Cancer vaccines.

Given the renewed interest in vaccine development sparked by the COVID-19 pandemic, we are revisiting the current state of vaccine development for cancer prevention and treatment. Experts discuss different vaccine types, their antigens and modes of action, and where we stand on their clinical development, plus the challenges we need to overcome for their broad implementation.

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Déclaration de conflit d'intérêts

Declaration of interests J.T.S. and D.R.L. are co-inventors of U.S. goverment-owned patents related to the HPV vaccine technology that were licensed to Merck and GlaxoSmithKline, but these licensed are now expired. I.H.F. is a named inventor on patents relating to HPV prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines; the University of Queensland as employer of I.H.F. receives royalties from the sale of HPV prophylactic vaccines referred to in the article; I.H.F. is a director of a company (Jingang Medcines Australia Pty LTd) involved in developing thearpeutic vaccines for HPV-associated cancers. E.V. has a consulting or advisory role with Janssen Research and Development and Recursion Pharma and has received research support from Janssen Research and Development; note that these financial relations are not connected to the research reported in this manuscript. E.V. is an author of a patent related to this work (PCT/US2022/023,714). H.K.L. is a member of the board of directors and shareholder of Oncosec; is a co-founder of Replicate, a shareholder, and a member of its scientific advisory board; is a founder of Sonokine, and shareholder; and is a co-founder of Trio, and shareholder. P.A.O. received research funding from and has advised Neon; Therapeutics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck, CytomX, Pfizer, Novartis, Celldex, Amgen, Array, AstraZeneca/MedImmune, Armo BioSciences, Xencor, Oncorus, Phio, Evaxion, LG Chem, and Roche/Genentech. V.P. B. is an inventor on patent applications related to work on antigen cross-reactivity and neoantigen quality modeling. P.-Y.D. is an inventor on patents related to CAR T cell therapy and vaccines filed by the University of Geneva and has been a consultant for Amal Therapeutics. D.M. is an inventor on patents related to CAR T cell therapy, filed by the University of Pennsylvania and the University of Geneva, and has been a consultant for Limula Therapeutics and MPC Therapeutics. R.H.V. is an inventor on a licensed patent relating to cancer cellular immunotherapy and cancer vaccines; R.H.V. receives royalties from Children’s Hospital Boston for a licensed research-only monoclonal antibody. All other authors declare no competing interests.