Natural remedies for Alzheimer's disease: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials.
Alzheimer's disease
Cognition
Herbs
Randomized clinical trial
Journal
Metabolic brain disease
ISSN: 1573-7365
Titre abrégé: Metab Brain Dis
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 8610370
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
01 2023
01 2023
Historique:
received:
03
06
2022
accepted:
29
07
2022
pubmed:
13
8
2022
medline:
14
1
2023
entrez:
12
8
2022
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the common type of dementia and is currently incurable. Existing FDA-approved AD drugs may not be effective for everyone, they cannot cure the disease nor stop its progression and their effects diminish over time. Therefore, the present review aimed to explore the role of natural alternatives in the treatment of AD. A systematic search was conducted using Ovid MEDLINE, CINAHL, Cochrane and PubMed databases and reference lists up to November 30, 2021. Only randomized control trials were included and appraised using the National Institute of Health framework. Data analysis showed that herbs like Gingko Biloba, Melissa Officinalis, Salvia officinalis, Ginseng and saffron alone or in combination with curcumin, low-fat diet, NuAD-Trail, and soy lecithin showed significant positive effects on AD. Moreover, combination of natural and pharmaceuticals has far better effects than only allopathic treatment. Thus, different herbal remedies in combination with FDA approved drugs are effective and more promising in treatment of AD.
Identifiants
pubmed: 35960461
doi: 10.1007/s11011-022-01063-9
pii: 10.1007/s11011-022-01063-9
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Systematic Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
17-44Informations de copyright
© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
Références
Ahmed T, Gilani AH (2014) Therapeutic potential of turmeric in Alzheimer’s disease: curcumin or curcuminoids? Phytother Res 28(4):517–525. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5030
doi: 10.1002/ptr.5030
Ahmed T, Gilani AU, Abdollahi M, Daglia M, Nabavi SF, Nabavi SM (2015) Berberine and neurodegeneration: A review of literature. Pharmacol Rep 67(5):970–979. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharep.2015.03.002
doi: 10.1016/j.pharep.2015.03.002
Akhondzadeh S, Abbasi SH (2006) Herbal medicine in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 21(2):113–118. https://doi.org/10.1177/153331750602100211
doi: 10.1177/153331750602100211
Akhondzadeh S, Noroozian M, Mohammadi M, Ohadinia S, Jamshidi AH, Khani M (2003) Salvia officinalis extract in the treatment of patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease: a double blind, randomized and placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Pharm Ther 28(1):53–59. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2710.2003.00463.x
doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2710.2003.00463.x
Akhondzadeh S, Sabet MS, Harirchian MH, Togha M, Cheraghmakani H, Razeghi S, Hejazi S, Yousefi MH, Alimardani R, Jamshidi A, Zare F, Moradi A (2010a) Saffron in the treatment of patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease: a 16-week, randomized and placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Pharm Ther 35(5):581–588. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2710.2009.01133.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2710.2009.01133.x
Akhondzadeh S, Shafiee Sabet M, Harirchian MH, Togha M, Cheraghmakani H, Razeghi S, Hejazi SS, Yousefi MH, Alimardani R, Jamshidi A, Rezazadeh SA, Yousefi A, Zare F, Moradi A, Vossoughi A (2010b) A 22-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind controlled trial of Crocus sativus in the treatment of mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s disease. Psychopharmacology 207(4):637–643. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-009-1706-1
doi: 10.1007/s00213-009-1706-1
Ali TB, Schleret TR, Reilly BM, Chen WY, Abagyan R (2015) Adverse effects of cholinesterase inhibitors in dementia, according to the pharmacovigilance databases of the United-States and Canada. PLoS ONE 10(12):e0144337. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0144337
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144337
Andrieu S, Ousset PJ, Coley N, Ouzid M, Mathiex-Fortunet H, Vellas B, G GuidAge study (2008) GuidAge study: a 5-year double blind, randomised trial of EGb 761 for the prevention of Alzheimer’s disease in elderly subjects with memory complaints. i. rationale, design and baseline data. Curr Alzheimer Res 5(4):406–415. https://doi.org/10.2174/156720508785132271
doi: 10.2174/156720508785132271
Bayer-Carter JL, Green PS, Montine TJ, VanFossen B, Baker LD, Watson GS, Bonner LM, Callaghan M, Leverenz JB, Walter BK, Tsai E, Plymate SR, Postupna N, Wilkinson CW, Zhang J, Lampe J, Kahn SE, Craft S (2011) Diet intervention and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Arch Neurol 68(6):743–752. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneurol.2011.125
doi: 10.1001/archneurol.2011.125
Beatty S, Chakravarthy U, Nolan JM, Muldrew KA, Woodside JV, Denny F, Stevenson MR (2013) Secondary outcomes in a clinical trial of carotenoids with coantioxidants versus placebo in early age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 120(3):600–606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.08.040
doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.08.040
Bhatti AB, Usman M, Ali F, Satti SA (2016) Vitamin supplementation as an adjuvant treatment for Alzheimer’s disease. J Clin Diagn Res 10(8):OE07
Birks J, Grimley Evans J (2009) Ginkgo biloba for cognitive impairment and dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (1): CD003120. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003120.pub3
Brown MA, Sampson EL, Jones L, Barron AM (2013) Prognostic indicators of 6-month mortality in elderly people with advanced dementia: a systematic review. Palliat Med 27(5):389–400. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269216312465649
doi: 10.1177/0269216312465649
Burns A, Rossor M, Hecker J, Gauthier S, Petit H, Moller HJ, Rogers SL, Friedhoff LT (1999) The effects of donepezil in Alzheimer’s disease - results from a multinational trial. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 10(3):237–244. https://doi.org/10.1159/000017126
doi: 10.1159/000017126
Cansev M, Wurtman RJ, Sakamoto T, Ulus IH (2008) Oral administration of circulating precursors for membrane phosphatides can promote the synthesis of new brain synapses. Alzheimers Dement 4(1 Suppl 1):S153-168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2007.10.005
doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2007.10.005
Carver AD, Dobson AM (1995) Effects of dietary supplementation of elderly demented hospital residents. J Hum Nutr Diet 8(6):389–394
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-277X.1995.tb00334.x
Celik IE, Acar B, Cay S (2015) An unusual cardiovascular adverse effect of donepezil. Intern Med J 45(8):877–878. https://doi.org/10.1111/imj.12827
doi: 10.1111/imj.12827
Cummings J, Scheltens P, McKeith I, Blesa R, Harrison JE, Bertolucci PH, Rockwood K, Wilkinson D, Wijker W, Bennett DA, Shah RC (2017) Effect size analyses of Souvenaid in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis 55(3):1131–1139. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-160745
doi: 10.3233/JAD-160745
Cummings JL, Mackell J, Kaufer D (2008) Behavioral effects of current Alzheimer’s disease treatments: a descriptive review. Alzheimers Dement 4(1):49–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2007.10.011
doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2007.10.011
Custodio N, Wheelock A, Thumala D, Slachevsky A (2017) Dementia in Latin America: Epidemiological evidence and implications for public policy. Front Aging Neurosci 9:221. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2017.00221
doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00221
de Waal H, Stam CJ, Lansbergen MM, Wieggers RL, Kamphuis PJ, Scheltens P, Maestu F, van Straaten EC (2014) The effect of souvenaid on functional brain network organisation in patients with mild Alzheimer’s disease: a randomised controlled study. PLoS ONE 9(1):e86558. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0086558
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086558
DeKosky ST, Williamson JD, Fitzpatrick AL, Kronmal RA, Ives DG, Saxton JA, Lopez OL, Burke G, Carlson MC, Fried LP, Kuller LH, Robbins JA, Tracy RP, Woolard NF, Dunn L, Snitz BE, Nahin RL, Furberg CD, I. Ginkgo Evaluation of Memory Study (2008) Ginkgo biloba for prevention of dementia: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 300(19):2253–2262. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2008.683
doi: 10.1001/jama.2008.683
Di Santo SG, Prinelli F, Adorni F, Caltagirone C, Musicco M (2013) A meta-analysis of the efficacy of donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine, and memantine in relation to severity of Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis 35(2):349–361. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-122140
doi: 10.3233/JAD-122140
Farokhnia M, ShafieeSabet M, Iranpour N, Gougol A, Yekehtaz H, Alimardani R, Farsad F, Kamalipour M, Akhondzadeh S (2014) Comparing the efficacy and safety of Crocus sativus L. with memantine in patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer’s disease: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Hum Psychopharmacol 29(4):351–359. https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.2412
doi: 10.1002/hup.2412
Finder VH, Vodopivec I, Nitsch RM, Glockshuber R (2010) The recombinant amyloid-beta peptide Abeta1-42 aggregates faster and is more neurotoxic than synthetic Abeta1-42. J Mol Biol 396(1):9–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2009.12.016
doi: 10.1016/j.jmb.2009.12.016
Finley JW, Gao S (2017) A perspective on Crocus sativus L. (Saffron) constituent Crocin: A potent water-soluble antioxidant and potential therapy for Alzheimer’s disease. J Agric Food Chem 65(5):1005–1020. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04398
doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04398
Fortier M, Castellano CA, St-Pierre V, Myette-Cote E, Langlois F, Roy M, Morin MC, Bocti C, Fulop T, Godin JP, Delannoy C, Cuenoud B, Cunnane SC (2021) A ketogenic drink improves cognition in mild cognitive impairment: Results of a 6-month RCT. Alzheimers Dement 17(3):543–552. https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.12206
doi: 10.1002/alz.12206
Fu LM, Li JT (2011) A systematic review of single chinese herbs for Alzheimer’s disease treatment. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2011:640284. https://doi.org/10.1093/ecam/nep136
doi: 10.1093/ecam/nep136
Gilani AH, Rahman AU (2005) Trends in ethnopharmocology. J Ethnopharmacol 100(1–2):43–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2005.06.001
doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2005.06.001
Giulietti A, Vignini A, Nanetti L, Mazzanti L, Di Primio R, Salvolini E (2016) Alzheimer’s disease risk and progression: The role of nutritional supplements and their effect on drug therapy outcome. Curr Neuropharmacol 14(2):177–190. https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159x13666150928155321
doi: 10.2174/1570159x13666150928155321
Guzman-Martinez L, Farias GA, Tapia JP, Sanchez MP, Fuentes P, Gloger S, Maccioni RB (2021) Interventional study to evaluate the clinical effects and safety of the nutraceutical compound BrainUp-10(R) in a Cohort of patients with Alzheimer’s disease: A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, and Placebo-Controlled Trial. J Alzheimers Dis 81(3):1231–1241. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-201501
doi: 10.3233/JAD-201501
Hewlings SJ, Kalman DS (2017) Curcumin: A review of its effects on human health. Foods 6(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/foods6100092
Hoerr R (2005) Treatment effects of EGb 761 and cholinesterase inhibitors–why available studies do not demonstrate superiority of the latter. Phytomedicine 12(8):598–600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2004.06.020
doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2004.06.020
Hogan DB, Goldlist B, Naglie G, Patterson C (2004) Comparison studies of cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer’s disease. Lancet Neurol 3(10):622–626. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(04)00883-X
doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(04)00883-X
Holguin S, Martinez J, Chow C, Wurtman R (2008) Dietary uridine enhances the improvement in learning and memory produced by administering DHA to gerbils. FASEB J 22(11):3938–3946. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.08-112425
doi: 10.1096/fj.08-112425
Hosseinzadeh H, Ziaee T, Sadeghi A (2008) The effect of saffron, Crocus sativus stigma, extract and its constituents, safranal and crocin on sexual behaviors in normal male rats. Phytomedicine 15(6–7):491–495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2007.09.020
doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2007.09.020
Ihl R, Grass-Kapanke B, Janner M, Weyer G (1999) Neuropsychometric tests in cross sectional and longitudinal studies - a regression analysis of ADAS - cog. SKT and MMSE Pharmacopsychiatry 32(6):248–254. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-991102
doi: 10.1055/s-2007-991102
Jansen D, Zerbi V, Arnoldussen IA, Wiesmann M, Rijpma A, Fang XT, Dederen PJ, Mutsaers MP, Broersen LM, Lutjohann D, Miller M, Joosten LA, Heerschap A, Kiliaan AJ (2013) Effects of specific multi-nutrient enriched diets on cerebral metabolism, cognition and neuropathology in AbetaPPswe-PS1dE9 mice. PLoS ONE 8(9):e75393. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0075393
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075393
Kanowski S, Hoerr R (2003) Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 in dementia: intent-to-treat analyses of a 24-week, multi-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Pharmacopsychiatry 36(6):297–303. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2003-45117
doi: 10.1055/s-2003-45117
Karlawish J (2014) How are we going to live with Alzheimer’s disease? Health Aff 33(4):541–546
doi: 10.1377/hlthaff.2014.0089
Kell G, Rao A, Beccaria G, Clayton P, Inarejos-Garcia AM, Prodanov M (2017) affron((R)) a novel saffron extract (Crocus sativus L.) improves mood in healthy adults over 4 weeks in a double-blind, parallel, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Complement Ther Med 33:58–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2017.06.001
doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2017.06.001
Konrath EL, Passos Cdos S, Klein LC Jr, Henriques AT (2013) Alkaloids as a source of potential anticholinesterase inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. J Pharm Pharmacol 65(12):1701–1725. https://doi.org/10.1111/jphp.12090
doi: 10.1111/jphp.12090
Kurz A, Van Baelen B (2004) Ginkgo biloba compared with cholinesterase inhibitors in the treatment of dementia: a review based on meta-analyses by the cochrane collaboration. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 18(2):217–226. https://doi.org/10.1159/000079388
doi: 10.1159/000079388
Leinonen A, Koponen M, Hartikainen S (2015) Systematic review: Representativeness of participants in RCTs of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. PLoS ONE 10(5):e0124500. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0124500
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124500
Leung JG (2014) Donepezil-induced mania. Consult Pharm 29(3):191–195. https://doi.org/10.4140/TCP.n.2014.191
doi: 10.4140/TCP.n.2014.191
Liu X, Hao W, Qin Y, Decker Y, Wang X, Burkart M, Schotz K, Menger MD, Fassbender K, Liu Y (2015) Long-term treatment with Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 improves symptoms and pathology in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Brain Behav Immun 46:121–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2015.01.011
doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.01.011
Liu X, Teng Z, Cui C, Wang R, Liu M, Zhang Y (2014) Amyloid beta-derived diffusible ligands (ADDLs) induce abnormal expression of insulin receptors in rat hippocampal neurons. J Mol Neurosci 52(1):124–130. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12031-013-0216-0
doi: 10.1007/s12031-013-0216-0
Lopresti AL, Drummond PD (2014) Saffron (Crocus sativus) for depression: a systematic review of clinical studies and examination of underlying antidepressant mechanisms of action. Hum Psychopharmacol 29(6):517–527. https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.2434
doi: 10.1002/hup.2434
Lopresti AL, Drummond PD (2017) Efficacy of curcumin, and a saffron/curcumin combination for the treatment of major depression: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Affect Disord 207:188–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.09.047
doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.09.047
Man SC, Durairajan SS, Kum WF, Lu JH, Huang JD, Cheng CF, Chung V, Xu M, Li M (2008) Systematic review on the efficacy and safety of herbal medicines for Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis 14(2):209–223. https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-2008-14209
doi: 10.3233/jad-2008-14209
Maurer K, Ihl R, Dierks T, Frolich L (1997) Clinical efficacy of Ginkgo biloba special extract EGb 761 in dementia of the Alzheimer type. J Psychiatr Res 31(6):645–655. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3956(97)00022-8
doi: 10.1016/s0022-3956(97)00022-8
Mayeux R, Stern Y (2012) Epidemiology of Alzheimer disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2(8). https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a006239
Mazidi M, Shemshian M, Mousavi SH, Norouzy A, Kermani T, Moghiman T, Sadeghi A, Mokhber N, Ghayour-Mobarhan M, Ferns GA (2016) A double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled trial of Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) in the treatment of anxiety and depression. J Complement Integr Med 13(2):195–199. https://doi.org/10.1515/jcim-2015-0043
doi: 10.1515/jcim-2015-0043
Miller ER 3rd, Pastor-Barriuso R, Dalal D, Riemersma RA, Appel LJ, Guallar E (2005) Meta-analysis: high-dosage vitamin E supplementation may increase all-cause mortality. Ann Intern Med 142(1):37–46. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-142-1-200501040-00110
doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-142-1-200501040-00110
Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG (2009) Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Ann Intern Med 151(4):264–269, W264. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135
doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135
More MI, Freitas U, Rutenberg D (2014) Positive effects of soy lecithin-derived phosphatidylserine plus phosphatidic acid on memory, cognition, daily functioning, and mood in elderly patients with Alzheimer’s disease and dementia. Adv Ther 31(12):1247–1262. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-014-0165-1
doi: 10.1007/s12325-014-0165-1
Morley JE (2010) Nutrition and the brain. Clin Geriatr Med 26(1):89–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cger.2009.11.005
doi: 10.1016/j.cger.2009.11.005
Moshiri M, Vahabzadeh M, Hosseinzadeh H (2015) Clinical applications of Saffron (Crocus sativus) and its constituents: A review. Drug Res (stuttg) 65(6):287–295. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1375681
doi: 10.1055/s-0034-1375681
Napryeyenko O, Borzenko I, G-N S Group (2007) Ginkgo biloba special extract in dementia with neuropsychiatric features. A randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial. Arzneimittelforschung 57(1):4–11. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1296579
doi: 10.1055/s-0031-1296579
Nasab NM, Bahrammi MA, Nikpour MR, Rahim F, Naghibis SN (2012) Efficacy of rivastigmine in comparison to ginkgo for treating Alzheimer’s dementia. J Pak Med Assoc 62(7):677–680
Nolan JM, Loskutova E, Howard A, Mulcahy R, Moran R, Stack J, Bolger M, Coen RF, Dennison J, Akuffo KO, Owens N, Power R, Thurnham D, Beatty S (2015) The impact of supplemental macular carotenoids in Alzheimer’s disease: a randomized clinical trial. J Alzheimers Dis 44(4):1157–1169. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-142265
doi: 10.3233/JAD-142265
Noori T, Dehpour AR, Sureda A, Sobarzo-Sanchez E, Shirooie S (2021) Role of natural products for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Eur J Pharmacol 898:173974. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.173974
doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.173974
Ohno K, Ito M, Ichihara M, Ito M (2012) Molecular hydrogen as an emerging therapeutic medical gas for neurodegenerative and other diseases. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2012:353152. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/353152
doi: 10.1155/2012/353152
Phillips MCL, Deprez LM, Mortimer GMN, Murtagh DKJ, McCoy S, Mylchreest R, Gilbertson LJ, Clark KM, Simpson PV, McManus EJ, Oh JE, Yadavaraj S, King VM, Pillai A, Romero-Ferrando B, Brinkhuis M, Copeland BM, Samad S, Liao S, Schepel JAC (2021) Randomized crossover trial of a modified ketogenic diet in Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Res Ther 13(1):51. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13195-021-00783-x
doi: 10.1186/s13195-021-00783-x
Pivi GA, da Silva RV, Juliano Y, Novo NF, Okamoto IH, Brant CQ, Bertolucci PH (2011) A prospective study of nutrition education and oral nutritional supplementation in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Nutr J 10:98. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-10-98
doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-10-98
Puranen TM, Pitkala KH, Suominen MH (2015) Tailored nutritional guidance for home-dwelling AD families: the Feasibility of and Elements Promoting Positive Changes in Diet (NuAD-Trial). J Nutr Health Aging 19(4):454–459. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-014-0567-4
doi: 10.1007/s12603-014-0567-4
Qizilbash N, Birks J, Lopez-Arrieta J, Lewington S, Szeto S (2000) Tacrine for Alzheimer's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2):CD000202. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000202
Rainey-Smith SR, Brown BM, Sohrabi HR, Shah T, Goozee KG, Gupta VB, Martins RN (2016) Curcumin and cognition: a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind study of community-dwelling older adults. Br J Nutr 115(12):2106–2113. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114516001203
doi: 10.1017/S0007114516001203
Rakonczay Z (2003) Potencies and selectivities of inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase and its molecular forms in normal and Alzheimer’s disease brain. Acta Biol Hung 54(2):183–189. https://doi.org/10.1556/ABiol.54.2003.2.7
doi: 10.1556/ABiol.54.2003.2.7
Rijpma A, Meulenbroek O, van Hees AM, Sijben JW, Vellas B, Shah RC, Bennett DA, Scheltens P, Olde Rikkert MG (2015) Effects of Souvenaid on plasma micronutrient levels and fatty acid profiles in mild and mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Res Ther 7(1):51. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13195-015-0134-1
doi: 10.1186/s13195-015-0134-1
Rijpma A, van der Graaf M, Lansbergen MM, Meulenbroek O, Cetinyurek-Yavuz A, Sijben JW, Heerschap A, Olde Rikkert MGM (2017) The medical food Souvenaid affects brain phospholipid metabolism in mild Alzheimer’s disease: results from a randomized controlled trial. Alzheimers Res Ther 9(1):51. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13195-017-0286-2
doi: 10.1186/s13195-017-0286-2
Rogers SL, Doody RS, Mohs RC, Friedhoff LT (1998) Donepezil improves cognition and global function in Alzheimer disease: a 15-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Donepezil Study Group Arch Intern Med 158(9):1021–1031. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.158.9.1021
doi: 10.1001/archinte.158.9.1021
Salas-Salvado J, Torres M, Planas M, Altimir S, Pagan C, Gonzalez ME, Johnston S, Puiggros C, Bonada A, Garcia-Lorda P (2005) Effect of oral administration of a whole formula diet on nutritional and cognitive status in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Clin Nutr 24(3):390–397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2004.12.006
doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2004.12.006
Scheltens P, Blennow K, Breteler MM, de Strooper B, Frisoni GB, Salloway S, Van der Flier WM (2016) Alzheimer’s disease. Lancet 388(10043):505–517. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01124-1
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01124-1
Scheltens P, Twisk JW, Blesa R, Scarpini E, von Arnim CA, Bongers A, Harrison J, Swinkels SH, Stam CJ, de Waal H, Wurtman RJ, Wieggers RL, Vellas B, Kamphuis PJ (2012) Efficacy of Souvenaid in mild Alzheimer’s disease: results from a randomized, controlled trial. J Alzheimers Dis 31(1):225–236. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-2012-121189
doi: 10.3233/JAD-2012-121189
Scholfield C (1981) Composition of soybean lecithin. J Am Oil Chem Soc 58(10):889–892
doi: 10.1007/BF02659652
Sezgin Z, Dincer Y (2014) Alzheimer’s disease and epigenetic diet. Neurochem Int 78:105–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuint.2014.09.012
doi: 10.1016/j.neuint.2014.09.012
Silva P, Kergoat MJ, Shatenstein B (2013) Challenges in managing the diet of older adults with early-stage Alzheimer dementia: a caregiver perspective. J Nutr Health Aging 17(2):142–147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-012-0385-5
doi: 10.1007/s12603-012-0385-5
Soininen H, Solomon A, Visser PJ, Hendrix SB, Blennow K, Kivipelto M, Hartmann T, G. LipiDiDiet Clinical Study (2017) 24-month intervention with a specific multinutrient in people with prodromal Alzheimer’s disease (LipiDiDiet): a randomised, double-blind, controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 16(12):965–975. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(17)30332-0
doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(17)30332-0
Soininen H, Solomon A, Visser PJ, Hendrix SB, Blennow K, Kivipelto M, Hartmann T, G. LipiDiDiet Clinical Study (2021) 36-month LipiDiDiet multinutrient clinical trial in prodromal Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement 17(1):29–40. https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.12172
doi: 10.1002/alz.12172
Solomon PR, Adams F, Silver A, Zimmer J, DeVeaux R (2002) Ginkgo for memory enhancement: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 288(7):835–840. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.288.7.835
doi: 10.1001/jama.288.7.835
Tang M, Taghibiglou C (2017) The mechanisms of action of curcumin in Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis 58(4):1003–1016. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-170188
doi: 10.3233/JAD-170188
Tariot PN, Farlow MR, Grossberg GT, Graham SM, McDonald S, Gergel I, G Memantine Study (2004) Memantine treatment in patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer disease already receiving donepezil: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 291(3):317–324. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.291.3.317
doi: 10.1001/jama.291.3.317
Vellas B, Coley N, Ousset P-J, Berrut G, Dartigues J-F, Dubois B, Grandjean H, Pasquier F, Piette F, Robert P (2012) Long-term use of standardised Ginkgo biloba extract for the prevention of Alzheimer’s disease (GuidAge): a randomised placebo-controlled trial. The Lancet Neurology 11(10):851–859
doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(12)70206-5
Wang J, Gu BJ, Masters CL, Wang YJ (2017) A systemic view of Alzheimer disease - insights from amyloid-beta metabolism beyond the brain. Nat Rev Neurol 13(10):612–623. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2017.111
doi: 10.1038/nrneurol.2017.111
Wettstein A (2000) Cholinesterase inhibitors and Gingko extracts–are they comparable in the treatment of dementia? Comparison of published placebo-controlled efficacy studies of at least six months’ duration. Phytomedicine 6(6):393–401
doi: 10.1016/S0944-7113(00)80066-5
Wightman EL (2017) Potential benefits of phytochemicals against Alzheimer’s disease. Proc Nutr Soc 76(2):106–112. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665116002962
doi: 10.1017/S0029665116002962
Wurtman RJ, Cansev M, Sakamoto T, Ulus IH (2009) Use of phosphatide precursors to promote synaptogenesis. Annu Rev Nutr 29:59–87
doi: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-080508-141059
Yancheva S, Ihl R, Nikolova G, Panayotov P, Schlaefke S, Hoerr R, G S Group (2009) Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761(R), donepezil or both combined in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease with neuropsychiatric features: a randomised, double-blind, exploratory trial. Aging Ment Health 13(2):183–190. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607860902749057
doi: 10.1080/13607860902749057