Activating toll-like receptor 4 after traumatic brain injury inhibits neuroinflammation and the accelerated development of seizures in rats.

Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling plays a detrimental role in traumatic brain injury (TBI) pathology. Pharmacologic or genetic inactivating TLR4 diminish TBI inflammation and neurological complications. Nonetheless, TLR4 priming alleviates TBI inflammation and seizure susceptibility. We investigated impact of postconditioning with TLR4 agonist monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) on TBI neuroinflammation and epileptogenesis in rats. TBI was induced in temporo-parietal cortex of rats by Controlled Cortical Impact device. Then rats received a single dose (0.1 μg/rat) of MPL by intracerebroventricular injection. After 24 h, CCI-injured rats received intraperitoneal injection of pentylenetetrazole 35 mg/kg once every other day until acquisition of generalized seizures. The injury size, number of survived neurons, and brain protein level of TNF-α, TGF-β, IL-10, and arginase1 (Arg1) were determined. Astrocytes and macrophage/microglia activation/polarization was assessed by double immunostaining with anti GFAP/Arg1 or anti Iba1/Arg1 antibodies. The CCI-injured rats developed generalized seizures after 5.9 ± 1.3 pentylenetetrazole injections (p < 0.001, compared to 12.3 ± 1.4 injections for sham-operated rats). MPL treatment returned the accelerated rate of epileptogenesis in TBI state to the sham-operated level. MPL did not change damage volume but attenuated number of dead neurons (p < 0.01). MPL decreased TNF-α overexpression (6 h post-TBI p < 0.0001), upregulated expression of TGF-β (48 h post-TBI, p < 0.0001), and IL-10 (48 h post-TBI, p < 0.0001) but did not change Arg1 expression. GFAP/Arg1 and Iba1/Arg1 positive cells were detected in TBI area with no significant change following MPL administration. MPL administration after TBI reduces vulnerability to seizure acquisition through down regulating neural death and inflammation, and up-regulating anti-inflammatory cytokines. This capacity along with the clinical safety, makes MPL a potential candidate for development of drugs against neurological deficits of TBI.

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Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.