A Tale of Three Recent Pandemics: Influenza, HIV and SARS-CoV-2.
HIV-1
SARS-CoV-2
infectious diseases
influenza
pandemics
Journal
Frontiers in microbiology
ISSN: 1664-302X
Titre abrégé: Front Microbiol
Pays: Switzerland
ID NLM: 101548977
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
2022
2022
Historique:
received:
04
03
2022
accepted:
06
05
2022
entrez:
20
6
2022
pubmed:
21
6
2022
medline:
21
6
2022
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
Emerging infectious diseases are one of the main threats to public health, with the potential to cause a pandemic when the infectious agent manages to spread globally. The first major pandemic to appear in the 20th century was the influenza pandemic of 1918, caused by the influenza A H1N1 strain that is characterized by a high fatality rate. Another major pandemic was caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), that started early in the 20th century and remained undetected until 1981. The ongoing HIV pandemic demonstrated a high mortality and morbidity rate, with discrepant impacts in different regions around the globe. The most recent major pandemic event, is the ongoing pandemic of COVID-19, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which has caused over 5.7 million deaths since its emergence, 2 years ago. The aim of this work is to highlight the main determinants of the emergence, epidemic response and available countermeasures of these three pandemics, as we argue that such knowledge is paramount to prepare for the next pandemic. We analyse these pandemics' historical and epidemiological contexts and the determinants of their emergence. Furthermore, we compare pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical interventions that have been used to slow down these three pandemics and zoom in on the technological advances that were made in the progress. Finally, we discuss the evolution of epidemiological modelling, that has become an essential tool to support public health policy making and discuss it in the context of these three pandemics. While these pandemics are caused by distinct viruses, that ignited in different time periods and in different regions of the globe, our work shows that many of the determinants of their emergence and countermeasures used to halt transmission were common. Therefore, it is important to further improve and optimize such approaches and adapt it to future threatening emerging infectious diseases.
Identifiants
pubmed: 35722303
doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.889643
pmc: PMC9201468
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Pagination
889643Informations de copyright
Copyright © 2022 Miranda, Pingarilho, Pimentel, Torneri, Seabra, Libin and Abecasis.
Déclaration de conflit d'intérêts
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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