Current Opinion on the Therapeutic Capacity of Taurine-Containing Halogen Derivatives in Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases.
COVID-19
Infection diseases
Inflammation
N-bromotaurine
N-chlorotaurine
Taurine bromamine
Taurine chloramine
Taurine derivatives
Journal
Advances in experimental medicine and biology
ISSN: 0065-2598
Titre abrégé: Adv Exp Med Biol
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 0121103
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
2022
2022
Historique:
entrez:
26
7
2022
pubmed:
27
7
2022
medline:
29
7
2022
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Taurine haloamines, N-chlorotaurine (NCT, TauCl), and N-bromotaurine (NBT, TauBr) are formed by a reaction between taurine and hypohalous acids, HOCl and HOBr, respectively. The major source of endogenous taurine haloamines is neutrophils. Both NCT and NBT share strong anti-inflammatory and microbicidal activities supported by an absence of microbial resistance. In the light of these properties, a number of clinical studies have been performed to document their effectiveness in treatment of bacterial, fungal, and viral infections. The administration of NCT and NBT has been limited to topical application, as they are decomposed upon systemic delivery. This review summarizes current knowledge concerning the therapeutic use of NCT and NBT mainly in various skin disorders such as non-healing wounds, acne vulgaris, herpes zoster, and psoriasis. Moreover, the beneficial effect of NCT inhalation in early stages of COVID-19 and other viral respiratory infections is discussed. And finally, we would like to suggest that NCT might be used to inhibit the development of the cytokine storm through its capacity to suppress the production of IL-6.
Identifiants
pubmed: 35882784
doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-93337-1_8
doi:
Substances chimiques
Anti-Inflammatory Agents
0
Halogens
0
Taurine
1EQV5MLY3D
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
83-98Informations de copyright
© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
Références
Ammann CG, Fille M, Hausdorfer J, Nogler M, Nagl M, Coraça-Huber DC (2014) Influence of poly-N-acetylglucosamine in the extracellular matrix on N-chlorotaurine mediated killing of Staphylococcus epidermidis. New Microbiol 37:383–386
pubmed: 25180854
Anich C, Orth-Höller LM, Nagl M (2021) N-chlorotaurine, a potent weapon against multiresistant bacteria. J Appl Microbiol 131(4):1742–1748
pubmed: 33638897
pmcid: 8518795
doi: 10.1111/jam.15052
Arnitz R, Nagl M, Gottardi W (2009) Microbicidal activity of monochlo-ramine and chloramine T compared. J Hosp Infect 73:164–170
pubmed: 19717212
doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2009.06.008
Arnitz R, Stein M, Bauer P, Lanthaler B, Jamnig H, Scholl-Bürgi S, Stempfl-Al-Jazrawi K, Ulmer H, Baumgartner B, Embacher S, Geisler S, Gostner JM, Müllinger B, Kälz B, Nagl M (2018) Tolerability of inhaled N-chlorotaurine in humans – a double-blind randomized phase I clinical study. Ther Adv Resp Dis 12:1–14
Baliou S, Kyriakopoulos AM, Spandidos DA, Zoumpourlis V (2020) Role of taurine, its haloamines and its lncRNA TUG1 in both inflammation and cancer progression. On the road to therapeutics? (Review). Int J Oncol 57(3):631–664
pubmed: 32705269
pmcid: 7384849
doi: 10.3892/ijo.2020.5100
Baliou S, Goulielmaki M, Ioannou P, Cheimonidi C, Trougakos IP, Nagl M, Kyriakopoulos AM, Zoumpourlis V (2021a) Bromamine T (BAT) exerts stronger anti-cancer properties than Taurine (Tau). Cancers (Basel) 13(2):182
doi: 10.3390/cancers13020182
Baliou S, Sofopoulos M, Goulielmaki M et al (2021b) Bromamine T, a stable active bromine compound, prevents the LPS induced inflammatory response. Int J Mol Med 47(4):37
pubmed: 33537817
pmcid: 7891821
doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2021.4870
Barua M, Liu Y, Quinn MR (2001) Taurine chloramine inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase and TNF-alpha gene expression in activated alveolar macrophages: decreased NF-kappaB activation and IkappaB kinase activity. J Immunol 167(4):2275–2281
pubmed: 11490015
doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.4.2275
Berger S, El Chazli Y, Babu AF, Coste AT (2017) Azole Resistance in Aspergillus fumigatus: a Consequence of Antifungal Use in Agriculture? Front Microbiol 8:1024
pubmed: 28638374
pmcid: 5461301
doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01024
Brown GD, Denning DW, Gow NA, Levitz SM, Netea MG, White TC (2012) Hidden killers: human fungal infections. Sci Transl Med 19 4(165):165rv13
Campoy S, Adrio JL (2017) Antifungals. Biochem Pharmacol 133:86–96
pubmed: 27884742
doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.11.019
Carrouel F, Gonçalves LS, Conte MP, Campus G, Fisher J, Fraticelli L, Gadea-Deschamps E, Ottolenghi L, Bourgeois D (2021) Antiviral Activity of Re-agents in Mouth Rinses against SARS-CoV-2. J Dent Res 100:124–132
pubmed: 33089717
doi: 10.1177/0022034520967933
Cegolon L, Javanbakht M, Mastrangelo G (2020) Nasal disinfection for the prevention and control of COVID-19: A scoping review on potential chemo-preventive agents. Int J Hyg Environ Health 230:113605
pubmed: 32898838
pmcid: 7434367
doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113605
Coraca-Huber DC, Ammann C, Fille M, Hausdorfer J, Nogler M, Nagl M (2014) Bactericidal activity of N-chlorotaurine against biofilm forming bacte-ria grown on metal discs. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 58:2235–2239
pubmed: 24492358
pmcid: 4023792
doi: 10.1128/AAC.02700-13
De Carvalho BL, Morgon NH, De Souza AR, Ximenes VF (2016) Taurine bromamine: reactivity of an endogenous and exogenous anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial amino acid derivative. Biomolecules 6(2):23
doi: 10.3390/biom6020023
Dudani AK, Martyres A, Fliss H (2008) Short communication: rapid preparation of preventive and therapeutic whole-killed retroviral vaccines using the microbicide taurine chloramine. AIDS Res Hum Retrovir 24:635–642
pubmed: 18366297
doi: 10.1089/aid.2007.0149
Eccles R, Winther B, Johnston SL, Robinson P, Trampisch M, Koelsch S (2015) Efficacy and safety of iota-carrageenan nasal spray versus placebo in early treatment of the common cold in adults: the ICICC trial. Respir Res 16:121
pubmed: 26438038
pmcid: 4595062
doi: 10.1186/s12931-015-0281-8
Eitzinger C, Ehrlenbach S, Lindner H, Kremser L, Gottardi W, Debabov D, Anderson M, Nagl M, Orth D (2012) N-chlorotaurine, a long-lived oxidant produced by human leukocytes, inactivates Shiga toxin of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. PLoS One 7:e47105
pubmed: 23139739
pmcid: 3491008
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047105
Fernandez MI, Garcia MV, Armesto XL, Canle Lopez M, Arturo Santaballa J (2013) Unravelling the mechanism of intracellular oxidation of thiols by (N-Cl)-Taurine. J Phys Org Chem 26:1098–1104
doi: 10.1002/poc.3181
Forsberg K, Woodworth K, Walters M, Berkow EL, Jackson B, Chiller T, Val-labhaneni S (2019) Candida auris: the recent emergence of a multidrug-resistant fungal pathogen. Med Mycol 57(1):1–12
pubmed: 30085270
doi: 10.1093/mmy/myy054
Fürnkranz U, Nagl M, Gottardi W, Köhsler M, Aspöck H, Walochnik J (2008) Cytotoxic activities of N-chlorotaurine (NCT) on Acanthamoeba spp. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 52:470–476
pubmed: 18039920
doi: 10.1128/AAC.00715-07
Fürnkranz U, Nagl M, Gottardi W, Duchene M, Aspöck H, Walochnik J (2011) In vitro activity of N-chlorotaurine (NCT) in combination with NH4Cl against Trichomonas vaginalis. Int J Antimicrob Agents 37:171–173
pubmed: 21074373
pmcid: 3030749
doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2010.09.006
GAFFI – Global Action Fund for Fungal Infections, https://gaffi.org/why/fungal-disease-frequency/ , 17.09.2021
Garcia LAT, Boff L, Barardi CRM, Nagl M (2019) Inactivation of adenovirus in water by natural and synthetic compounds. Food Environ Virol 11:157–166
pubmed: 30719622
doi: 10.1007/s12560-019-09370-8
Gottardi W, Nagl M (2002) Chemical properties of N-chlorotaurine sodi-um, a key compound in the human defence system. Arch Pharm 335:411–421
doi: 10.1002/1521-4184(200212)335:9<411::AID-ARDP411>3.0.CO;2-D
Gottardi W, Nagl M (2005) Chlorine covers on living bacteria: the initial step in antimicrobial action of active chlorine compounds. J Antimicrob Chemother 55:475–482
pubmed: 15761074
doi: 10.1093/jac/dki054
Gottardi W, Nagl M (2010) N-chlorotaurine, a natural antiseptic without-standing tolerability. J Antimicrob Chemother 65(3):399–409
pubmed: 20053689
doi: 10.1093/jac/dkp466
Gottardi W, Klotz S, Nagl M (2014) Superior bactericidal activity of N-bromine compounds compared to their N-chlorine analogues can be reversed under protein load. J Appl Microbiol 116:1427–1437
pubmed: 24905215
doi: 10.1111/jam.12474
Grimus V, Coraça-Huber DC, Steixner SJM, Nagl M (2021) Activity of N-Chlorotaurine against Long-Term Biofilms of Bacteria and Yeasts. Antibiotics 10:891
pubmed: 34438941
pmcid: 8388722
doi: 10.3390/antibiotics10080891
Grisham MB, Jefferson MM, Melton DF, Thomas EL (1984) Chlorination of endogenous amines by isolated neutrophils. Ammonia-dependent bactericidal, cytotoxic, and cytolytic activities of the chloramines. J Biol Chem 259:10404–10413
pubmed: 6381484
doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)90979-8
Gruber M, Moser I, Nagl M, Lackner M (2017) Bactericidal and Fungicidal Activity of N-Chlorotaurine Is Enhanced in Cystic Fibrosis Sputum Medium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 24 61(5):e02527–e02516
Gubernatorova EO, Gorshkova EA, Polinova AI, Drutskaya MS (2020) IL-6: relevance for immunopathology of SARS-CoV-2. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 53:13–24
pubmed: 32475759
pmcid: 7237916
doi: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.05.009
Han H, Ma Q, Li C et al (2020) Profiling serum cytokines in COVID-19 pa-tients reveals IL-6 and IL-10 are disease severity predictors. Emerg Microbes Infect 9(1):1123–1130
pubmed: 32475230
pmcid: 7473317
doi: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1770129
Hayden FG, Osterhaus AD, Treanor JJ, Fleming DM, Aoki FY, Nicholson KG, Bohnen AM, Hirst HM, Keene O, Wightman K (1997) Efficacy and safety of the neuraminidase inhibitor zanamivir in the treatment of influenzavirus infections. GG167 Influenza Study Group. N Engl J Med 337:874–880
pubmed: 9302301
doi: 10.1056/NEJM199709253371302
Henderson JP, Byun J, Williams MV, Mueller DM, McCormick ML, Heinecke JW (2001) Production of brominating intermediates by myeloperoxidase. A transhalogenation pathway for generating mutagenic nucleobases during in-flammation. J Biol Chem 276(11):7867–7875
pubmed: 11096071
doi: 10.1074/jbc.M005379200
Høiby N, Ciofu O, Johansen HK et al (2011) The clinical impact of bacterial biofilms. Int J Oral Sci 3:55–65
pubmed: 21485309
pmcid: 3469878
doi: 10.4248/IJOS11026
Huemer HP, Nagl M, Irschick EU (2010) In vitro prevention of vaccinia and herpes virus infection spread in explanted human corneas by N-chlorotaurine. Ophthalmic Res 43:145–152
pubmed: 19887880
doi: 10.1159/000253846
Jang JS, Piao S, Cha YN, Kim C (2009) Taurine chloramine activates Nrf2, increases HO-1 expression and protects cells from death caused by hydrogen peroxide. J Clin Biochem 45:37–43
doi: 10.3164/jcbn.08-262
Jang S, Rhee JY, Wi YM, Jung BK (2021) Viral kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 over the preclinical, clinical, and postclinical period. Int J Infect Dis 102:561–565
pubmed: 33160066
doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.10.099
Jekle A, Abdul RS, Celeri C, Zuck M, Xu P, Wang L, Najafi-Tagol K, Ander-son M, Stroman D, Debabov D (2013) Broad-spectrum virucidal activity of (NVC-422) N,N-dichloro-2,2-dimethyltaurine against viral ocular pathogens in vitro. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 54:1244–1251
pubmed: 23341010
doi: 10.1167/iovs.12-10700
Kim C, Cha YN (2014) Taurine chloramine produced from taurine under inflammation provides anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective effects. Amino Acids 46:89–100
pubmed: 23933994
doi: 10.1007/s00726-013-1545-6
Kim W, Kim HU, Lee HN, Kim SH, Kim C et al (2015) Taurine chloramine stimulates efferocytosis through upregulation of Nrf2-mediated heme oxygenase-1 expression in murine macrophages: possible involvement of carbon monoxide. Antioxid Redox Signal 23(2):163–177
pubmed: 25816687
pmcid: 4492774
doi: 10.1089/ars.2013.5825
Kim SH, Yum HW, Kim SH, Kim W, Kim SJ, Kim C, Kim K, Suh YG, Surh YJ (2021a) Protective effects of taurine chloramine on experimentally induced colitis: NFκB, STAT3, and Nrf2 as potential targets. Antioxidants (Basel) 10:479
doi: 10.3390/antiox10030479
Kim SJ, Yum HW, Kim SH, Kim SJ, Kim K, Kim C, Suh YG, Surh YJ (2021b) Topically applied taurine chloramine protects against UVB-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in mouse skin. Antioxidants 10:867
pubmed: 34071363
pmcid: 8229643
doi: 10.3390/antiox10060867
Klebanoff SJ (2005) Myeloperoxidase: friend and foe. J Leukoc Biol 77:598–625
pubmed: 15689384
doi: 10.1189/jlb.1204697
Koenighofer M, Lion T, Bodenteich A, Prieschl-Grassauer E, Grassauer A, Unger H, Mueller CA, Fazekas T (2014) Carrageenan nasal spray in virus confirmed common cold: individual patient data analysis of two randomized controlled trials. Multidisciplinary Resp Med 9:57
doi: 10.1186/2049-6958-9-57
Kofler W, Nagl M (2020) The whole strategy has to be extended now – beyond modeling. Sci Lett 370:1015
Kofler W, Glazachev OS, Lyshol H, Tellnes G (2020) Is fighting against COVID-19 enough? Scand J Public Health 49:9–13
pubmed: 33176585
pmcid: 7859583
doi: 10.1177/1403494820969539
Kovalyuk N, Kaiserman I, Mimouni M, Cohen O, Levartovsky S, Sherbany H, Mandelboim M (2017) Treatment of adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis with a combination of povidone-iodine 1.0% and dexamethasone 0.1% drops: a clinical prospective controlled randomized study. Acta Ophthalmol 95:e686–e692
pubmed: 28342227
doi: 10.1111/aos.13416
Koyama I, Nakamori K, Nagahama T, Ogasawara M, Nemoto M (1996) The reactivity of taurine with hypochlorous acid and its application for eye drops. Adv Exp Med Biol 403:9–18
pubmed: 8915337
doi: 10.1007/978-1-4899-0182-8_2
Kramer A, Eggers M (2020) Prevention of respiratory viral infections by virucidal mucosal antisepsis among medical staff and in the community. Hyg Med 45:D118–D126
Kwasny-Krochin B, Bobek M, Kontny E, Gluszko P, Biedron R, Chain BM, Maslinski W, Marcinkiewicz J (2002) Effect of taurine chloramine, the product of activated neutrophils, on the development of collagen-induced arthritis in DBA 1/J mice. Amino Acids 23:419–426
pubmed: 12436210
doi: 10.1007/s00726-002-0207-x
Kwon-Chung KJ, Sugui JA (2009) What do we know about the role of gliotox-in in the pathobiology of Aspergillus fumigatus? Med Mycol 47(Suppl 1):S97–S103
pubmed: 18608908
doi: 10.1080/13693780802056012
Kyriakopoulos AM (2020) N bromotaurine solutions and emulsions against abnormal cells.US patent number: 10, 772, 855 [Application Number 16/079,997] 2020. https://uspto.report/patent/grant/10,772,855
Kyriakopoulos AM, Logotheti S, Marcinciewich J, Nagl M (2016) N-chlorotaurine and N-bromotaurine combination regimen for the cure of valacyclovir-unresponsive Herpes Zoster Comorbidity in a Multiple Sclerosis patient. IJMPCR 7(2):1–6
doi: 10.9734/IJMPCR/2016/25476
Kyriakopoulos AM, Nagl M, Baliou S, Zoumpourlis V (2017) Alleviating promotion of inflammation and cancer induced by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Int J Inflamm 2017:9632018
doi: 10.1155/2017/9632018
Kyriakopoulos AM, Grapsa E, Marcinkiewicz J, Nagl M (2019) Swift cure of a chronic wound infected with multiresistant Staphylococcus aureus in an elderly patient with stage 5 renal disease. Int J Low Extrem Wounds 18(2):192–196
pubmed: 30929522
doi: 10.1177/1534734619834746
Kyriakopoulos AM, Nagl M, Orth-Höller D, Marcinkiewicz J, Baliou S, Zoumbourlis V (2020) Successful treatment of a unique chronic multi-bacterial scalp infection with N-chlorotaurine, N-bromotaurine and bromamine T. Access Microbiol 2(7):acmi000126
pubmed: 32974590
pmcid: 7497830
doi: 10.1099/acmi.0.000126
Lackner M, Binder U, Reindl M, Gönül B, Fankhauser H, Mair C, Nagl M (2015) N-chlorotaurine exhibits fungicidal activity against therapy-refractory Scedosporium species and Lomentospora prolificans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 59:6454–6462
pubmed: 26239996
pmcid: 4576043
doi: 10.1128/AAC.00957-15
Lackner M, Rössler A, Volland A, Stadtmüller M, Müllauer B, Banki Z, Ströh-le J, Luttick A, Fenner J, Stoiber H, von Laer D, Wolff T, Schwarz C, Nagl M (2020) N-chlorotaurine, a novel inhaled virucidal antiseptic is highly active against respiratory viruses including SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). Res Square https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-118665/v1 , https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-118665/v1
Logotheti S, Khoury N, Vlahopoulos SA, Skourti E, Papaevangeliou D, Liloglou T, Gorgoulis V, Budunova I, Kyriakopoulos AM, Zoumpourlis V (2016) N bromotaurine surrogates for loss of antiproliferative response and enhances cisplatin efficacy in cancer cells with impaired glucocorticoid receptor. Transl Res S19315244(16):001018
Lorenz K, Mayer D, Bruhn G, Noack B, Brecx M, Heumann C, Toutenburg H, Netuschil L, Nagl M, Gottardi W et al (2008) Effect of N-chlorotaurine mouth rinses on plaque regrowth and plaque vitality. Clin Oral Investig 13:9–14
pubmed: 18584220
doi: 10.1007/s00784-008-0207-7
Lumassegger M, Nagl M, Pototschnig C, Neher A (2010) Therapieresistente Otitis externa mit zusätzlicher Trommelfellperforation: Lokaltherapie mit N-Chlortaurin und Dexamethason [Therapy-resistant otitis externa with addi-tional tympanic membrane perforation: local therapy using N-chlorotaurine and dexamethasone]. HNO 58(9):927–930
pubmed: 20730412
doi: 10.1007/s00106-010-2082-1
Mainnemare A, Mégarbane B, Soueidan A, Daniel A, Chapple IL (2004) Hy-pochlorous acid and taurine-N-monochloramine in periodontal diseases. J Dent Res 83(11):823–831
pubmed: 15505230
doi: 10.1177/154405910408301101
Marcinkiewicz J (2009) Taurine bromamine: a new therapeutic option in in-flammatory skin diseases. Polish Arch Internal Med 119:673–675
doi: 10.20452/pamw.807
Marcinkiewicz J (2010) Taurine bromamine (TauBr) - its role in immunity and new perspectives for clinical use. J Biomed Sci 17(Suppl 1):S3
pubmed: 20804605
pmcid: 2994406
doi: 10.1186/1423-0127-17-S1-S3
Marcinkiewicz J, Kontny E (2014) Taurine and inflammatory diseases. Amino Acids 46(1):7–20
pubmed: 22810731
doi: 10.1007/s00726-012-1361-4
Marcinkiewicz J, Grabowska A, Bereta J, Stelmaszynska T (1995) Taurine chloramine, a product of activated neutrophils, inhibits in vitro the generation of nitric oxide and other macrophage inflammatory mediators. J Leukoc Biol 58(6):667–674
pubmed: 7499964
doi: 10.1002/jlb.58.6.667
Marcinkiewicz J, Mak M, Bobek M, Biedroń R, Białecka A, Koprowski M, Kontny E, Maśliński W (2005) Is there a role of taurine bromamine in in-flammation? Interactive effects with nitrite and hydrogen peroxide. Inflamm Res 54(1):42–49
pubmed: 15723204
doi: 10.1007/s00011-004-1322-9
Marcinkiewicz J, Kurnyta M, Biedroń R, Bobek M, Kontny E, Maśliński W (2006a) Anti-inflammatory effects of taurine derivatives (taurine chloramine, taurine bromamine, and taurolidine) are mediated by different mechanisms. Adv Exp Med Biol 583:471–492
Marcinkiewicz J, Biedroń R, Białecka A, Kasprowicz A, Mak M, Targosz M (2006b) Susceptibility of Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis to killing by MPO-halide system products. Implication for taurine bromamine as a new candidate for topical therapy in treating acne vulgaris. Arch Immunol Ther Exp 54:61–68
doi: 10.1007/s00005-006-0007-1
Marcinkiewicz J, Wojas-Pelc A, Walczewska M, Lipko-Godlewska S, Jachow-icz R, Maciejewska A, Białecka A, Kasprowicz A (2008) Topical taurine bromamine, a new candidate in the treatment of moderate inflammatory acne vulgaris: a pilot study. Eur J Dermatol 18(4):433–439
pubmed: 18573718
Marcinkiewicz J, Walczewska M, Olszanecki R, Bobek M, Biedroń R, Dulak J, Józkowicz A, Kontny E, Maślinski W (2009) Taurine haloamines and heme oxygenase-1 cooperate in the regulation of inflammation and attenuation of oxidative stress. Adv Exp Med Biol 643:439–449
pubmed: 19239176
doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-75681-3_46
Marcinkiewicz J, Strus M, Pasich E (2013a) Antibiotic resistance: a "dark side" of biofilm-associated chronic infections. Pol Arch Med Wewn 123(6):309–313
pubmed: 23828150
Marcinkiewicz J, Strus M, Walczewska M et al (2013b) Influence of taurine haloamines (TauCl and TauBr) on the development of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm - A preliminary study. Adv Exp Med Biol 775:269–283
pubmed: 23392942
doi: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6130-2_23
McDonnell G, Russell AD (1999) Antiseptics and disinfectants: activity, action, and resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev 12:147–179
pubmed: 9880479
pmcid: 88911
doi: 10.1128/CMR.12.1.147
Mitchell JP, Berlinski A, Canisius S, Cipolla D, Dolovich MB, Gonda I, Hoch-haus G, Kadrichu N, Lyapustina S, Mansour HM, Darquenne C, Clark AR, Newhouse M, Ehrmann S, Humphries R, Boushey H (2020) Urgent appeal from International Society for Aerosols in Medicine (ISAM) during COVID-19: Clinical decision makers and governmental agencies should consider the inhaled route of administration: A statement from the ISAM Regulatory and Standardization Issues Networking Group. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 33:235–238
pubmed: 32589076
doi: 10.1089/jamp.2020.1622
Nagl M, Gottardi W (1996) Enhancement of the bactericidal efficacy of N-chlorotaurine by inflammation samples and selected N-H compounds. Hyg Med 21:597–605
Nagl M, Gottardi W (1998) Rapid killing of Mycobacterium terrae by N-chlorotaurine in the presence of ammonium is caused by the reaction product monochloramine. J Pharm Pharmacol 50(11):1317–1320
pubmed: 9877320
doi: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.1998.tb03351.x
Nagl M, Larcher C, Gottardi W (1998a) Activity of N-chlorotaurine against herpes simplex- and adenoviruses. Antivir Res 38:25–30
pubmed: 9614001
doi: 10.1016/S0166-3542(98)00005-9
Nagl M, Miller B, Daxecker F, Ulmer H, Gottardi W (1998b) Tolerance of N-chlorotaurine, an endogenous antimicrobial agent, in the rabbit and human eye - a phase I clinical study. J Ocular Pharmacol Ther 14:283–290
doi: 10.1089/jop.1998.14.283
Nagl M, Pfausler B, Schmutzhard E, Fille M, Gottardi W (1998c) Tolerance and bactericidal action of N-chlorotaurine in a urinary tract infection by an omniresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Zentralbl Bakteriol 288(2):217–223
pubmed: 9809403
doi: 10.1016/S0934-8840(98)80043-1
Nagl M, Hess MW, Pfaller K, Hengster P, Gottardi W (2000a) Bactericidal ac-tivity of micromolar N chlorotaurine: evidence for its antimicrobial function in the human defense system. Animicrob Agents Chemother 44(9):2507–2513
doi: 10.1128/AAC.44.9.2507-2513.2000
Nagl M, Teuchner B, Pöttinger E, Ulmer H, Gottardi W (2000b) Tolerance of N-chlorotaurine, a new antimicrobial agent, in infectious conjunctivitis - a phase II pilot study. Ophthalmologica 214:111–114
pubmed: 10720913
doi: 10.1159/000027477
Nagl M, Lass-Flörl C, Neher A, Gunkel A, Gottardi W (2001) Enhanced fungicidal activity of N-chlorotaurine in nasal secretion. J Antimicrob Chemother 47(6):871–874
pubmed: 11389121
doi: 10.1093/jac/47.6.871
Nagl M, Gruber A, Fuchs A, Lell CP, Lemberger EM, Borg-Von Zepelin M, Würzner R (2002) Impact of N-chlorotaurine on viability and production of secreted aspartyl proteinases of Candida spp. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 46(6):1996–1999
pubmed: 12019124
pmcid: 127226
doi: 10.1128/AAC.46.6.1996-1999.2002
Nagl M, Nguyen VA, Gottardi W, Ulmer H, Höpfl R (2003) Tolerability and efficacy of N-chlorotaurine compared to chloramine T for treatment of chronic leg ulcers with purulent coating. Br J Dermatol 149:590–597
pubmed: 14510994
doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2003.05432.x
Nagl M, Arnitz R, Lackner M (2018) N-chlorotaurine, a promising future candidate for topical therapy of fungal infections. Mycopathologia 183:161–170
pubmed: 28702855
doi: 10.1007/s11046-017-0175-z
Naglik JR, Challacombe SJ, Hube B (2003) Candida albicans secreted aspartyl proteinases in virulence and pathogenesis. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 67(3):400–428
pubmed: 12966142
pmcid: 193873
doi: 10.1128/MMBR.67.3.400-428.2003
Neher A, Nagl M, Appenroth E, Gstöttner M, Wischatta M, Reisigl F, Schindler M, Ulmer H, Stephan K (2004) Acute Otitis Externa: efficacy and tolerability of N-chlorotaurine, a novel endogenous antiseptic agent. Laryngoscope 114:850–854
pubmed: 15126742
doi: 10.1097/00005537-200405000-00011
Neher A, Fischer H, Appenroth E, Lass-Flörl C, Mayr A, Gschwendtner A, Ulmer H, Gotwald TF, Gstöttner M, Kozlov V, Nagl M (2005) Tolerability of N-Chlorotaurine in chronic Rhinosinusitis applied via Yamik Catheter. Auris Nasus Larynx 32:359–364
pubmed: 16040219
doi: 10.1016/j.anl.2005.05.006
Neher A, Gstöttner M, Nagl M, Scholtz A, Gunkel AR (2007) N-Chlorotaurine- a new safe substance for postoperative ear care. Auris Nasus Larynx 34:19–22
pubmed: 17056220
doi: 10.1016/j.anl.2006.09.001
Olszanecki R, Kurnyta M, Biedroń R, Chorobik P, Bereta M, Marcinkiewicz J (2008) The role of heme oxygenase-1 in down regulation of PGE2 production by taurine chloramine and taurine bromamine in J774.2 macrophages. Amino Acids 35(2):359–364
pubmed: 18157587
doi: 10.1007/s00726-007-0609-x
Oray M, Abu Samra K, Ebrahimiadib N, Meese H, Foster CS (2016) Long-term side effects of glucocorticoids. Expert Opin Drug Saf 15(4):457–465
pubmed: 26789102
doi: 10.1517/14740338.2016.1140743
Palmer LJ, Cooper PR, Ling MR, Wright HJ, Huissoon A, Chapple ILC (2012) Hypochlorous acid regulates neutrophil extracellular trap release. Clin Exp Immunol 167(2):261–268
pubmed: 22236002
pmcid: 3278692
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2011.04518.x
Papayannopoulos V, Zychlinsky A (2009) NETs: a new strategy for using old weapons. Trends Immunol 30(11):513–521
pubmed: 19699684
doi: 10.1016/j.it.2009.07.011
Park E, Schuller-Levis G, Jia JH et al (1997) Preactivation exposure of RAW 264.7 cells to taurine chloramines attenuates subsequent production of nitric oxide and expression of iNOS mRNA. J Leukoc Biol 61:161–166
pubmed: 9021921
doi: 10.1002/jlb.61.2.161
Pasich E, Białecka A, Marcinkiewicz J (2013) Porównanie Właściwości mikrobójczych haloamin tauryny I chlorheksydyny wobec wybranych drobnoustrojów mikrobiomu jamy ustnej. [Efficacy of taurine haloamines and chlorhexidine against selected oral microbiome species]. Med Dosw Mikrobiol 65(3):187–196
pubmed: 24432558
Peskin AV, Midwinter RG, Harwood DT, Winterbourn CC (2005) Chlorine transfer between glycine, taurine, and histamine: reaction rates and impact on cellular reactivity. Free Radic Biol Med 38:397–405
pubmed: 15693173
doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.11.006
Peskin AV, Turner R, Maghzal GJ, Winterbourn CC, Kettle AJ (2009) Ox-idation of methionine to dehydromethionine by reactive halogen species gen-erated by neutrophils. Biochemistry 48:10175–10182
pubmed: 19775156
doi: 10.1021/bi901266w
Ramirez-Garcia A, Pellon A, Rementeria A, Buldain I, Barreto-Bergter E, Rollin-Pinheiro R, de Meirelles JV, Xisto MIDS, Ranque S, Havlicek V, Vandeputte P, Govic YL, Bouchara JP, Giraud S, Chen S, Rainer J, Alastruey-Izquierdo A, Martin-Gomez MT, López-Soria LM, Peman J, Schwarz C, Bern-hardt A, Tintelnot K, Capilla J, Martin-Vicente A, Cano-Lira J, Nagl M, Lack-ner M, Irinyi L, Meyer W, de Hoog S, Hernando FL (2018) Scedosporium and Lomentospora: an updated overview of underrated opportunists. Med Mycol 56(suppl_1):102–125
pubmed: 29538735
doi: 10.1093/mmy/myx113
Reeves EP, Nagl M, O’Keeffe J, Kelly J, Kavanagh K (2006) Effect of N-chlorotaurine on Aspergillus, with particular reference to destruction of secreted gliotoxin. J Med Microbiol 55(Pt 7):913–918
pubmed: 16772419
doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.46405-0
Revie NM, Iyer KR, Robbins N, Cowen LE (2018) Antifungal drug resistance: evolution, mechanisms and impact. Curr Opin Microbiol 45:70–76
pubmed: 29547801
pmcid: 6135714
doi: 10.1016/j.mib.2018.02.005
Riat A, Plojoux J, Gindro K, Schrenzel J, Sanglard D (2018) Azole Resistance of Environmental and Clinical Aspergillus fumigatus Isolates from Switzerland. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 62(4):e02088–e02017
pubmed: 29437612
pmcid: 5913999
doi: 10.1128/AAC.02088-17
Rodríguez-Cerdeira C, Martínez-Herrera E, Carnero-Gregorio M et al (2020) Pathogenesis and clinical relevance of Candida biofilms in vulvovaginal candidiasis. Front Microbiol 11:544480
pubmed: 33262741
pmcid: 7686049
doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.544480
Romanowski EG, Yates KA, Teuchner B, Nagl M, Irschick EU, Gordon YJ (2006) N-chlorotaurine is an effective antiviral agent against adenovirus in vitro and in the Ad5/NZW rabbit ocular model. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 47:2021–2026
pubmed: 16639011
doi: 10.1167/iovs.05-1270
Scharf DH, Heinekamp T, Remme N, Hortschansky P, Brakhage AA, Hertweck C (2012) Biosynthesis and function of gliotoxin in Aspergillus fumigatus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 93(2):467–472
pubmed: 22094977
doi: 10.1007/s00253-011-3689-1
Tabll AA, Shahein YE, Omran MM, Elnakib MM, Ragheb AA, Amer KE (2021) A review of monoclonal antibodies in COVID-19: Role in immunotherapy, vaccine development and viral detection. Human Antibodies 29(3):179–191
pubmed: 33998533
doi: 10.3233/HAB-200441
Taghipour S, Shamsizadeh F, Pchelin IM, Rezaei-Matehhkolaei A, Zarei Mahmoudabadi A, Valadan R, Ansari S, Katiraee F, Pakshir K, Zomorodian K, Abastabar M (2020) Emergence of Terbinafine Resistant Trichophyton men-tagrophytes in Iran, Harboring Mutations in the Squalene Epoxidase (SQLE) Gene. Infect Drug Resist 13:845–850
pubmed: 32214830
pmcid: 7078656
doi: 10.2147/IDR.S246025
Tang Y, Liu J, Zhang D et al (2020) Cytokine storm in COVID-19: The current evidence and treatment strategies. Front Immunol 11:1708
pubmed: 32754163
pmcid: 7365923
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01708
Tatsumi T, Fliss H (1994) Hypochlorous acid and chloramines increase endothelial permeability: possible involvement of cellular zinc. Am J Phys 267:H1597–H1607
Teuchner B, Nagl M, Schidlbauer A, Ishiko H, Dragosits E, Ulmer H, Aoki K, Ohno S, Mizuki N, Gottardi W, Larcher C (2005) Tolerability and efficacy of N-chlorotaurine in epidemic keratoconjunctivitis – a double-blind randomized phase 2 clinical trial. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 21:157–165
pubmed: 15857282
doi: 10.1089/jop.2005.21.157
Thomas EL, Grisham MB, Jefferson MM (1986) Preparation and characterization of chloramines. Methods Enzymol 132:569–585
pubmed: 3821526
doi: 10.1016/S0076-6879(86)32042-1
Thomas EL, Bozeman PM, Jefferson MM, King CC (1995) Oxidation of bromide by the human leukocyte enzymes myeloperoxidase and eosinophil peroxidase. Formation of bromamines. J Biol Chem 270(7):2906–2913
pubmed: 7852368
doi: 10.1074/jbc.270.7.2906
Vahedi Shahandashti R, Lass-Flörl C (2019) Antifungal resistance in Aspergillus terreus: A current scenario. Fungal Genet Biol 131:103247
pubmed: 31247322
doi: 10.1016/j.fgb.2019.103247
Walczewska M, Peruń A, Białecka A, Śróttek M, Jamróz W, Dorożyński P, Jachowicz R, Kulinowski P, Nagl M, Gottardi W, Marcinkiewicz J (2017) Comparative analysis of microbicidal and anti-inflammatory properties of novel taurine bromamine derivatives and bromamine T. Adv Exp Med Biol 975(Pt 1):515–534
pubmed: 28849479
doi: 10.1007/978-94-024-1079-2_41
Weiss SJ, Klein R, Slivka A et al (1982) Chlorination of taurine by human neutrophils: evidence for hypochlorous acid generation. J Clin Invest 70:598–603
pubmed: 6286728
pmcid: 370261
doi: 10.1172/JCI110652
Whaley SG, Berkow EL, Rybak JM, Nishimoto AT, Barker KS, Rogers PD (2017) Azole antifungal resistance in Candida albicans and emerging non-albicans Candida species. Front Microbiol 7:2173
pubmed: 28127295
pmcid: 5226953
doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.02173
Yoon J, Jekle A, Najafi R, Ruado F, Zuck M, Khosrovi B, Memarzadeh B, Debabov D, Wang L, Anderson M (2011) Virucidal mechanism of action of NVC-422, a novel antimicrobial drug for the treatment of adenoviral conjunctivitis. Antivir Res 92:470–478
pubmed: 22024427
doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.10.009
Zgliczynski JM, Stelmaszynska T, Ostrowiski W, Naskalski J, Sznajd J (1968) Myeloperoxidase of human leukaemic leucocytes. Oxidation of amino acids in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Eur J Biochem 4(4):540–547
pubmed: 5242086
doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1968.tb00246.x
Zhao B, He D, Wang L (2021) Advances in Fusarium drug resistance research. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 24:215–219
pubmed: 33460843
doi: 10.1016/j.jgar.2020.12.016