Saliva for molecular detection of SARS-CoV-2 in pre-school and school-age children.
Journal
Environmental microbiology
ISSN: 1462-2920
Titre abrégé: Environ Microbiol
Pays: England
ID NLM: 100883692
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
10 2022
10 2022
Historique:
revised:
25
07
2022
received:
16
05
2022
accepted:
27
07
2022
pubmed:
7
9
2022
medline:
20
10
2022
entrez:
6
9
2022
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis is a cornerstone for the management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Numerous studies have assessed saliva performance over nasopharyngeal sampling (NPS), but data in young children are still rare. We explored saliva performance for SARS-CoV-2 detection by RT-PCR according to the time interval from initial symptoms or patient serological status. We collected 509 NPS and saliva paired samples at initial diagnosis from 166 children under 12 years of age (including 57 children under 6), 106 between 12 and 17, and 237 adults. In children under 12, overall detection rate for SARS-CoV-2 was comparable in saliva and NPS, with an overall agreement of 89.8%. Saliva sensitivity was significantly lower than that of NPS (77.1% compared to 95.8%) in pre-school and school-age children but regained 96% when considering seronegative children only. This pattern was also observed to a lesser degree in adolescents but not in adults. Sensitivity of saliva was independent of symptoms, in contrary to NPS, whose sensitivity decreased significantly in asymptomatic subjects. Performance of saliva is excellent in children under 12 at early stages of infection. This reinforces saliva as a collection method for early and unbiased SARS-CoV-2 detection and a less invasive alternative for young children.
Identifiants
pubmed: 36065993
doi: 10.1111/1462-2920.16151
pmc: PMC9538513
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
4725-4737Informations de copyright
© 2022 The Authors. Environmental Microbiology published by Society for Applied Microbiology and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Références
Al Suwaidi, H., Senok, A., Varghese, R., Deesi, Z., Khansaheb, H., Pokasirakath, S. et al. (2021) Saliva for molecular detection of SARS-CoV-2 in school-age children. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 27(9), 1330-1335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2021.02.009
Atieh, M.A., Guirguis, M., Alsabeeha, N.H.M. & Cannon, R.D. (2021) The diagnostic accuracy of saliva testing for SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Oral Diseases, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.13934
Banerjee, D., Sasidharan, A., Abdulhamid, A., Orosco, E.M., Watts, J.L., Schuster, J.E. et al. (2021) Diagnostic yield of saliva for SARS-CoV-2 molecular testing in children. Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, 10(10), 967-969.
Bastos, M.L., Perlman-Arrow, S., Menzies, D. & Campbell, J.R. (2021) The sensitivity and costs of testing for SARS-CoV-2 infection with saliva versus nasopharyngeal swabs: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of Internal Medicine, 174(4), 501-510 Epub 2021 Jan 12. Erratum in: Ann Intern Med. 2021 Apr;174(4):584. PMID: 33428446; PMCID: PMC7822569.
Borghi, E., Massa, V., Carmagnola, D., Dellavia, C., Parodi, C., Ottaviano, E. et al. (2021) Saliva sampling for chasing SARS-CoV-2: a game-changing strategy. Pharmacological Research, 165, 105380.
Caixeta, D.C., Oliveira, S.W., Cardoso-Sousa, L., Cunha, T.M., Goulart, L.R., Martins, M.M. et al. (2021) One-year update on salivary diagnostic of COVID-19. Frontiers in Public Health, 21(9), 589564.
Cañete, M.G., Valenzuela, I.M., Garcés, P.C., Massó, I.C., González, M.J. & Providell, S.G. (2021) Saliva sample for the massive screening of SARS-CoV-2 infection: a systematic review. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology Oral Radiology, 131(5), 540-548.
Dowell, A.C., Butler, M.S., Jinks, E., Tut, G., Lancaster, T., Sylla, P. et al. (2022) Children develop robust and sustained cross-reactive spike-specific immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nature Immunology, 23(1), 40-49.
Felix, A.C., de Paula, A.V., Ribeiro, A.C., da Silva, F.C., Inemami, M., Costa, A.A. et al. (2022) Saliva as a reliable sample for COVID-19 diagnosis in paediatric patients. International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry, 32(1), 123-125. https://doi.org/10.1111/ipd.12885
Fougère, Y., Schwob, J.M., Miauton, A., Hoegger, F., Opota, O., Jaton, K. et al. (2021) Performance of RT-PCR on saliva specimens compared with nasopharyngeal swabs for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in children: a prospective comparative clinical trial. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 40(8), e300-e304.
Fronza, F., Groff, N., Martinelli, A., Passerini, B.Z., Rensi, N., Cortelletti, I. et al. (2022) A community study of SARS-CoV-2 detection by RT-PCR in saliva: a reliable and effective method. Viruses, 14(2), 313.
Hu, B., Guo, H., Zhou, P. & Shi, Z.L. (2021) Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 19(3), 141-154 Epub 2020 Oct 6. Erratum in: Nat Rev Microbiol. 2022 Feb 23: PMID: 33024307; PMCID: PMC7537588.
Ibrahimi, N., Delaunay-Moisan, A., Hill, C., Le Teuff, G., Rupprecht, J.F., Thuret, J.Y. et al. (2021) Screening for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR: saliva or nasopharyngeal swab? Rapid review and meta-analysis. PLoS One, 16(6), e0253007.
Jones, T.C., Biele, G., Mühlemann, B., Veith, T., Schneider, J., Beheim-Schwarzbach, J. et al. (2021) Estimating infectiousness throughout SARS-CoV-2 infection course. Science, 373(6551), eabi5273.
Koelle, K., Martin, M.A., Antia, R., Lopman, B. & Dean, N.E. (2022) The changing epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2. Science, 375(6585), 1116-1121.
Lee, R.A., Herigon, J.C., Benedetti, A., Pollock, N.R. & Denkinger, C.M. (2021) Performance of saliva, oropharyngeal swabs, and nasal swabs for SARS-CoV-2 molecular detection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 59(5), e02881-e02820.
Lee, R.A., Herigon, J.C., Benedetti, A. & Denkinger, C.M. (2021) Performance of saliva, oropharyngeal swabs, and nasal swabs for SARS-CoV-2 molecular detection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Microbiology, 59(5), e02881-e02820.
Lin, J., Frediani, J.K., Damhorst, G.L., Sullivan, J.A., Westbrook, A., McLendon, K. et al. (2022) Where is omicron? Comparison of SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR and antigen test sensitivity at commonly sampled anatomic sites over the course of disease. medRxiv [Preprint], 2022.02.08.22270685.
López-Martínez, B., Guzmán-Ortiz, A.L., Nevárez-Ramírez, A.J., Parra-Ortega, I., Olivar-López, V.B., Ángeles-Floriano, T. et al. (2020) Saliva as a promising biofluid for SARS-CoV-2 detection during the early stages of infection. Boletín Médico del Hospital Infantil de México, 77(5), 228-233.
Malcangi, G., Inchingolo, A.D., Inchingolo, A.M., Piras, F., Settanni, V., Garofoli, G. et al. (2022) COVID-19 infection in children and infants: current status on therapies and vaccines. Children (Basel)., 9(2), 249.
Marc, A., Kerioui, M., Blanquart, F., Bertrand, J., Mitjà, O., Corbacho-Monné, M. et al. (2021) Quantifying the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 viral load and infectiousness. eLife, 27(10), e69302.
Matuck, B.F., Dolhnikoff, M., Duarte-Neto, A.N., Maia, G., Gomes, S.C., Sendyk, D.I. et al. (2021) Salivary glands are a target for SARS-CoV-2: a source for saliva contamination. Journal of Pathology, 254(3), 239-243.
Oliver, J., Tosif, S., Lee, L.Y., Costa, A.M., Bartel, C., Last, K. et al. (2021) Adding saliva testing to oropharyngeal and deep nasal swab testing increases PCR detection of SARS-CoV-2 in primary care and children. Medical Journal of Australia, 215(6), 273-278.
Ott, I.M., Strine, M.S., Watkins, A.E., Boot, M., Kalinich, C.C., Harden, C.A. et al. (2021) Stability of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in nonsupplemented saliva. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 27(4), 1146-1150.
Soares, C.D., Souza, L.L., de Carvalho, M.G.F., Pontes, H.A.R., Mosqueda-Taylor, A., Hernandez-Guerrero, J.C. et al. (2022) Oral manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a comprehensive clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study. American Journal of Surgical Pathology, 46(4), 528-536.
Teo, A.K.J., Choudhury, Y., Tan, I.B., Cher, C.Y., Chew, S.H., Wan, Z.Y. et al. (2021) Saliva is more sensitive than nasopharyngeal or nasal swabs for diagnosis of asymptomatic and mild COVID-19 infection. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 3134.
To, K.K., Tsang, O.T., Yip, C.C., Chan, K.H., Wu, T.C., Chan, J.M. et al. (2020) Consistent detection of 2019 novel coronavirus in saliva. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 71(15), 841-843.
Tsang, N.N.Y., So, H.C., Ng, K.Y., Cowling, B.J., Leung, G.M. & Ip, D.K.M. (2021) Diagnostic performance of different sampling approaches for SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR testing: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 21(9), 1233-1245.
Yee, R., Truong, T.T., Pannaraj, P.S., Eubanks, N., Gai, E., Jumarang, J. et al. (2021) Saliva is a promising alternative specimen for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in children and adults. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 59(2), e02686-e02620.
Yoshida, M., Worlock, K.B., Huang, N., RGH, L., Butler, C.R., Kumasaka, N. et al. (2022) Local and systemic responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection in children and adults. Nature, 602(7896), 321-327.
Zachariah, P. (2022) COVID-19 in children. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America, 36(1), 1-14.
Zhu, J., Guo, J., Xu, Y. & Chen, X. (2020) Viral dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 in saliva from infected patients. Journal of Infection, 81(3), e48-e50.