nang, Vietnam.

Viet-Phuong Dao (VP)

Bach Mai Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam.

Huynh Vu Le (HV)

Hue Central, Hue, Vietnam.

Thong Nhu Pham (TN)

Da Nang Hospital, Da Nang, Vietnam.

Mai Duy Ton (MD)

Bach Mai Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam.

Anh Duc Tran (AD)

Hue Central, Hue, Vietnam.

Osama O Zaidat (OO)

Neuroscience and Stroke Program, Bon Secours Mercy Health St Vincent Hospital, Toledo, United States.

Claudio Rodríguez Fernández (C)

Department of Neuroradiology, Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain.

Jorge Escartín López (J)

Department of Neuroradiology, Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain.

Jose Carlos Fernández Ferro (JC)

Department of Neuroradiology, Hospital Universitario Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain.

Niloofar Mohammadzadeh (N)

Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.

Neil C Suryadevara (NC)

SUNY Upstate, New York, USA.

Beatriz de la Cruz Fernández (B)

Hospital Universitario rey Juan Carlos, Spain.

Filipe Bessa (F)

Hospital de Santa Maria - Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Portugal.

Nina Jancar (N)

Hospital de Santa Maria - Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Portugal.

Megan Brady (M)

Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, USA.

Dawn Scozzari (D)

Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, USA.

Classifications MeSH