Encouraging sun protection early in life: from a successful prevention programme in children to the identification of psychological barriers in adolescents.
Journal
Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV
ISSN: 1468-3083
Titre abrégé: J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol
Pays: England
ID NLM: 9216037
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
Jun 2022
Jun 2022
Historique:
received:
22
12
2021
accepted:
26
04
2022
entrez:
23
6
2022
pubmed:
24
6
2022
medline:
28
6
2022
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Children and adolescents have high rates of sunburn and high levels of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure and are therefore at risk of developing skin cancer in later life. Minimizing UVR exposure in childhood and adolescence may be the most important component of skin cancer prevention efforts. Thus, age-adapted prevention campaigns, targeting children, adolescents and caregivers, are needed to change sun protection behaviour among individuals in these age groups. In the first part of this review, we describe the 'SunPass' programme, which was initiated in Germany in 2010 as the first nationwide educational intervention for sun safety designed to teach kindergarten children and their caregivers how to protect themselves from overexposure to the sun. Implemented in 55 kindergartens, this programme has been shown to be effective at improving sun protection behaviour (P < 0.001) and hat use (P = 0.029) among kindergarten children, as well as at improving shade practices and increasing demand for protective clothing (P < 0.001). Up to 40 000 children, 50 000 parents/grandparents and 2500 kindergarten caregivers took part in the SunPass programme in Germany from 2019 to June 2021. The programme has also been adapted and implemented in several other European countries and could be readily adapted for use elsewhere. In the second part of this review, we discuss the specific challenges faced by adolescents and consider how these issues may impact their sun protection behaviour. Adolescents have difficulties suppressing responses to reward-related cues and projecting themselves into the future. They also place a lot of importance on social acceptance and cosmetic appearance, and their higher risk of depression, addiction and impulsivity make them vulnerable to tanning addiction. These specificities need to be acknowledged by dermatologists, so they can adapt their therapeutic relationship and develop effective sun protection interventions for this generation.
Substances chimiques
Sunscreening Agents
0
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
12-21Subventions
Organisme : Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique
Informations de copyright
© 2022 The Authors. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology.
Références
Cancer Research UK. Melanoma skin cancer incidence statistics. [WWW document]. URL https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/melanoma-skin-cancer/incidence#heading-One (last accessed: 4 April 2022).
Bleyer WA. Cancer in older adolescents and young adults: epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, survival, and importance of clinical trials. Med Pediatr Oncol 2002; 38: 1-10.
Christenson LJ, Borrowman TA, Vachon CM et al. Incidence of basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas in a population younger than 40 years. JAMA 2005; 294: 681-690.
Reed KB, Brewer JD, Lohse CM et al. Increasing incidence of melanoma among young adults: an epidemiological study in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Mayo Clin Proc 2012; 87: 328-334.
Austin MT, Xing Y, Hayes-Jordan AA, Lally KP, Cormier JN. Melanoma incidence rises for children and adolescents: an epidemiologic review of pediatric melanoma in the United States. J Pediatr Surg 2013; 48: 2207-2213.
Wong JR, Harris JK, Rodriguez-Galindo C, Johnson KJ. Incidence of childhood and adolescent melanoma in the United States: 1973-2009. Pediatrics 2013; 131: 846-854.
Fernandez-Morano T, Rivas-Ruiz F, de Troya-Martin M et al. Adolescents' attitudes to sun exposure and sun protection. J Cancer Educ 2017; 32: 596-603.
Moehrle M. Outdoor sports and skin cancer. Clin Dermatol 2008; 26: 12-15.
Vitols P, Oates RK. Teaching children about skin cancer prevention: why wait for adolescence? Aust N Z J Public Health 1997; 21: 602-605.
Sanchez G, Nova J, Rodriguez-Hernandez AE et al. Sun protection for preventing basal cell and squamous cell skin cancers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; 7: CD011161.
Whiteman DC, Whiteman CA, Green AC. Childhood sun exposure as a risk factor for melanoma: a systematic review of epidemiologic studies. Cancer Causes Control 2001; 12: 69-82.
Wehner MR, Chren MM, Nameth D et al. International prevalence of indoor tanning: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Dermatol 2014; 150: 390-400.
Boniol M, Autier P, Boyle P, Gandini S. Cutaneous melanoma attributable to sunbed use: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2012; 345: e4757.
Coelho SG, Hearing VJ. UVA tanning is involved in the increased incidence of skin cancers in fair-skinned young women. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2010; 23: 57-63.
Pawlak MT, Bui M, Amir M et al. Legislation restricting access to indoor tanning throughout the world. Arch Dermatol 2012; 148: 1006-1012.
Guy GP Jr, Berkowitz Z, Holman DM, Hartman AM. Recent changes in the prevalence of and factors associated with frequency of indoor tanning among US adults. JAMA Dermatol 2015; 151: 1256-1259.
Demko CA, Borawski EA, Debanne SM, Cooper KD, Stange KC. Use of indoor tanning facilities by white adolescents in the United States. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2003; 157: 854-860.
Wu S, Han J, Laden F, Qureshi AA. Long-term ultraviolet flux, other potential risk factors, and skin cancer risk: a cohort study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014; 23: 1080-1089.
Godar DE. UV doses worldwide. Photochem Photobiol 2005; 81: 736-749.
Godar DE, Urbach F, Gasparro FP, van der Leun JC. UV doses of young adults. Photochem Photobiol 2003; 77: 453-457.
Savona MR, Jacobsen MD, James R, Owen MD. Ultraviolet radiation and the risks of cutaneous malignant melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer: perceptions and behaviours of Danish and American adolescents. Eur J Cancer Prev 2005; 14: 57-62.
World Health Organization. INTERSUN. The global UV project: a guide and compendium. [WWW document]. URL https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/42814 (last accessed: 4 April 2022).
World Health Organization. ENHIS fact sheet No. 4.8. Policies to reduce the excessive exposure of children to ultraviolet radiation. [WWW document]. URL https://www.euro.who.int/en/data-and-evidence/environment-and-health-information-system-enhis/publications/pre-2009/archived-enhis-fact-sheets-2007/policies-to-reduce-the-excessive-exposure-of-children-to-ultraviolet-radiation-enhis-2007-fact-sheet-4.8 (last accessed: 4 April 2022).
Stern RS, Weinstein MC, Baker SG. Risk reduction for nonmelanoma skin cancer with childhood sunscreen use. Arch Dermatol 1986; 122: 537-545.
Saraiya M, Glanz K, Briss PA et al. Interventions to prevent skin cancer by reducing exposure to ultraviolet radiation: a systematic review. Am J Prev Med 2004; 27: 422-466.
Reynolds KD, Buller DB, Buller MK et al. Randomized controlled trial evaluating an intervention supporting implementation of sun safety policies in California public elementary schools. Prev Med 2020; 137: 106125.
Buller DB, Taylor AM, Buller MK et al. Evaluation of the sunny days, healthy ways sun safety curriculum for children in kindergarten through fifth grade. Pediatr Dermatol 2006; 23: 321-329.
Hacker E, Horsham C, Vagenas D et al. A Mobile technology intervention with ultraviolet radiation dosimeters and smartphone apps for skin cancer prevention in young adults: randomized controlled trial. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2018; 6: e199.
Tuong W, Armstrong AW. Effect of appearance-based education compared with health-based education on sunscreen use and knowledge: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Acad Dermatol 2014; 70: 665-669.
Brinker TJ, Faria BL, de Faria OM et al. Effect of a face-aging Mobile app-based intervention on skin cancer protection behavior in secondary schools in Brazil: a cluster-randomized clinical trial. JAMA Dermatol 2020; 156: 737-745.
Miller KA, Langholz BM, Ly T et al. SunSmart: evaluation of a pilot school-based sun protection intervention in Hispanic early adolescents. Health Educ Res 2015; 30: 371-379.
Olson AL, Gaffney C, Starr P et al. SunSafe in the middle school years: a community-wide intervention to change early-adolescent sun protection. Pediatrics 2007; 119: e247-e256.
Stapleton JL, Hillhouse J, Levonyan-Radloff K, Manne SL. Review of interventions to reduce ultraviolet tanning: need for treatments targeting excessive tanning, an emerging addictive behavior. Psychol Addict Behav 2017; 31: 962-978.
Wu YP, Parsons BG, Nagelhout E et al. A four-group experiment to improve Western high school students' sun protection behaviors. Transl Behav Med 2019; 9: 468-479.
Stanganelli I, Naldi L, Falcini F et al. Parental use and educational campaigns on sunbed use among teenagers and adolescents. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95: e3034.
Dadlani C, Orlow SJ. Planning for a brighter future: a review of sun protection and barriers to behavioral change in children and adolescents. Dermatol Online J 2008; 14: 1.
Fluhr JW, Darlenski R, Taieb A et al. Functional skin adaptation in infancy - almost complete but not fully competent. Exp Dermatol 2010; 19: 483-492.
Nikolovski J, Stamatas GN, Kollias N, Wiegand BC. Barrier function and water-holding and transport properties of infant stratum corneum are different from adult and continue to develop through the first year of life. J Invest Dermatol 2008; 128: 1728-1736.
Walters RM, Khanna P, Chu M, Mack MC. Developmental changes in skin barrier and structure during the first 5 years of life. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2016; 29: 111-118.
Blume-Peytavi U, Tan J, Tennstedt D et al. Fragility of epidermis in newborns, children and adolescents. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2016; 30(Suppl 4): 3-56.
Bourke JF, Graham-Brown RA. Protection of children against sunburn: a survey of parental practice in Leicester. Br J Dermatol 1995; 133: 264-266.
Grin CM, Pennoyer JW, Lehrich DA, Grant-Kels JM. Sun exposure of young children while at day care. Pediatr Dermatol 1994; 11: 304-309.
Wesson KM, Silverberg NB. Sun protection education in the United States: what we know and what needs to be taught. Cutis 2003; 71: 77.
Weinstein JM, Yarnold PR, Hornung RL. Parental knowledge and practice of primary skin cancer prevention: gaps and solutions. Pediatr Dermatol 2001; 18: 473-477.
Aulbert W, Parpart C, Schulz-Hornbostel R et al. Certification of sun protection practices in a German child day-care centre improves children's sun protection--the 'SunPass' pilot study. Br J Dermatol 2009; 161(Suppl 3): 5-12.
Stover LA, Hinrichs B, Petzold U et al. Getting in early: primary skin cancer prevention at 55 German kindergartens. Br J Dermatol 2012; 167(Suppl 2): 63-69.
Boldeman C, Jansson B, Holm LE. Primary prevention of malignant melanoma in a Swedish urban preschool sector. J Cancer Educ 1991; 6: 247-253.
Crane LA, Schneider LS, Yohn JJ, Morelli JG, Plomer KD. "block the sun, not the fun": evaluation of a skin cancer prevention program for child care centers. Am J Prev Med 1999; 17: 31-37.
Dietrich AJ. A community-based randomized trial encouraging sun protection for children. Pediatrics 1999; 104: 355.
Dietrich AJ, Olson AL, Sox CH et al. A community-based randomized trial encouraging sun protection for children. Pediatrics 1998; 102: E64.
Rutter M, Bishop DVM, Pine DS et al. Rutter's Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Blackwell, Oxford, UK, 2009.
Ernst M, Korelitz KE. Cerebral maturation in adolescence: behavioral vulnerability. Encephale 2009; 35(Suppl 6): S182-S189.
Barbalat G, Domenech P, Vernet M, Fourneret P. Risk-taking in adolescence: a neuroeconomics approach. Encephale 2010; 36: 147-154.
de Figueiredo CS, Sandre PC, Portugal LCL et al. COVID-19 pandemic impact on children and adolescents' mental health: biological, environmental, and social factors. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 106: 110171.
Gagne AM, Bouchard G, Tremblay P, Sasseville A, Hebert M. When a season means depression. Med Sci (Paris) 2010; 26: 79-82.
Spedding S. Vitamin D and depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis comparing studies with and without biological flaws. Nutrients 2014; 6: 1501-1518.
Alpalhao M, Filipe P. SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and vitamin D deficiency-a double trouble. Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2020; 36: 412-413.
Ceolin G, Mano GPR, Hames NS et al. Vitamin D, depressive symptoms, and Covid-19 pandemic. Front Neurosci 2021; 15: 670879.
Dennis LK, Lowe JB, Snetselaar LG. Tanning behavior among young frequent tanners is related to attitudes and not lack of knowledge about the dangers. Health Educ J 2009; 68: 232-243.
Patel AR, Zaslow TL, Wren TAL et al. A characterization of sun protection attitudes and behaviors among children and adolescents in the United States. Prev Med Rep 2019; 16: 100988.
Kirk L, Greenfield S. Knowledge and attitudes of UKuniversity students in relation to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure and their sun-related behaviours: a qualitative study. BMJ Open 2017; 7: e014388.
Cui R, Widlund HR, Feige E et al. Central role of p53 in the suntan response and pathologic hyperpigmentation. Cell 2007; 128: 853-864.
Fell GL, Robinson KC, Mao J, Woolf CJ, Fisher DE. Skin beta-endorphin mediates addiction to UV light. Cell 2014; 157: 1527-1534.
Feldman SR, Liguori A, Kucenic M et al. Ultraviolet exposure is a reinforcing stimulus in frequent indoor tanners. J Am Acad Dermatol 2004; 51: 45-51.
Harrington CR, Beswick TC, Graves M et al. Activation of the mesostriatal reward pathway with exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) vs. sham UVR in frequent tanners: a pilot study. Addict Biol 2012; 17: 680-686.
Aubert PM, Seibyl JP, Price JL et al. Dopamine efflux in response to ultraviolet radiation in addicted sunbed users. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2016; 251: 7-14.
Swendsen J, Le Moal M. Individual vulnerability to addiction. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2011; 1216: 73-85.
Zeller S, Lazovich D, Forster J, Widome R. Do adolescent indoor tanners exhibit dependency? J Am Acad Dermatol 2006; 54: 589-596.
Harrington CR, Beswick TC, Leitenberger J et al. Addictive-like behaviours to ultraviolet light among frequent indoor tanners. Clin Exp Dermatol 2011; 36: 33-38.
Ashrafioun L, Bonar EE. Development of a brief scale to assess frequency of symptoms and problems associated with tanning. J Am Acad Dermatol 2014; 70: 588-589.
Dixon H, Borland R, Hill D. Sun protection and sunburn in primary school children: the influence of age, gender, and coloring. Prev Med 1999; 28: 119-130.
Brinker TJ, Heckl M, Gatzka M et al. A skin cancer prevention facial-aging Mobile app for secondary schools in Brazil: appearance-focused interventional study. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2018; 6: e60.