Properties of Daily Helium Fluxes.

Journal

Physical review letters
ISSN: 1079-7114
Titre abrégé: Phys Rev Lett
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 0401141

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
10 Jun 2022
Historique:
received: 01 03 2022
accepted: 06 05 2022
entrez: 24 6 2022
pubmed: 25 6 2022
medline: 25 6 2022
Statut: ppublish

Résumé

We present the precision measurement of 2824 daily helium fluxes in cosmic rays from May 20, 2011 to October 29, 2019 in the rigidity interval from 1.71 to 100 GV based on 7.6×10^{8} helium nuclei collected with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) aboard the International Space Station. The helium flux and the helium to proton flux ratio exhibit variations on multiple timescales. In nearly all the time intervals from 2014 to 2018, we observed recurrent helium flux variations with a period of 27 days. Shorter periods of 9 days and 13.5 days are observed in 2016. The strength of all three periodicities changes with time and rigidity. In the entire time period, we found that below ∼7  GV the helium flux exhibits larger time variations than the proton flux, and above ∼7  GV the helium to proton flux ratio is time independent. Remarkably, below 2.4 GV a hysteresis between the helium to proton flux ratio and the helium flux was observed at greater than the 7σ level. This shows that at low rigidity the modulation of the helium to proton flux ratio is different before and after the solar maximum in 2014.

Identifiants

DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.128.231102 PMID: 35749176
pubmed: 35749176
doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.128.231102
doi:

Types de publication

Journal Article

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Pagination

231102

Auteurs

M Aguilar (M)

Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain.

L Ali Cavasonza (LA)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.

G Ambrosi (G)

INFN Sezione di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy.

L Arruda (L)

Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas (LIP), 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.

N Attig (N)

Jülich Supercomputing Centre and JARA-FAME, Research Centre Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.

F Barao (F)

Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas (LIP), 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.

L Barrin (L)

European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland.

A Bartoloni (A)

INFN Sezione di Roma 1, 00185 Roma, Italy.

S Başeğmez-du Pree (S)

Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, Netherlands.

R Battiston (R)

INFN TIFPA, 38123 Povo, Trento, Italy.
Università di Trento, 38123 Povo, Trento, Italy.

M Behlmann (M)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

J Berdugo (J)

Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain.

B Bertucci (B)

INFN Sezione di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy.
Università di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy.

V Bindi (V)

Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.

K Bollweg (K)

National Aeronautics and Space Administration Johnson Space Center (JSC), Houston, Texas 77058, USA.

B Borgia (B)

INFN Sezione di Roma 1, 00185 Roma, Italy.
Università di Roma La Sapienza, 00185 Roma, Italy.

M J Boschini (MJ)

INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy.

M Bourquin (M)

DPNC, Université de Genève, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland.

E F Bueno (EF)

Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, Netherlands.

J Burger (J)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

W J Burger (WJ)

INFN TIFPA, 38123 Povo, Trento, Italy.

S Burmeister (S)

Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Alberts-Universität zu Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany.

X D Cai (XD)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

M Capell (M)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

J Casaus (J)

Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain.

G Castellini (G)

CNR-IROE, 50125 Firenze, Italy.

F Cervelli (F)

INFN Sezione di Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy.

Y H Chang (YH)

Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.

G M Chen (GM)

Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, China.

G R Chen (GR)

Shandong Institute of Advanced Technology (SDIAT), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.

H S Chen (HS)

Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, China.

Y Chen (Y)

DPNC, Université de Genève, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland.
Shandong Institute of Advanced Technology (SDIAT), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.

L Cheng (L)

Shandong Institute of Advanced Technology (SDIAT), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.

H Y Chou (HY)

Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.

S Chouridou (S)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.

V Choutko (V)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

C H Chung (CH)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.

C Clark (C)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration Johnson Space Center (JSC), Houston, Texas 77058, USA.

G Coignet (G)

Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LAPP-IN2P3, 74000 Annecy, France.

C Consolandi (C)

Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.

A Contin (A)

INFN Sezione di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
Università di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.

C Corti (C)

Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.

Z Cui (Z)

Shandong University (SDU), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.
Shandong Institute of Advanced Technology (SDIAT), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.

K Dadzie (K)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

A Dass (A)

INFN TIFPA, 38123 Povo, Trento, Italy.
Università di Trento, 38123 Povo, Trento, Italy.

C Delgado (C)

Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain.

S Della Torre (S)

INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy.

M B Demirköz (MB)

Department of Physics, Middle East Technical University (METU), 06800 Ankara, Turkey.

L Derome (L)

Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, France.

S Di Falco (S)

INFN Sezione di Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy.

V Di Felice (V)

INFN Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy.

C Díaz (C)

Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain.

F Dimiccoli (F)

INFN TIFPA, 38123 Povo, Trento, Italy.

P von Doetinchem (P)

Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.

F Dong (F)

Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing 210096, China.

F Donnini (F)

INFN Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy.

M Duranti (M)

INFN Sezione di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy.

A Egorov (A)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

A Eline (A)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

J Feng (J)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

E Fiandrini (E)

INFN Sezione di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy.
Università di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy.

P Fisher (P)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

V Formato (V)

INFN Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy.

C Freeman (C)

Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.

C Gámez (C)

Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain.

R J García-López (RJ)

Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), 38205 La Laguna, and Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.

C Gargiulo (C)

European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland.

H Gast (H)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.

M Gervasi (M)

INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy.
Università di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy.

F Giovacchini (F)

Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain.

D M Gómez-Coral (DM)

Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.

J Gong (J)

Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing 210096, China.

C Goy (C)

Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LAPP-IN2P3, 74000 Annecy, France.

V Grabski (V)

Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 01000, Mexico.

D Grandi (D)

INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy.
Università di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy.

M Graziani (M)

INFN Sezione di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy.
Università di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy.

S Haino (S)

Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.

K C Han (KC)

National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology (NCSIST), Longtan, Tao Yuan 32546, Taiwan.

R K Hashmani (RK)

Department of Physics, Middle East Technical University (METU), 06800 Ankara, Turkey.

Z H He (ZH)

Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), Guangzhou 510275, China.

B Heber (B)

Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Alberts-Universität zu Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany.

T H Hsieh (TH)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

J Y Hu (JY)

Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, China.

M Incagli (M)

INFN Sezione di Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy.

W Y Jang (WY)

CHEP, Kyungpook National University, 41566 Daegu, Korea.

Yi Jia (Y)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

H Jinchi (H)

National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology (NCSIST), Longtan, Tao Yuan 32546, Taiwan.

G Karagöz (G)

Department of Physics, Middle East Technical University (METU), 06800 Ankara, Turkey.

B Khiali (B)

INFN Sezione di Roma Tor Vergata, 00133 Roma, Italy.

G N Kim (GN)

CHEP, Kyungpook National University, 41566 Daegu, Korea.

Th Kirn (T)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.

M Konyushikhin (M)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

O Kounina (O)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

A Kounine (A)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

V Koutsenko (V)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

D Krasnopevtsev (D)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

A Kuhlman (A)

Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.

A Kulemzin (A)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

G La Vacca (G)

INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy.
Università di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy.

E Laudi (E)

European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland.

G Laurenti (G)

INFN Sezione di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.

I Lazzizzera (I)

INFN TIFPA, 38123 Povo, Trento, Italy.
Università di Trento, 38123 Povo, Trento, Italy.

H T Lee (HT)

Academia Sinica Grid Center (ASGC), Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.

S C Lee (SC)

Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.

H L Li (HL)

Shandong Institute of Advanced Technology (SDIAT), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.

J Q Li (JQ)

Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing 210096, China.

M Li (M)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.

Q Li (Q)

Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing 210096, China.

Q Y Li (QY)

Shandong Institute of Advanced Technology (SDIAT), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.

S Li (S)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.

S L Li (SL)

Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, China.

J H Li (JH)

Shandong University (SDU), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.

Z H Li (ZH)

Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, China.

J Liang (J)

Shandong University (SDU), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.

M J Liang (MJ)

Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, China.

C Light (C)

Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.

C H Lin (CH)

Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.

T Lippert (T)

Jülich Supercomputing Centre and JARA-FAME, Research Centre Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.

J H Liu (JH)

Institute of Electrical Engineering (IEE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.

S Q Lu (SQ)

Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.

Y S Lu (YS)

Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.

K Luebelsmeyer (K)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.

J Z Luo (JZ)

Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing 210096, China.

Xi Luo (X)

Shandong Institute of Advanced Technology (SDIAT), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.

F Machate (F)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.

C Mañá (C)

Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain.

J Marín (J)

Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain.

J Marquardt (J)

Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Alberts-Universität zu Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany.

T Martin (T)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration Johnson Space Center (JSC), Houston, Texas 77058, USA.

G Martínez (G)

Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain.

N Masi (N)

INFN Sezione di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
Università di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.

D Maurin (D)

Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LPSC-IN2P3, 38000 Grenoble, France.

T Medvedeva (T)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

A Menchaca-Rocha (A)

Instituto de Física, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México 01000, Mexico.

Q Meng (Q)

Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing 210096, China.

V V Mikhailov (VV)

NRNU MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), Moscow 115409, Russia.

M Molero (M)

Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain.

P Mott (P)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration Johnson Space Center (JSC), Houston, Texas 77058, USA.

L Mussolin (L)

INFN Sezione di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy.
Università di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy.

J Negrete (J)

Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.

N Nikonov (N)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.

F Nozzoli (F)

INFN TIFPA, 38123 Povo, Trento, Italy.

J Ocampo-Peleteiro (J)

Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain.

A Oliva (A)

INFN Sezione di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.

M Orcinha (M)

Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas (LIP), 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.

M Palermo (M)

Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.

F Palmonari (F)

INFN Sezione di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
Università di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.

M Paniccia (M)

DPNC, Université de Genève, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland.

A Pashnin (A)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

M Pauluzzi (M)

INFN Sezione di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy.
Università di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy.

S Pensotti (S)

INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy.
Università di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy.

V Plyaskin (V)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

M Pohl (M)

DPNC, Université de Genève, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland.

S Poluianov (S)

Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory and Space Physics and Astronomy Research Unit, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland.

X Qin (X)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

Z Y Qu (ZY)

Shandong Institute of Advanced Technology (SDIAT), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.
Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.

L Quadrani (L)

INFN Sezione di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
Università di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.

P G Rancoita (PG)

INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy.

D Rapin (D)

DPNC, Université de Genève, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland.

A Reina Conde (AR)

INFN Sezione di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), 38205 La Laguna, and Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.

E Robyn (E)

DPNC, Université de Genève, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland.

S Rosier-Lees (S)

Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LAPP-IN2P3, 74000 Annecy, France.

A Rozhkov (A)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

D Rozza (D)

INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy.
Università di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy.

R Sagdeev (R)

East-West Center for Space Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.

S Schael (S)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.

A Schultz von Dratzig (AS)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.

G Schwering (G)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.

E S Seo (ES)

IPST, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.

B S Shan (BS)

Beihang University (BUAA), Beijing 100191, China.

T Siedenburg (T)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.

J W Song (JW)

Shandong University (SDU), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.

X J Song (XJ)

Shandong Institute of Advanced Technology (SDIAT), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.

R Sonnabend (R)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.

L Strigari (L)

INFN Sezione di Roma 1, 00185 Roma, Italy.

T Su (T)

Shandong Institute of Advanced Technology (SDIAT), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.

Q Sun (Q)

Shandong University (SDU), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.

Z T Sun (ZT)

Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, China.

M Tacconi (M)

INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy.
Università di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy.

X W Tang (XW)

Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.

Z C Tang (ZC)

Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.

J Tian (J)

INFN Sezione di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy.
Università di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy.

Samuel C C Ting (SCC)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland.

S M Ting (SM)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

N Tomassetti (N)

INFN Sezione di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy.
Università di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy.

J Torsti (J)

Space Research Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland.

T Urban (T)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration Johnson Space Center (JSC), Houston, Texas 77058, USA.

I Usoskin (I)

Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory and Space Physics and Astronomy Research Unit, University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland.

V Vagelli (V)

INFN Sezione di Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy.
Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI), 00133 Roma, Italy.

R Vainio (R)

Space Research Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland.

M Valencia-Otero (M)

Physics Department and Center for High Energy and High Field Physics, National Central University (NCU), Tao Yuan 32054, Taiwan.

E Valente (E)

INFN Sezione di Roma 1, 00185 Roma, Italy.
Università di Roma La Sapienza, 00185 Roma, Italy.

E Valtonen (E)

Space Research Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland.

M Vázquez Acosta (M)

Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), 38205 La Laguna, and Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.

M Vecchi (M)

Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, Netherlands.

M Velasco (M)

Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain.

J P Vialle (JP)

Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LAPP-IN2P3, 74000 Annecy, France.

C X Wang (CX)

Shandong University (SDU), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.

L Wang (L)

Institute of Electrical Engineering (IEE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.

L Q Wang (LQ)

Shandong University (SDU), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.

N H Wang (NH)

Shandong University (SDU), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.

Q L Wang (QL)

Institute of Electrical Engineering (IEE), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.

S Wang (S)

Physics and Astronomy Department, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA.

X Wang (X)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

Yu Wang (Y)

Shandong University (SDU), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.

Z M Wang (ZM)

Shandong Institute of Advanced Technology (SDIAT), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.

J Wei (J)

DPNC, Université de Genève, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland.
Shandong Institute of Advanced Technology (SDIAT), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.

Z L Weng (ZL)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

H Wu (H)

Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing 210096, China.

R Q Xiong (RQ)

Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing 210096, China.

W Xu (W)

Shandong University (SDU), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.
Shandong Institute of Advanced Technology (SDIAT), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.

Q Yan (Q)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

Y Yang (Y)

National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan.

I I Yashin (II)

NRNU MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), Moscow 115409, Russia.

H Yi (H)

Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing 210096, China.

Y M Yu (YM)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

Z Q Yu (ZQ)

Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.

M Zannoni (M)

INFN Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy.
Università di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy.

C Zhang (C)

Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.

F Zhang (F)

Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.

F Z Zhang (FZ)

Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, China.

J H Zhang (JH)

Southeast University (SEU), Nanjing 210096, China.

Z Zhang (Z)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

F Zhao (F)

Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing 100049, China.

C Zheng (C)

Shandong Institute of Advanced Technology (SDIAT), Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.

Z M Zheng (ZM)

Beihang University (BUAA), Beijing 100191, China.

H L Zhuang (HL)

Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.

V Zhukov (V)

I. Physics Institute and JARA-FAME, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany.

A Zichichi (A)

INFN Sezione di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
Università di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.

P Zuccon (P)

INFN TIFPA, 38123 Povo, Trento, Italy.
Università di Trento, 38123 Povo, Trento, Italy.

Classifications MeSH