Responses of crop productivity and reactive nitrogen losses to the application of animal manure to China's main crops: A meta-analysis.

The effective utilization of manure in cropland systems is essential to sustain yields and reduce reactive nitrogen (Nr) losses. However, there are still uncertainties regarding the substitution of mineral nitrogen (N) fertilizer with manure in terms of its effects on crop yield and Nr losses. We conducted a comprehensive meta-analysis of wheat, maize, and rice applications in China and discovered that substituting mineral N fertilizer with manure increased wheat and maize yields by 4.9 and 5.5 %, respectively, but decreased rice yield by 1.7 %. The increase of yield is larger at low N application and low mineral N substitution rates ((SR) ≤30 %) for silt soils, warm regions, and acidic soils. High SR (>70 %) decreased rice yield as well as the N use efficiency of wheat and maize. Substitution of mineral N fertilizer with manure resulted in lower NH

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Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.