Effects of Sex, APOE4, and Lifestyle Activities on Cognitive Reserve in Older Adults.

Aged Aged, 80 and over Apolipoprotein E4 / genetics Apolipoproteins E Cognition / physiology Cognitive Dysfunction Cognitive Reserve Dementia / prevention & control Female Humans Life Style Male Sex Factors

Journal

Neurology
ISSN: 1526-632X
Titre abrégé: Neurology
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 0401060

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
23 08 2022
Historique:
received: 27 09 2021
accepted: 18 03 2022
pubmed: 21 7 2022
medline: 14 10 2022
entrez: 20 7 2022
Statut: ppublish

Résumé

Lifestyle activities, such as physical activity and cognitive stimulation, may mitigate age-associated cognitive decline, delay dementia onset, and increase cognitive reserve. Whether the association between lifestyle activities and cognitive reserve differs by sex and APOE4 status is an understudied yet critical component for informing targeted prevention strategies. The current study examined interactions between sex and physical or cognitive activities on cognitive reserve for speed and memory in older adults. Research participants with unimpaired cognition, mild cognitive impairment, or dementia from the Washington Heights-Inwood Columbia Aging Cohort were included in this study. Cognitive reserve scores for speed and memory were calculated by regressing out hippocampal volume, total gray matter volume, and white matter hyperintensity volume from composite cognitive scores for speed and memory, respectively. Self-reported physical activity was assessed using the Godin Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire, converted to metabolic equivalents (METS). Self-reported cognitive activity (COGACT) was calculated as the sum of 3 yes/no questions. Sex by activity interactions and sex-stratified analyses were conducted using multivariable linear regression models, including a secondary analysis with APOE4 as a moderating factor. Seven hundred fifty-eight participants (mean age = 76.11 ± 6.31 years, 62% women) were included in this study. Higher METS was associated with greater speed reserve in women (β = 0.04, CI 0.0-08) but not in men (β = 0.004, CI -0.04 to 0.05). METS was not associated with memory reserve in women or men. More COGACT was associated with greater speed reserve in the cohort (β = 0.13, CI 0.05-0.21). More COGACT had a trend for greater memory reserve in women (β = 0.06, CI -0.02 to 0.14) but not in men (β = -0.04, CI -0.16 to 0.08). Only among women, APOE4 carrier status attenuated relationships between METS and speed reserve (β = -0.09, CI -0.22 to 0.04) and between COGACT and both speed (β = -0.26, CI -0.63 to 0.11) and memory reserves (β = -0.20, CI -0.50.0 to 093). The associations of self-reported physical and cognitive activities with cognitive reserve are more pronounced in women, although APOE4 attenuates these associations. Future studies are needed to understand the causal relationship among sex, lifestyle activities, and genetic factors on cognitive reserve in older adults to best understand which lifestyle activities may be most beneficial and for whom.

Sections du résumé

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
Lifestyle activities, such as physical activity and cognitive stimulation, may mitigate age-associated cognitive decline, delay dementia onset, and increase cognitive reserve. Whether the association between lifestyle activities and cognitive reserve differs by sex and APOE4 status is an understudied yet critical component for informing targeted prevention strategies. The current study examined interactions between sex and physical or cognitive activities on cognitive reserve for speed and memory in older adults.
METHODS
Research participants with unimpaired cognition, mild cognitive impairment, or dementia from the Washington Heights-Inwood Columbia Aging Cohort were included in this study. Cognitive reserve scores for speed and memory were calculated by regressing out hippocampal volume, total gray matter volume, and white matter hyperintensity volume from composite cognitive scores for speed and memory, respectively. Self-reported physical activity was assessed using the Godin Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire, converted to metabolic equivalents (METS). Self-reported cognitive activity (COGACT) was calculated as the sum of 3 yes/no questions. Sex by activity interactions and sex-stratified analyses were conducted using multivariable linear regression models, including a secondary analysis with APOE4 as a moderating factor.
RESULTS
Seven hundred fifty-eight participants (mean age = 76.11 ± 6.31 years, 62% women) were included in this study. Higher METS was associated with greater speed reserve in women (β = 0.04, CI 0.0-08) but not in men (β = 0.004, CI -0.04 to 0.05). METS was not associated with memory reserve in women or men. More COGACT was associated with greater speed reserve in the cohort (β = 0.13, CI 0.05-0.21). More COGACT had a trend for greater memory reserve in women (β = 0.06, CI -0.02 to 0.14) but not in men (β = -0.04, CI -0.16 to 0.08). Only among women, APOE4 carrier status attenuated relationships between METS and speed reserve (β = -0.09, CI -0.22 to 0.04) and between COGACT and both speed (β = -0.26, CI -0.63 to 0.11) and memory reserves (β = -0.20, CI -0.50.0 to 093).
DISCUSSION
The associations of self-reported physical and cognitive activities with cognitive reserve are more pronounced in women, although APOE4 attenuates these associations. Future studies are needed to understand the causal relationship among sex, lifestyle activities, and genetic factors on cognitive reserve in older adults to best understand which lifestyle activities may be most beneficial and for whom.

Identifiants

DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000200675 PMID: 35858818 PMC: PMC9484731
pubmed: 35858818
pii: WNL.0000000000200675
doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000200675
pmc: PMC9484731
doi:

Substances chimiques

ApoE protein, human 0
Apolipoprotein E4 0
Apolipoproteins E 0

Types de publication

Journal Article Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Pagination

e789-e798

Subventions

Organisme : NIA NIH HHS
ID : RF1 AG054617
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIA NIH HHS
ID : RF1 AG066107
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIA NIH HHS
ID : R01 AG037212
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIA NIH HHS
ID : RF1 AG054023
Pays : United States
Organisme : NCATS NIH HHS
ID : UL1 TR001873
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIA NIH HHS
ID : R01 AG072474
Pays : United States

Informations de copyright

Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology.

Auteurs

Judy Pa (J)

From the Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study (J.P.), Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, UCSD Health, San Diego, CA; Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute (J.P., V.A.), USC Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Population and Public Health Sciences (V.A.), Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Memory and Aging Center (K.B.C.), Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (M.A.R., J.A.-R., Y.G., N.S., J.J.M., A.B.), Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York City; Center for Population Health Sciences (A.H.), Department of Primary Care and Population Health, Stanford University, CA; Department of Neurology (S.E.T.), Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons and Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City; Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience (N.A.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (N.A.), Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Public Health Sciences (K.R.), University of California, Davis; and Department of Psychology (L.Z.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. judypa@usc.edu.

Vahan Aslanyan (V)

From the Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study (J.P.), Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, UCSD Health, San Diego, CA; Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute (J.P., V.A.), USC Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Population and Public Health Sciences (V.A.), Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Memory and Aging Center (K.B.C.), Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (M.A.R., J.A.-R., Y.G., N.S., J.J.M., A.B.), Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York City; Center for Population Health Sciences (A.H.), Department of Primary Care and Population Health, Stanford University, CA; Department of Neurology (S.E.T.), Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons and Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City; Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience (N.A.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (N.A.), Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Public Health Sciences (K.R.), University of California, Davis; and Department of Psychology (L.Z.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
ORCID: 0000-0003-0610-6933

Kaitlin B Casaletto (KB)

From the Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study (J.P.), Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, UCSD Health, San Diego, CA; Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute (J.P., V.A.), USC Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Population and Public Health Sciences (V.A.), Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Memory and Aging Center (K.B.C.), Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (M.A.R., J.A.-R., Y.G., N.S., J.J.M., A.B.), Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York City; Center for Population Health Sciences (A.H.), Department of Primary Care and Population Health, Stanford University, CA; Department of Neurology (S.E.T.), Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons and Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City; Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience (N.A.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (N.A.), Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Public Health Sciences (K.R.), University of California, Davis; and Department of Psychology (L.Z.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.

Miguel Arce Rentería (MA)

From the Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study (J.P.), Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, UCSD Health, San Diego, CA; Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute (J.P., V.A.), USC Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Population and Public Health Sciences (V.A.), Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Memory and Aging Center (K.B.C.), Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (M.A.R., J.A.-R., Y.G., N.S., J.J.M., A.B.), Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York City; Center for Population Health Sciences (A.H.), Department of Primary Care and Population Health, Stanford University, CA; Department of Neurology (S.E.T.), Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons and Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City; Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience (N.A.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (N.A.), Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Public Health Sciences (K.R.), University of California, Davis; and Department of Psychology (L.Z.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
ORCID: 0000-0002-4696-6279

Amal Harrati (A)

From the Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study (J.P.), Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, UCSD Health, San Diego, CA; Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute (J.P., V.A.), USC Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Population and Public Health Sciences (V.A.), Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Memory and Aging Center (K.B.C.), Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (M.A.R., J.A.-R., Y.G., N.S., J.J.M., A.B.), Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York City; Center for Population Health Sciences (A.H.), Department of Primary Care and Population Health, Stanford University, CA; Department of Neurology (S.E.T.), Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons and Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City; Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience (N.A.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (N.A.), Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Public Health Sciences (K.R.), University of California, Davis; and Department of Psychology (L.Z.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.

Sarah E Tom (SE)

From the Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study (J.P.), Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, UCSD Health, San Diego, CA; Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute (J.P., V.A.), USC Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Population and Public Health Sciences (V.A.), Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Memory and Aging Center (K.B.C.), Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (M.A.R., J.A.-R., Y.G., N.S., J.J.M., A.B.), Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York City; Center for Population Health Sciences (A.H.), Department of Primary Care and Population Health, Stanford University, CA; Department of Neurology (S.E.T.), Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons and Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City; Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience (N.A.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (N.A.), Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Public Health Sciences (K.R.), University of California, Davis; and Department of Psychology (L.Z.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.

Nicole Armstrong (N)

From the Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study (J.P.), Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, UCSD Health, San Diego, CA; Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute (J.P., V.A.), USC Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Population and Public Health Sciences (V.A.), Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Memory and Aging Center (K.B.C.), Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (M.A.R., J.A.-R., Y.G., N.S., J.J.M., A.B.), Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York City; Center for Population Health Sciences (A.H.), Department of Primary Care and Population Health, Stanford University, CA; Department of Neurology (S.E.T.), Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons and Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City; Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience (N.A.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (N.A.), Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Public Health Sciences (K.R.), University of California, Davis; and Department of Psychology (L.Z.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.

Kumar Rajan (K)

From the Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study (J.P.), Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, UCSD Health, San Diego, CA; Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute (J.P., V.A.), USC Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Population and Public Health Sciences (V.A.), Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Memory and Aging Center (K.B.C.), Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (M.A.R., J.A.-R., Y.G., N.S., J.J.M., A.B.), Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York City; Center for Population Health Sciences (A.H.), Department of Primary Care and Population Health, Stanford University, CA; Department of Neurology (S.E.T.), Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons and Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City; Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience (N.A.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (N.A.), Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Public Health Sciences (K.R.), University of California, Davis; and Department of Psychology (L.Z.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.

Justina Avila-Rieger (J)

From the Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study (J.P.), Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, UCSD Health, San Diego, CA; Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute (J.P., V.A.), USC Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Population and Public Health Sciences (V.A.), Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Memory and Aging Center (K.B.C.), Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (M.A.R., J.A.-R., Y.G., N.S., J.J.M., A.B.), Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York City; Center for Population Health Sciences (A.H.), Department of Primary Care and Population Health, Stanford University, CA; Department of Neurology (S.E.T.), Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons and Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City; Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience (N.A.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (N.A.), Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Public Health Sciences (K.R.), University of California, Davis; and Department of Psychology (L.Z.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.

Yian Gu (Y)

From the Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study (J.P.), Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, UCSD Health, San Diego, CA; Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute (J.P., V.A.), USC Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Population and Public Health Sciences (V.A.), Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Memory and Aging Center (K.B.C.), Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (M.A.R., J.A.-R., Y.G., N.S., J.J.M., A.B.), Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York City; Center for Population Health Sciences (A.H.), Department of Primary Care and Population Health, Stanford University, CA; Department of Neurology (S.E.T.), Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons and Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City; Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience (N.A.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (N.A.), Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Public Health Sciences (K.R.), University of California, Davis; and Department of Psychology (L.Z.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
ORCID: 0000-0002-4297-1548

Nicole Schupf (N)

From the Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study (J.P.), Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, UCSD Health, San Diego, CA; Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute (J.P., V.A.), USC Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Population and Public Health Sciences (V.A.), Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Memory and Aging Center (K.B.C.), Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (M.A.R., J.A.-R., Y.G., N.S., J.J.M., A.B.), Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York City; Center for Population Health Sciences (A.H.), Department of Primary Care and Population Health, Stanford University, CA; Department of Neurology (S.E.T.), Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons and Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City; Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience (N.A.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (N.A.), Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Public Health Sciences (K.R.), University of California, Davis; and Department of Psychology (L.Z.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.

Jennifer J Manly (JJ)

From the Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study (J.P.), Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, UCSD Health, San Diego, CA; Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute (J.P., V.A.), USC Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Population and Public Health Sciences (V.A.), Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Memory and Aging Center (K.B.C.), Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (M.A.R., J.A.-R., Y.G., N.S., J.J.M., A.B.), Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York City; Center for Population Health Sciences (A.H.), Department of Primary Care and Population Health, Stanford University, CA; Department of Neurology (S.E.T.), Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons and Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City; Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience (N.A.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (N.A.), Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Public Health Sciences (K.R.), University of California, Davis; and Department of Psychology (L.Z.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
ORCID: 0000-0002-9481-7497

Adam Brickman (A)

From the Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study (J.P.), Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, UCSD Health, San Diego, CA; Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute (J.P., V.A.), USC Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Population and Public Health Sciences (V.A.), Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Memory and Aging Center (K.B.C.), Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (M.A.R., J.A.-R., Y.G., N.S., J.J.M., A.B.), Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York City; Center for Population Health Sciences (A.H.), Department of Primary Care and Population Health, Stanford University, CA; Department of Neurology (S.E.T.), Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons and Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City; Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience (N.A.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (N.A.), Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Public Health Sciences (K.R.), University of California, Davis; and Department of Psychology (L.Z.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.

Laura Zahodne (L)

From the Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study (J.P.), Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, UCSD Health, San Diego, CA; Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute (J.P., V.A.), USC Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Population and Public Health Sciences (V.A.), Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Memory and Aging Center (K.B.C.), Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco; Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain (M.A.R., J.A.-R., Y.G., N.S., J.J.M., A.B.), Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York City; Center for Population Health Sciences (A.H.), Department of Primary Care and Population Health, Stanford University, CA; Department of Neurology (S.E.T.), Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons and Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City; Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience (N.A.), National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior (N.A.), Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI; Department of Public Health Sciences (K.R.), University of California, Davis; and Department of Psychology (L.Z.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
ORCID: 0000-0002-5763-4501

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Classifications MeSH

questionsmedicales.fr › Personnes › Tranches d'âge › Adulte › Sujet âgé › Effects of Sex, APOE4, and Lifestyle...
questionsmedicales.fr › Personnes › Tranches d'âge › Adulte › Sujet âgé › Sujet âgé de 80 ans ou plus › Effects of Sex, APOE4, and Lifestyle...
questionsmedicales.fr › Acides aminés, peptides et protéines › Protéines › Lipoprotéines › Apolipoprotéines › Apolipoprotéines E › Apolipoprotéine E4 › Effects of Sex, APOE4, and Lifestyle...
questionsmedicales.fr › Acides aminés, peptides et protéines › Protéines › Lipoprotéines › Apolipoprotéines › Apolipoprotéines E › Effects of Sex, APOE4, and Lifestyle...
questionsmedicales.fr › Phénomènes psychologiques › Processus mentaux › Cognition › Effects of Sex, APOE4, and Lifestyle...
questionsmedicales.fr › Troubles mentaux › Troubles neurocognitifs › Troubles de la cognition › Dysfonctionnement cognitif › Effects of Sex, APOE4, and Lifestyle...
questionsmedicales.fr › Phénomènes psychologiques › Processus mentaux › Cognition › Réserve cognitive › Effects of Sex, APOE4, and Lifestyle...
questionsmedicales.fr › Troubles mentaux › Troubles neurocognitifs › Démence › Effects of Sex, APOE4, and Lifestyle...
questionsmedicales.fr › Eucaryotes › Animaux › Chordés › Vertébrés › Mammifères › Eutheria › Primates › Haplorhini › Catarrhini › Hominidae › Humains › Effects of Sex, APOE4, and Lifestyle...
questionsmedicales.fr › Comportement et mécanismes comportementaux › Mode de vie › Effects of Sex, APOE4, and Lifestyle...
questionsmedicales.fr › Environnement et santé publique › Santé publique › Facteurs épidémiologiques › Facteurs sexuels › Effects of Sex, APOE4, and Lifestyle...