Rationale and Purpose: The FLUTE Study to Evaluate Fluorography Mass Screening for Tuberculosis and Other Diseases, as Conducted in Eastern Europe and Central Asia Countries.

In Belarus and several EECA countries, periodic population-based chest X-ray "fluorography programme" use as a mass screening tool for the diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) has been used for decades. This mass screening has also often been justified for the early detection of lung cancer (LC), although no mortality benefits were demonstrated by screening with chest X-ray in international randomized trials. In Belarus, fluorography testing is mandatory every one to three years for all adults depending on age and the so-called "risk groups". The World Bank and WHO estimate that Belarus spends USD11 million annually on mass fluorography screening and advocate for more targeted screening approaches to increase diagnostic yield for TB and not to use it for screening for LC. The study is a retrospective review of medical records to assess the yield of fluorography to detect true cases of LC and/or TB in asymptomatic patients in two rural and two urban districts in Belarus for 2015-2017 with positive screening results for presumed of TB or LC. The study provided the rationale to implement the improved policy and practices regarding the role of fluorography in the early detection of LC and TB in Belarus and elsewhere.