The effect of exercise rehabilitation on COVID-19 outcomes: a systematic review of observational and intervention studies.

Disturbance to physical and psychological characteristics among COVID-19 survivors are not uncommon complications. In the current systematic review, we aimed to investigate the role of exercise rehabilitation programs, either in acute or post-acute phase, on COVID-19 patients' outcomes. A systematic search was conducted in November 2021 of Web of Sciences, PubMed-Medline, Google Scholar, and Scopus. Observational and intervention studies on COVID-19-infected patients undergoing a rehabilitation program including any type of exercise were included if they reported physical or psychological factors as outcomes. The Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomized controlled trials and Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal checklist were used by two independent reviewers. A total number of 469, and 957 patients were included in 9 intervention studies, and 14 observational studies, respectively. Most factors reported by studies as outcomes fell in the categories of exercise capacity, respiratory function, as well as psychological aspects. The reported outcomes in almost all studies, disclosed the overall beneficial role of exercise rehabilitation in improving the outcomes. The current review demonstrated that exercise rehabilitation generally could have a beneficial role in improvement of both physical and psychological related outcomes. As the best onset time, and FITT components are not yet completely clear, further large, well-designed RCTs are suggested to provide details of exercise rehabilitation program.

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Competing interestsThe authors declare no competing interests.Conflict of interestAll authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.