Gambiense human African trypanosomiasis: the bumpy road to elimination.
Journal
Current opinion in infectious diseases
ISSN: 1473-6527
Titre abrégé: Curr Opin Infect Dis
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 8809878
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
01 10 2022
01 10 2022
Historique:
pubmed:
10
8
2022
medline:
15
9
2022
entrez:
9
8
2022
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Gambiense human African trypanosomiasis (gHAT), a disease that has killed hundreds of thousands as recently as the 1990s, could be on the verge of elimination or even eradication. This review describes recent developments that give us reasons for optimism as well as some caveats. New developments in diagnostic and vector control tools, and especially in treatment, make it possible to strive for elimination of transmission of gHAT by 2030, perhaps even eradication. Gambiense human African trypanosomiasis is a deadly infectious disease affecting West and Central Africa, South Sudan and Uganda, and transmitted between humans by tsetse flies. The disease has caused several major epidemics, the latest one in the 1990s. Thanks to recent innovations such as rapid diagnostic tests for population screening, a single-dose oral treatment and a highly efficient vector control strategy, interruption of transmission of the causative parasite is now within reach. If indeed gHAT has an exclusively human reservoir, this could even result in eradication of the disease. Even if there were an animal reservoir, on the basis of epidemiological data, it plays a limited role. Maintaining adequate postelimination surveillance in known historic foci, using the newly developed tools, should be sufficient to prevent any future resurgence.
Identifiants
pubmed: 35942856
doi: 10.1097/QCO.0000000000000860
pii: 00001432-202210000-00003
pmc: PMC9553258
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
384-389Informations de copyright
Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.
Références
Buscher P, Cecchi G, Jamonneau V, Priotto G. Human African trypanosomiasis. Lancet 2017; 390:2397–2409.
Checchi F, Funk S, Chandramohan D, et al. Updated estimate of the duration of the meningo-encephalitic stage in gambiense human African trypanosomiasis. BMC Res Notes 2015; 8:292.
Malvy D, Chappuis F. Sleeping sickness. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011; 17:986–995.
WHO. Human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) 2022. Available at: https://www.who.int/health-topics/human-african-trypanosomiasis#tab=tab_1 . [Accessed 16 July 2022].
WHO. Ending the neglect to attain the sustainable development goals. A road map for neglected tropical diseases 2021-2030. Geneva: WHO; 2020.
Barrett MP. The rise and fall of sleeping sickness. Lancet 2006; 367:1377–1378.
Pepin J, Meda HA. The epidemiology and control of human African trypanosomiasis. Adv Parasitol 2001; 49:71–132.
Van Nieuwenhove S, Betu-Ku-Mesu VK, Diabakana PM, et al. Sleeping sickness resurgence in the DRC: the past decade. Trop Med Int Health 2001; 6:335–341.
WHO. Factsheet: trypanosomiasis, human African (sleeping sickness) Geneva, 2021. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/trypanosomiasis-human-african-(sleeping-sickness ). [Accessed 16 July 2022].
Bottieau E, Clerinx J. Human African trypanosomiasis: progress and stagnation. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2019; 33:61–77.
Blum J, Schmid C, Burri C. Clinical aspects of 2541 patients with second stage human African trypanosomiasis. Acta Trop 2006; 97:55–64.
Jennings FW, Atouguia JM, Murray M. The importance of 2,3-dimercaptopropinol (British antilewisite, BAL) in the trypanocidal activity of topical melarsoprol. Acta Trop 1996; 62:83–89.
Pepin J, Milord F. The treatment of human African trypanosomiasis. Adv Parasitol 1994; 33:1–47.
Chappuis F. Melarsoprol-free drug combinations for second-stage Gambian sleeping sickness: the way to go. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 45:1443–1445.
Chappuis F, Udayraj N, Stietenroth K, et al. Eflornithine is safer than melarsoprol for the treatment of second-stage Trypanosoma brucei gambiense human African trypanosomiasis. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 41:748–751.
Lindner AK, Lejon V, Chappuis F, et al. New WHO guidelines for treatment of gambiense human African trypanosomiasis including fexinidazole: substantial changes for clinical practice. Lancet Infect Dis 2020; 20:e38–e46.
Neau P, Hanel H, Lameyre V, et al. Innovative partnerships for the elimination of human African trypanosomiasis and the development of fexinidazole. Trop Med Infect Dis 2020; 5:17.
Priotto G, Kasparian S, Mutombo W, et al. Nifurtimox-eflornithine combination therapy for second-stage African Trypanosoma brucei gambiense trypanosomiasis: a multicentre, randomised, phase III, noninferiority trial. Lancet 2009; 374:56–64.
Alirol E, Schrumpf D, Amici Heradi J, et al. Nifurtimox-eflornithine combination therapy for second-stage gambiense human African trypanosomiasis: Medecins Sans Frontieres experience in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Clin Infect Dis 2013; 56:195–203.
Kande Betu Ku Mesu V, Mutombo Kalonji W, Bardonneau C, et al. Oral fexinidazole for stage 1 or early stage 2 African Trypanosoma brucei gambiense trypanosomiasis: a prospective, multicentre, open-label, cohort study. Lancet Glob Health 2021; 9:e999–e1008.
Mesu V, Kalonji WM, Bardonneau C, et al. Oral fexinidazole for late-stage African Trypanosoma brucei gambiense trypanosomiasis: a pivotal multicentre, randomised, noninferiority trial. Lancet 2018; 391:144–154.
WHO. WHO interim guidelines for the treatment of gambiense human African trypanosomiasis 2019. Available at: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/326178/9789241550567-eng.pdf . [Accessed 16 July 2022].
Robays J, Bilengue MM, Van der Stuyft P, Boelaert M. The effectiveness of active population screening and treatment for sleeping sickness control in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Trop Med Int Health 2004; 9:542–550.
WHO. Control and surveillance of human African trypanosomiasis: WHO TRS N°984. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-TRS-984 . [Accessed 16 July 2022].
Simarro PP, Cecchi G, Franco JR, et al. Mapping the capacities of fixed health facilities to cover people at risk of gambiense human African trypanosomiasis. Int J Health Geogr 2014; 13:4.
Mitashi P, Hasker E, Mbo F, et al. Integration of diagnosis and treatment of sleeping sickness in primary healthcare facilities in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Trop Med Int Health 2015; 20:98–105.
Wembonyama S, Mpaka S, Tshilolo L. Medicine and health in the Democratic Republic of Congo: from Independence to the Third Republic. Med Trop (Mars) 2007; 67:447–457.
Buscher P, Mumba Ngoyi D, Kabore J, et al. Improved Models of Mini Anion Exchange Centrifugation Technique (mAECT) and Modified Single Centrifugation (MSC) for sleeping sickness diagnosis and staging. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2009; 3:e471.
Shaw AP, Torr SJ, Waiswa C, et al. Estimating the costs of tsetse control options: an example for Uganda. Prev Vet Med 2013; 110:290–303.
Lindh JM, Torr SJ, Vale GA, Lehane MJ. Improving the cost-effectiveness of artificial visual baits for controlling the tsetse fly Glossina fuscipes fuscipes. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2009; 3:e474.
Esterhuizen J, Rayaisse JB, Tirados I, et al. Improving the cost-effectiveness of visual devices for the control of riverine tsetse flies, the major vectors of human African trypanosomiasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011; 5:e1257.
Rayaisse JB, Esterhuizen J, Tirados I, et al. Towards an optimal design of target for tsetse control: comparisons of novel targets for the control of Palpalis group tsetse in West Africa. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2011; 5:e1332.
Ndung’u JM, Boulange A, Picado A, et al. Trypa-NO! contributes to the elimination of gambiense human African trypanosomiasis by combining tsetse control with “screen, diagnose and treat” using innovative tools and strategies. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008738.
Shaw AP, Tirados I, Mangwiro CT, et al. Costs of using “tiny targets” to control Glossina fuscipes fuscipes, a vector of gambiense sleeping sickness in Arua District of Uganda. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003624.
Tirados I, Hope A, Selby R, et al. Impact of tiny targets on Glossina fuscipes quanzensis, the primary vector of human African trypanosomiasis in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008270.
Berte D, De Meeus T, Kaba D, et al. Population genetics of Glossina palpalis palpalis in sleeping sickness foci of Cote d’Ivoire before and after vector control. Infect Genet Evol 2019; 75:103963.
Courtin F, Camara M, Rayaisse JB, et al. Reducing human-tsetse contact significantly enhances the efficacy of sleeping sickness active screening campaigns: a promising result in the context of elimination. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003727.
Mahamat MH, Peka M, Rayaisse JB, et al. Adding tsetse control to medical activities contributes to decreasing transmission of sleeping sickness in the Mandoul focus (Chad). PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005792.
Tirados I, Esterhuizen J, Kovacic V, et al. Tsetse control and Gambian sleeping sickness; implications for control strategy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003822.
Bessell PR, Esterhuizen J, Lehane MJ, et al. Estimating the impact of Tiny Targets in reducing the incidence of Gambian sleeping sickness in the North-west Uganda focus. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:410.
WHO. Report of a WHO meeting on elimination of African trypanosomiasis (Trypanosoma brucei gambiense). 2013. Available at: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/79689/1/WHO_HTM_NTD_IDM_2013.4_eng.pdf . [Accessed 16 July 2022].
Franco JR, Cecchi G, Paone M, et al. The elimination of human African trypanosomiasis: achievements in relation to WHO road map targets for 2020. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010047.
Magnus E, Vervoort T, Van Meirvenne N. A card-agglutination test with stained trypanosomes (C.A.T.T.) for the serological diagnosis of T. B. gambiense trypanosomiasis. Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 1978; 58:169–176.
Buscher P, Mertens P, Leclipteux T, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of HAT Sero-K-SeT, a rapid diagnostic test for serodiagnosis of sleeping sickness caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense: a case-control study. Lancet Glob Health 2014; 2:e359–e363.
Lumbala C, Bessell PR, Lutumba P, et al. Performance of the SD BIOLINE(R) HAT rapid test in various diagnostic algorithms for gambiense human African trypanosomiasis in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180555.
Jamonneau V, Camara O, Ilboudo H, et al. Accuracy of individual rapid tests for serodiagnosis of gambiense sleeping sickness in West Africa. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003480.
Lumbala C, Bieler S, Kayembe S, et al. Prospective evaluation of a rapid diagnostic test for Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection developed using recombinant antigens. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006386.
Van Nieuwenhove S. Challenges in diagnosing Human African trypanosomiasis: evaluation of MSD OCG's HAT project in Dingila, DRC. 2015. Available at: https://evaluation.msf.org/evaluation-report/challenges-in-diagnosing-human-african-trypanosomiasis-evaluation-of-msf-ocgs-hat . [Accessed 16 July 2022].
Hasker E, Kwete J, Inocencio da Luz R, et al. Innovative digital technologies for quality assurance of diagnosis of human African trypanosomiasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006664.
Dickie EA, Giordani F, Gould MK, et al. New drugs for human African trypanosomiasis: a twenty first century success story. Trop Med Infect Dis 2020; 5:29.
Lutje V, Probyn K, Seixas J, et al. Chemotherapy for second-stage human African trypanosomiasis: drugs in use. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2021; 12:CD015374.
Mpanya A, Hendrickx D, Vuna M, et al. Should I get screened for sleeping sickness? A qualitative study in Kasai province, Democratic Republic of Congo. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1467.
Geerts M, Van Reet N, Leyten S, et al. Trypanosoma brucei gambiense-iELISA: a promising new test for the postelimination monitoring of human African trypanosomiasis. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 73:e2477–e2483.
Ngay Lukusa I, Van Reet N, Mumba Ngoyi D, et al. Trypanosome SL-RNA detection in blood and cerebrospinal fluid to demonstrate active gambiense human African trypanosomiasis infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009739.
Buscher P, Bart JM, Boelaert M, et al. Do cryptic reservoirs threaten Gambiense-sleeping sickness elimination? Trends Parasitol 2018; 34:197–207.
Capewell P, Cren-Travaille C, Marchesi F, et al. The skin is a significant but overlooked anatomical reservoir for vector-borne African trypanosomes. Elife 2016; 5:e17716.