Genomic epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 in a university outbreak setting and implications for public health planning.
Journal
Scientific reports
ISSN: 2045-2322
Titre abrégé: Sci Rep
Pays: England
ID NLM: 101563288
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
19 07 2022
19 07 2022
Historique:
received:
14
03
2022
accepted:
27
06
2022
entrez:
19
7
2022
pubmed:
20
7
2022
medline:
22
7
2022
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
Whole genome sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 has occurred at an unprecedented scale, and can be exploited for characterising outbreak risks at the fine-scale needed to inform control strategies. One setting at continued risk of COVID-19 outbreaks are higher education institutions, associated with student movements at the start of term, close living conditions within residential halls, and high social contact rates. Here we analysed SARS-CoV-2 whole genome sequences in combination with epidemiological data to investigate a large cluster of student cases associated with University of Glasgow accommodation in autumn 2020, Scotland. We identified 519 student cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection associated with this large cluster through contact tracing data, with 30% sequencing coverage for further analysis. We estimated at least 11 independent introductions of SARS-CoV-2 into the student population, with four comprising the majority of detected cases and consistent with separate outbreaks. These four outbreaks were curtailed within a week following implementation of control measures. The impact of student infections on the local community was short-term despite an underlying increase in community infections. Our study highlights the need for context-specific information in the formation of public health policy for higher educational settings.
Identifiants
pubmed: 35853960
doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-15661-1
pii: 10.1038/s41598-022-15661-1
pmc: PMC9296497
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
11735Subventions
Organisme : Medical Research Council
ID : MC_UU_12018/12
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : Medical Research Council
ID : MC_PC_19026
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : Medical Research Council
ID : MC_UU_12014/12
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : Medical Research Council
ID : MC_PC_19027
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : Department of Health
ID : MC_PC_19027
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : Medical Research Council
ID : MR/T030062/1
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : Medical Research Council
ID : MR/L015080/1
Pays : United Kingdom
Investigateurs
Samuel C Robson
(SC)
Thomas R Connor
(TR)
Nicholas J Loman
(NJ)
Tanya Golubchik
(T)
Rocio T Martinez Nunez
(RTM)
David Bonsall
(D)
Andrew Rambaut
(A)
Luke B Snell
(LB)
Rich Livett
(R)
Catherine Ludden
(C)
Sally Corden
(S)
Eleni Nastouli
(E)
Gaia Nebbia
(G)
Ian Johnston
(I)
Katrina Lythgoe
(K)
M Estee Torok
(ME)
Ian G Goodfellow
(IG)
Jacqui A Prieto
(JA)
Kordo Saeed
(K)
David K Jackson
(DK)
Catherine Houlihan
(C)
Dan Frampton
(D)
William L Hamilton
(WL)
Adam A Witney
(AA)
Giselda Bucca
(G)
Cassie F Pope
(CF)
Catherine Moore
(C)
Emma C Thomson
(EC)
Ewan M Harrison
(EM)
Colin P Smith
(CP)
Fiona Rogan
(F)
Shaun M Beckwith
(SM)
Abigail Murray
(A)
Dawn Singleton
(D)
Kirstine Eastick
(K)
Liz A Sheridan
(LA)
Paul Randell
(P)
Leigh M Jackson
(LM)
Cristina V Ariani
(CV)
Sónia Gonçalves
(S)
Derek J Fairley
(DJ)
Matthew W Loose
(MW)
Joanne Watkins
(J)
Samuel Moses
(S)
Sam Nicholls
(S)
Matthew Bull
(M)
Roberto Amato
(R)
Darren L Smith
(DL)
David M Aanensen
(DM)
Jeffrey C Barrett
(JC)
Dinesh Aggarwal
(D)
James G Shepherd
(JG)
Martin D Curran
(MD)
Surendra Parmar
(S)
Matthew D Parker
(MD)
Catryn Williams
(C)
Sharon Glaysher
(S)
Anthony P Underwood
(AP)
Matthew Bashton
(M)
Nicole Pacchiarini
(N)
Katie F Loveson
(KF)
Matthew Byott
(M)
Alessandro M Carabelli
(AM)
Kate E Templeton
(KE)
Thushan I de Silva
(TI)
Dennis Wang
(D)
Cordelia F Langford
(CF)
John Sillitoe
(J)
Rory N Gunson
(RN)
Simon Cottrell
(S)
Justin O'Grady
(J)
Dominic Kwiatkowski
(D)
Patrick J Lillie
(PJ)
Nicholas Cortes
(N)
Nathan Moore
(N)
Claire Thomas
(C)
Phillipa J Burns
(PJ)
Tabitha W Mahungu
(TW)
Steven Liggett
(S)
Angela H Beckett
(AH)
Matthew T G Holden
(MTG)
Lisa J Levett
(LJ)
Husam Osman
(H)
Mohammed O Hassan-Ibrahim
(MO)
David A Simpson
(DA)
Mrera Chand
(M)
Ravi K Gupta
(RK)
Alistair C Darby
(AC)
Steve Paterson
(S)
Oliver G Pybus
(OG)
Erik M Volz
(EM)
Daniela de Angelis
(D)
David L Robertson
(DL)
Andrew J Page
(AJ)
Inigo Martincorena
(I)
Louise Aigrain
(L)
Andrew R Bassett
(AR)
Nick Wong
(N)
Yusri Taha
(Y)
Michelle J Erkiert
(MJ)
Michael H Spencer Chapman
(MHS)
Rebecca Dewar
(R)
Martin P McHugh
(MP)
Siddharth Mookerjee
(S)
Stephen Aplin
(S)
Matthew Harvey
(M)
Thea Sass
(T)
Helen Umpleby
(H)
Helen Wheeler
(H)
James P McKenna
(JP)
Ben Warne
(B)
Joshua F Taylor
(JF)
Yasmin Chaudhry
(Y)
Rhys Izuagbe
(R)
Aminu S Jahun
(AS)
Gregory R Young
(GR)
Claire McMurray
(C)
Clare M McCann
(CM)
Andrew Nelson
(A)
Scott Elliott
(S)
Hannah Lowe
(H)
Anna Price
(A)
Matthew R Crown
(MR)
Sara Rey
(S)
Sunando Roy
(S)
Ben Temperton
(B)
Sharif Shaaban
(S)
Andrew R Hesketh
(AR)
Kenneth G Laing
(KG)
Irene M Monahan
(IM)
Judith Heaney
(J)
Emanuela Pelosi
(E)
Siona Silviera
(S)
Eleri Wilson-Davies
(E)
Helen Fryer
(H)
Helen Adams
(H)
Louis du Plessis
(L)
Rob Johnson
(R)
William T Harvey
(WT)
Joseph Hughes
(J)
Richard J Orton
(RJ)
Lewis G Spurgin
(LG)
Yann Bourgeois
(Y)
Chris Ruis
(C)
Áine O'Toole
(Á)
Marina Gourtovaia
(M)
Theo Sanderson
(T)
Christophe Fraser
(C)
Jonathan Edgeworth
(J)
Judith Breuer
(J)
Stephen L Michell
(SL)
John A Todd
(JA)
Michaela John
(M)
David Buck
(D)
Kavitha Gajee
(K)
Gemma L Kay
(GL)
Sharon J Peacock
(SJ)
David Heyburn
(D)
Katie Kitchman
(K)
Alan McNally
(A)
David T Pritchard
(DT)
Samir Dervisevic
(S)
Peter Muir
(P)
Esther Robinson
(E)
Barry B Vipond
(BB)
Newara A Ramadan
(NA)
Christopher Jeanes
(C)
Danni Weldon
(D)
Jana Catalan
(J)
Neil Jones
(N)
Ana da Silva Filipe
(A)
Chris Williams
(C)
Marc Fuchs
(M)
Julia Miskelly
(J)
Aaron R Jeffries
(AR)
Karen Oliver
(K)
Naomi R Park
(NR)
Amy Ash
(A)
Cherian Koshy
(C)
Magdalena Barrow
(M)
Sarah L Buchan
(SL)
Anna Mantzouratou
(A)
Gemma Clark
(G)
Christopher W Holmes
(CW)
Sharon Campbell
(S)
Thomas Davis
(T)
Ngee Keong Tan
(NK)
Julianne R Brown
(JR)
Kathryn A Harris
(KA)
Stephen P Kidd
(SP)
Paul R Grant
(PR)
Li Xu-McCrae
(L)
Alison Cox
(A)
Pinglawathee Madona
(P)
Marcus Pond
(M)
Paul A Randell
(PA)
Karen T Withell
(KT)
Cheryl Williams
(C)
Clive Graham
(C)
Rebecca Denton-Smith
(R)
Emma Swindells
(E)
Robyn Turnbull
(R)
Tim J Sloan
(TJ)
Andrew Bosworth
(A)
Stephanie Hutchings
(S)
Hannah M Pymont
(HM)
Anna Casey
(A)
Liz Ratcliffe
(L)
Christopher R Jones
(CR)
Bridget A Knight
(BA)
Tanzina Haque
(T)
Jennifer Hart
(J)
Dianne Irish-Tavares
(D)
Eric Witele
(E)
Craig Mower
(C)
Louisa K Watson
(LK)
Jennifer Collins
(J)
Gary Eltringham
(G)
Dorian Crudgington
(D)
Ben Macklin
(B)
Miren Iturriza-Gomara
(M)
Anita O Lucaci
(AO)
Patrick C McClure
(PC)
Matthew Carlile
(M)
Nadine Holmes
(N)
Christopher Moore
(C)
Nathaniel Storey
(N)
Stefan Rooke
(S)
Gonzalo Yebra
(G)
Noel Craine
(N)
Malorie Perry
(M)
Nabil-Fareed Alikhan
(NF)
Stephen Bridgett
(S)
Kate F Cook
(KF)
Christopher Fearn
(C)
Salman Goudarzi
(S)
Ronan A Lyons
(RA)
Thomas Williams
(T)
Sam T Haldenby
(ST)
Jillian Durham
(J)
Steven Leonard
(S)
Robert M Davies
(RM)
Rahul Batra
(R)
Beth Blane
(B)
Moira J Spyer
(MJ)
Perminder Smith
(P)
Mehmet Yavus
(M)
Rachel J Williams
(RJ)
Adhyana I K Mahanama
(AIK)
Buddhini Samaraweera
(B)
Sophia T Girgis
(ST)
Samantha E Hansford
(SE)
Angie Green
(A)
Charlotte Beaver
(C)
Katherine L Bellis
(KL)
Matthew J Dorman
(MJ)
Sally Kay
(S)
Liam Prestwood
(L)
Shavanthi Rajatileka
(S)
Joshua Quick
(J)
Radoslaw Poplawski
(R)
Nicola Reynolds
(N)
Andrew Mack
(A)
Arthur Morriss
(A)
Thomas Whalley
(T)
Bindi Patel
(B)
Iliana Georgana
(I)
Myra Hosmillo
(M)
Malte L Pinckert
(ML)
Joanne Stockton
(J)
John H Henderson
(JH)
Amy Hollis
(A)
William Stanley
(W)
Wen C Yew
(WC)
Richard Myers
(R)
Alicia Thornton
(A)
Alexander Adams
(A)
Tara Annett
(T)
Hibo Asad
(H)
Alec Birchley
(A)
Jason Coombes
(J)
Johnathan M Evans
(JM)
Laia Fina
(L)
Bree Gatica-Wilcox
(B)
Lauren Gilbert
(L)
Lee Graham
(L)
Jessica Hey
(J)
Ember Hilvers
(E)
Sophie Jones
(S)
Hannah Jones
(H)
Sara Kumziene-Summerhayes
(S)
Caoimhe McKerr
(C)
Jessica Powell
(J)
Georgia Pugh
(G)
Sarah Taylor
(S)
Alexander J Trotter
(AJ)
Charlotte A Williams
(CA)
Leanne M Kermack
(LM)
Benjamin H Foulkes
(BH)
Marta Gallis
(M)
Hailey R Hornsby
(HR)
Stavroula F Louka
(SF)
Manoj Pohare
(M)
Paige Wolverson
(P)
Peijun Zhang
(P)
George MacIntyre-Cockett
(G)
Amy Trebes
(A)
Robin J Moll
(RJ)
Lynne Ferguson
(L)
Emily J Goldstein
(EJ)
Alasdair Maclean
(A)
Rachael Tomb
(R)
Igor Starinskij
(I)
Laura Thomson
(L)
Joel Southgate
(J)
Moritz U G Kraemer
(MUG)
Jayna Raghwani
(J)
Alex E Zarebski
(AE)
Olivia Boyd
(O)
Lily Geidelberg
(L)
Chris J Illingworth
(CJ)
Chris Jackson
(C)
David Pascall
(D)
Sreenu Vattipally
(S)
Timothy M Freeman
(TM)
Sharon N Hsu
(SN)
Benjamin B Lindsey
(BB)
Keith James
(K)
Kevin Lewis
(K)
Gerry Tonkin-Hill
(G)
Jaime M Tovar-Corona
(JM)
MacGregor Cox
(M)
Khalil Abudahab
(K)
Mirko Menegazzo
(M)
Ben E W Taylor
(BEW)
Corin A Yeats
(CA)
Afrida Mukaddas
(A)
Derek W Wright
(DW)
Leonardo de Oliveira Martins
(L)
Rachel Colquhoun
(R)
Verity Hill
(V)
Ben Jackson
(B)
J T McCrone
(JT)
Nathan Medd
(N)
Emily Scher
(E)
Jon-Paul Keatley
(JP)
Tanya Curran
(T)
Sian Morgan
(S)
Patrick Maxwell
(P)
Ken Smith
(K)
Sahar Eldirdiri
(S)
Anita Kenyon
(A)
Alison H Holmes
(AH)
James R Price
(JR)
Tim Wyatt
(T)
Alison E Mather
(AE)
Timofey John A SkvortsovHartley
(TJA)
Martyn Guest
(M)
Christine Kitchen
(C)
Ian Merrick
(I)
Robert Munn
(R)
Beatrice Bertolusso
(B)
Jessica Lynch
(J)
Gabrielle Vernet
(G)
Stuart Kirk
(S)
Elizabeth Wastnedge
(E)
Rachael Stanley
(R)
Giles Idle
(G)
Declan T Bradley
(DT)
Jennifer Poyner
(J)
Matilde Mori
(M)
Owen Jones
(O)
Victoria Wright
(V)
Ellena Brooks
(E)
Carol M Churcher
(CM)
Mireille Fragakis
(M)
Katerina Galai
(K)
Andrew Jermy
(A)
Sarah Judges
(S)
Georgina M McManus
(GM)
Kim S Smith
(KS)
Elaine Westwick
(E)
Stephen W Attwood
(SW)
Frances Bolt
(F)
Alisha Davies
(A)
Elen De Lacy
(E)
Fatima Downing
(F)
Sue Edwards
(S)
Lizzie Meadows
(L)
Sarah Jeremiah
(S)
Nikki Smith
(N)
Luke Foulser
(L)
Themoula Charalampous
(T)
Amita Patel
(A)
Louise Berry
(L)
Tim Boswell
(T)
Vicki M Fleming
(VM)
Hannah C Howson-Wells
(HC)
Amelia Joseph
(A)
Manjinder Khakh
(M)
Michelle M Lister
(MM)
Paul W Bird
(PW)
Karlie Fallon
(K)
Thomas Helmer
(T)
Claire L McMurray
(CL)
Mina Odedra
(M)
Jessica Shaw
(J)
Julian W Tang
(JW)
Nicholas J Willford
(NJ)
Victoria Blakey
(V)
Veena Raviprakash
(V)
Nicola Sheriff
(N)
Lesley-Anne Williams
(LA)
Theresa Feltwell
(T)
Luke Bedford
(L)
James S Cargill
(JS)
Warwick Hughes
(W)
Jonathan Moore
(J)
Susanne Stonehouse
(S)
Laura Atkinson
(L)
Jack C D Lee
(JCD)
Divya Shah
(D)
Adela Alcolea-Medina
(A)
Natasha Ohemeng-Kumi
(N)
John Ramble
(J)
Jasveen Sehmi
(J)
Rebecca Williams
(R)
Wendy Chatterton
(W)
Monika Pusok
(M)
William Everson
(W)
Anibolina Castigador
(A)
Emily Macnaughton
(E)
Kate El Bouzidi
(K)
Temi Lampejo
(T)
Malur Sudhanva
(M)
Cassie Breen
(C)
Graciela Sluga
(G)
Shazaad S Y Ahmad
(SSY)
Ryan P George
(RP)
Nicholas W Machin
(NW)
Debbie Binns
(D)
Victoria James
(V)
Rachel Blacow
(R)
Lindsay Coupland
(L)
Louise Smith
(L)
Edward Barton
(E)
Debra Padgett
(D)
Garren Scott
(G)
Aidan Cross
(A)
Mariyam Mirfenderesky
(M)
Jane Greenaway
(J)
Kevin Cole
(K)
Phillip Clarke
(P)
Nichola Duckworth
(N)
Sarah Walsh
(S)
Kelly Bicknell
(K)
Robert Impey
(R)
Sarah Wyllie
(S)
Richard Hopes
(R)
Chloe Bishop
(C)
Vicki Chalker
(V)
Ian Harrison
(I)
Laura Gifford
(L)
Zoltan Molnar
(Z)
Cressida Auckland
(C)
Cariad Evans
(C)
Kate Johnson
(K)
David G Partridge
(DG)
Mohammad Raza
(M)
Paul Baker
(P)
Stephen Bonner
(S)
Sarah Essex
(S)
Leanne J Murray
(LJ)
Andrew I Lawton
(AI)
Shirelle Burton-Fanning
(S)
Brendan A I Payne
(BAI)
Sheila Waugh
(S)
Andrea N Gomes
(AN)
Maimuna Kimuli
(M)
Darren R Murray
(DR)
Paula Ashfield
(P)
Donald Dobie
(D)
Fiona Ashford
(F)
Angus Best
(A)
Liam Crawford
(L)
Nicola Cumley
(N)
Megan Mayhew
(M)
Oliver Megram
(O)
Jeremy Mirza
(J)
Emma Moles-Garcia
(E)
Benita Percival
(B)
Megan Driscoll
(M)
Leah Ensell
(L)
Helen L Lowe
(HL)
Laurentiu Maftei
(L)
Matteo Mondani
(M)
Nicola J Chaloner
(NJ)
Benjamin J Cogger
(BJ)
Lisa J Easton
(LJ)
Hannah Huckson
(H)
Jonathan Lewis
(J)
Sarah Lowdon
(S)
Cassandra S Malone
(CS)
Florence Munemo
(F)
Manasa Mutingwende
(M)
Roberto Nicodemi
(R)
Olga Podplomyk
(O)
Thomas Somassa
(T)
Andrew Beggs
(A)
Alex Richter
(A)
Claire Cormie
(C)
Joana Dias
(J)
Sally Forrest
(S)
Ellen E Higginson
(EE)
Mailis Maes
(M)
Jamie Young
(J)
Rose K Davidson
(RK)
Kathryn A Jackson
(KA)
Lance Turtle
(L)
Alexander J Keeley
(AJ)
Jonathan Ball
(J)
Timothy Byaruhanga
(T)
Joseph G Chappell
(JG)
Jayasree Dey
(J)
Jack D Hill
(JD)
Emily J Park
(EJ)
Arezou Fanaie
(A)
Rachel A Hilson
(RA)
Geraldine Yaze
(G)
Stephanie Lo
(S)
Safiah Afifi
(S)
Robert Beer
(R)
Joshua Maksimovic
(J)
Kathryn McCluggage
(K)
Karla Spellman
(K)
Catherine Bresner
(C)
William Fuller
(W)
Angela Marchbank
(A)
Trudy Workman
(T)
Ekaterina Shelest
(E)
Johnny Debebe
(J)
Fei Sang
(F)
Marina Escalera Zamudio
(ME)
Sarah Francois
(S)
Bernardo Gutierrez
(B)
Tetyana I Vasylyeva
(TI)
Flavia Flaviani
(F)
Manon Ragonnet-Cronin
(M)
Katherine L Smollett
(KL)
Alice Broos
(A)
Daniel Mair
(D)
Jenna Nichols
(J)
Kyriaki Nomikou
(K)
Lily Tong
(L)
Ioulia Tsatsani
(I)
Sarah O'Brien
(S)
Steven Rushton
(S)
Roy Sanderson
(R)
Jon Perkins
(J)
Seb Cotton
(S)
Abbie Gallagher
(A)
Elias Allara
(E)
Clare Pearson
(C)
David Bibby
(D)
Gavin Dabrera
(G)
Nicholas Ellaby
(N)
Eileen Gallagher
(E)
Jonathan Hubb
(J)
Angie Lackenby
(A)
David Lee
(D)
Nikos Manesis
(N)
Tamyo Mbisa
(T)
Steven Platt
(S)
Katherine A Twohig
(KA)
Mari Morgan
(M)
Alp Aydin
(A)
David J Baker
(DJ)
Ebenezer Foster-Nyarko
(E)
Sophie J Prosolek
(SJ)
Steven Rudder
(S)
Chris Baxter
(C)
Sã Lvia F Carvalho
(SLF)
Deborah Lavin
(D)
Arun Mariappan
(A)
Clara Radulescu
(C)
Aditi Singh
(A)
Miao Tang
(M)
Helen Morcrette
(H)
Nadua Bayzid
(N)
Marius Cotic
(M)
Carlos E Balcazar
(CE)
Michael D Gallagher
(MD)
Daniel Maloney
(D)
Thomas D Stanton
(TD)
Kathleen A Williamson
(KA)
Robin Manley
(R)
Michelle L Michelsen
(ML)
Christine M Sambles
(CM)
David J Studholme
(DJ)
Joanna Warwick-Dugdale
(J)
Richard Eccles
(R)
Matthew Gemmell
(M)
Richard Gregory
(R)
Margaret Hughes
(M)
Charlotte Nelson
(C)
Lucille Rainbow
(L)
Edith E Vamos
(EE)
Hermione J Webster
(HJ)
Mark Whitehead
(M)
Claudia Wierzbicki
(C)
Adrienn Angyal
(A)
Luke R Green
(LR)
Max Whiteley
(M)
Emma Betteridge
(E)
Iraad F Bronner
(IF)
Ben W Farr
(BW)
Scott Goodwin
(S)
Stefanie V Lensing
(SV)
Shane A McCarthy
(SA)
Michael A Quail
(MA)
Diana Rajan
(D)
Nicholas M Redshaw
(NM)
Carol Scott
(C)
Lesley Shirley
(L)
Scott A J Thurston
(SAJ)
Will Rowe
(W)
Amy Gaskin
(A)
Thanh Le-Viet
(T)
James Bonfield
(J)
Jennifier Liddle
(J)
Andrew Whitwham
(A)
Informations de copyright
© 2022. The Author(s).
Références
Swiss Med Wkly. 2020 Aug 05;150:w20336
pubmed: 32757177
N Engl J Med. 2020 Mar 26;382(13):1199-1207
pubmed: 31995857
Nat Rev Microbiol. 2021 Jul;19(7):409-424
pubmed: 34075212
Euro Surveill. 2021 Aug;26(31):
pubmed: 34355691
Nat Med. 2020 Nov;26(11):1714-1719
pubmed: 32943787
Nat Commun. 2022 Feb 8;13(1):751
pubmed: 35136068
BMJ. 2020 Sep 1;370:m3365
pubmed: 32873595
Cell. 2021 Mar 4;184(5):1171-1187.e20
pubmed: 33621484
Epidemiol Infect. 2020 Nov 18;148:e287
pubmed: 33203492
Nat Med. 2020 May;26(5):672-675
pubmed: 32296168
Lancet Infect Dis. 2020 Nov;20(11):1263-1272
pubmed: 32679081
Nat Methods. 2017 Jun;14(6):587-589
pubmed: 28481363
Nat Microbiol. 2020 Nov;5(11):1403-1407
pubmed: 32669681
Genome Biol. 2021 Jul 1;22(1):196
pubmed: 34210356
Mol Biol Evol. 2016 Jun;33(6):1635-8
pubmed: 26921390
Lancet Microbe. 2022 Feb;3(2):e151-e158
pubmed: 34608459
Mol Biol Evol. 2022 Mar 2;39(3):
pubmed: 35106603
R Soc Open Sci. 2021 Aug 4;8(8):210310
pubmed: 34386249
Lancet Infect Dis. 2022 Jan;22(1):43-55
pubmed: 34480857
Nucleic Acids Res. 2021 Jul 2;49(W1):W293-W296
pubmed: 33885785
J Infect. 2021 Jul;83(1):104-111
pubmed: 33933527
Epidemics. 2021 Sep;36:100476
pubmed: 34224948
Mol Biol Evol. 2020 May 1;37(5):1530-1534
pubmed: 32011700