Fatigue and Human Performance: An Updated Framework.
Journal
Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)
ISSN: 1179-2035
Titre abrégé: Sports Med
Pays: New Zealand
ID NLM: 8412297
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
01 2023
01 2023
Historique:
accepted:
24
07
2022
pubmed:
19
10
2022
medline:
5
1
2023
entrez:
18
10
2022
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Fatigue has been defined differently in the literature depending on the field of research. The inconsistent use of the term fatigue complicated scientific communication, thereby limiting progress towards a more in-depth understanding of the phenomenon. Therefore, Enoka and Duchateau (Med Sci Sports Exerc 48:2228-38, 2016, [3]) proposed a fatigue framework that distinguishes between trait fatigue (i.e., fatigue experienced by an individual over a longer period of time) and motor or cognitive task-induced state fatigue (i.e., self-reported disabling symptom derived from the two interdependent attributes performance fatigability and perceived fatigability). Thereby, performance fatigability describes a decrease in an objective performance measure, while perceived fatigability refers to the sensations that regulate the integrity of the performer. Although this framework served as a good starting point to unravel the psychophysiology of fatigue, several important aspects were not included and the interdependence of the mechanisms driving performance fatigability and perceived fatigability were not comprehensively discussed. Therefore, the present narrative review aimed to (1) update the fatigue framework suggested by Enoka and Duchateau (Med Sci Sports Exerc 48:2228-38, 2016, [3]) pertaining the taxonomy (i.e., cognitive performance fatigue and perceived cognitive fatigue were added) and important determinants that were not considered previously (e.g., effort perception, affective valence, self-regulation), (2) discuss the mechanisms underlying performance fatigue and perceived fatigue in response to motor and cognitive tasks as well as their interdependence, and (3) provide recommendations for future research on these interactions. We propose to define motor or cognitive task-induced state fatigue as a psychophysiological condition characterized by a decrease in motor or cognitive performance (i.e., motor or cognitive performance fatigue, respectively) and/or an increased perception of fatigue (i.e., perceived motor or cognitive fatigue). These dimensions are interdependent, hinge on different determinants, and depend on body homeostasis (e.g., wakefulness, core temperature) as well as several modulating factors (e.g., age, sex, diseases, characteristics of the motor or cognitive task). Consequently, there is no single factor primarily determining performance fatigue and perceived fatigue in response to motor or cognitive tasks. Instead, the relative weight of each determinant and their interaction are modulated by several factors.
Identifiants
pubmed: 36258141
doi: 10.1007/s40279-022-01748-2
pii: 10.1007/s40279-022-01748-2
pmc: PMC9807493
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
7-31Informations de copyright
© 2022. The Author(s).
Références
Enoka RM, Duchateau J. Muscle fatigue: what, why and how it influences muscle function. J Physiol. 2008;586:11–23. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2007.139477 .
doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2007.139477
Kluger BM, Krupp LB, Enoka RM. Fatigue and fatigability in neurologic illnesses: proposal for a unified taxonomy. Neurology. 2013;80:409–16. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e31827f07be .
doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31827f07be
Enoka RM, Duchateau J. Translating fatigue to human performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2016;48:2228–38. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000929 .
doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000000929
Tommasin S, de Luca F, Ferrante I, Gurreri F, Castelli L, Ruggieri S, et al. Cognitive fatigability is a quantifiable distinct phenomenon in multiple sclerosis. J Neuropsychol. 2020;14:370–83. https://doi.org/10.1111/jnp.12197 .
doi: 10.1111/jnp.12197
Venhorst A, Micklewright D, Noakes TD. Perceived fatigability: utility of a three-dimensional dynamical systems framework to better understand the psychophysiological regulation of goal-directed exercise behaviour. Sports Med. 2018;48:2479–95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-018-0986-1 .
doi: 10.1007/s40279-018-0986-1
Braley TJ, Chervin RD. Fatigue in multiple sclerosis: mechanisms, evaluation, and treatment. Sleep. 2010;33:1061–7. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/33.8.1061 .
doi: 10.1093/sleep/33.8.1061
Gruet M. Fatigue in chronic respiratory diseases: theoretical framework and implications for real-life performance and rehabilitation. Front Physiol. 2018;9:1285. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.01285 .
doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01285
Marrelli K, Cheng AJ, Brophy JD, Power GA. Perceived versus performance fatigability in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Front Physiol. 2018;9:1395. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.01395 .
doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01395
Müller T, Apps MAJ. Motivational fatigue: a neurocognitive framework for the impact of effortful exertion on subsequent motivation. Neuropsychologia. 2019;123:141–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.04.030 .
doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.04.030
Genova HM, Rajagopalan V, Deluca J, Das A, Binder A, Arjunan A, et al. Examination of cognitive fatigue in multiple sclerosis using functional magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor imaging. PLoS ONE. 2013;8: e78811. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0078811 .
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078811
Behrens M, Mau-Moeller A, Lischke A, Katlun F, Gube M, Zschorlich V, et al. Mental fatigue increases gait variability during dual-task walking in old adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2018;73:792–7. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glx210 .
doi: 10.1093/gerona/glx210
Behrens M, Broscheid K-C, Schega L. Taxonomie und Determinanten motorischer performance fatigability bei Multipler Sklerose. NR. 2021;27:3–12. https://doi.org/10.14624/NR2101001 .
doi: 10.14624/NR2101001
Micklewright D, St Clair Gibson A, Gladwell V, Al Salman A. Development and validity of the rating-of-fatigue scale. Sports Med. 2017;47:2375–93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0711-5 .
doi: 10.1007/s40279-017-0711-5
Gandevia SC. Spinal and supraspinal factors in human muscle fatigue. Physiol Rev. 2001;81:1725–89. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.2001.81.4.1725 .
doi: 10.1152/physrev.2001.81.4.1725
Noakes TD. Fatigue is a brain-derived emotion that regulates the exercise behavior to ensure the protection of whole-body homeostasis. Front Physiol. 2012;3:82. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2012.00082 .
doi: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00082
Taylor JL, Amann M, Duchateau J, Meeusen R, Rice CL. Neural contributions to muscle fatigue: from the brain to the muscle and back again. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2016;48:2294–306. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000923 .
doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000000923
Taylor JL, Gandevia SC. A comparison of central aspects of fatigue in submaximal and maximal voluntary contractions. J Appl Physiol. 1985;2008(104):542–50. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01053.2007 .
doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01053.2007
Marcora SM, Staiano W, Manning V. Mental fatigue impairs physical performance in humans. J Appl Physiol. 1985;2009(106):857–64. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.91324.2008 .
doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.91324.2008
Blain GM, Mangum TS, Sidhu SK, Weavil JC, Hureau TJ, Jessop JE, et al. Group III/IV muscle afferents limit the intramuscular metabolic perturbation during whole body exercise in humans. J Physiol. 2016;594:5303–15. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP272283 .
doi: 10.1113/JP272283
Laurin J, Pertici V, Dousset E, Marqueste T, Decherchi P. Group III and IV muscle afferents: role on central motor drive and clinical implications. Neuroscience. 2015;290:543–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.01.065 .
doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.01.065
Boksem MAS, Tops M. Mental fatigue: costs and benefits. Brain Res Rev. 2008;59:125–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresrev.2008.07.001 .
doi: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2008.07.001
Kurzban R. The sense of effort. Curr Opin Psychol. 2016;7:67–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.08.003 .
doi: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.08.003
Benoit C-E, Solopchuk O, Borragán G, Carbonnelle A, van Durme S, Zénon A. Cognitive task avoidance correlates with fatigue-induced performance decrement but not with subjective fatigue. Neuropsychologia. 2019;123:30–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.06.017 .
doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.06.017
Gergelyfi M, Sanz-Arigita EJ, Solopchuk O, Dricot L, Jacob B, Zénon A. Mental fatigue correlates with depression of task-related network and augmented DMN activity but spares the reward circuit. Neuroimage. 2021;243: 118532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118532 .
doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118532
Allen DG, Lamb GD, Westerblad H. Skeletal muscle fatigue: cellular mechanisms. Physiol Rev. 2008;88:287–332. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00015.2007 .
doi: 10.1152/physrev.00015.2007
Cheng AJ, Place N, Westerblad H. Molecular basis for exercise-induced fatigue: the importance of strictly controlled cellular Ca
doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029710
Ebenbichler GR, Kollmitzer J, Glckler L, Bochdansky T, Kopf A, Fialka V. The role of the biarticular agonist and cocontracting antagonist pair in isometric muscle fatigue. Muscle Nerve. 1998;21:1706–13. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4598(199812)21:12%3c1706:aid-mus13%3e3.0.co;2-c .
doi: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4598(199812)21:12<1706:aid-mus13>3.0.co;2-c
Gagnon D, Bertrand Arsenault A, Smyth G, Kemp F. Cocontraction changes in muscular fatigue at different levels of isometric contraction. Int J Ind Ergon. 1992;9:343–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-8141(92)90066-9 .
doi: 10.1016/0169-8141(92)90066-9
Allen DG, Clugston E, Petersen Y, Röder IV, Chapman B, Rudolf R. Interactions between intracellular calcium and phosphate in intact mouse muscle during fatigue. J Appl Physiol. 1985;2011(111):358–66. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01404.2010 .
doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01404.2010
Westerblad H. Acidosis is not a significant cause of skeletal muscle fatigue. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2016;48:2339–42. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001044 .
doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001044
Hunter SK. Performance fatigability: mechanisms and task specificity. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a029728 .
doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029728
Nybo L, Rasmussen P, Sawka MN. Performance in the heat-physiological factors of importance for hyperthermia-induced fatigue. Compr Physiol. 2014;4:657–89. https://doi.org/10.1002/cphy.c130012 .
doi: 10.1002/cphy.c130012
Goodall S, González-Alonso J, Ali L, Ross EZ, Romer LM. Supraspinal fatigue after normoxic and hypoxic exercise in humans. J Physiol. 2012;590:2767–82. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2012.228890 .
doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2012.228890
Nybo L. CNS fatigue and prolonged exercise: effect of glucose supplementation. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003;35:589–94. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000058433.85789.66 .
doi: 10.1249/01.MSS.0000058433.85789.66
Vargas NT, Marino F. A neuroinflammatory model for acute fatigue during exercise. Sports Med. 2014;44:1479–87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0232-4 .
doi: 10.1007/s40279-014-0232-4
Skau S, Sundberg K, Kuhn H-G. A proposal for a unifying set of definitions of fatigue. Front Psychol. 2021;12: 739764. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.739764 .
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.739764
Jones AM, Burnley M, Black MI, Poole DC, Vanhatalo A. The maximal metabolic steady state: redefining the “gold standard.” Physiol Rep. 2019;7: e14098. https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.14098 .
doi: 10.14814/phy2.14098
Pageaux B. Perception of effort in exercise science: definition, measurement and perspectives. Eur J Sport Sci. 2016;16:885–94. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2016.1188992 .
doi: 10.1080/17461391.2016.1188992
Mauger AR. Fatigue is a pain-the use of novel neurophysiological techniques to understand the fatigue–pain relationship. Front Physiol. 2013;4:104. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2013.00104 .
doi: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00104
Ekkekakis P, Hall EE, Petruzzello SJ. Variation and homogeneity in affective responses to physical activity of varying intensities: an alternative perspective on dose-response based on evolutionary considerations. J Sports Sci. 2005;23:477–500. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410400021492 .
doi: 10.1080/02640410400021492
Hyland-Monks R, Cronin L, McNaughton L, Marchant D. The role of executive function in the self-regulation of endurance performance: a critical review. Prog Brain Res. 2018;240:353–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.09.011 .
doi: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.09.011
Greenhouse-Tucknott A, Wrightson JG, Raynsford M, Harrison NA, Dekerle J. Interactions between perceptions of fatigue, effort, and affect decrease knee extensor endurance performance following upper body motor activity, independent of changes in neuromuscular function. Psychophysiology. 2020;57: e13602. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.13602 .
doi: 10.1111/psyp.13602
Marcora SM. Do we really need a central governor to explain brain regulation of exercise performance? Eur J Appl Physiol. 2008;104:929–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-008-0818-3 (author reply 933–5).
doi: 10.1007/s00421-008-0818-3
Staiano W, Bosio A, de Morree HM, Rampinini E, Marcora S. The cardinal exercise stopper: muscle fatigue, muscle pain or perception of effort? Prog Brain Res. 2018;240:175–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.09.012 .
doi: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2018.09.012
Marcora S. Perception of effort during exercise is independent of afferent feedback from skeletal muscles, heart, and lungs. J Appl Physiol. 1985;2009(106):2060–2. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.90378.2008 .
doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.90378.2008
Marcora SM, Staiano W. The limit to exercise tolerance in humans: mind over muscle? Eur J Appl Physiol. 2010;109:763–70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-010-1418-6 .
doi: 10.1007/s00421-010-1418-6
Doherty M, Smith PM. Effects of caffeine ingestion on rating of perceived exertion during and after exercise: a meta-analysis. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2005;15:69–78. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2005.00445.x .
doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2005.00445.x
McCormick A, Meijen C, Marcora S. Psychological determinants of whole-body endurance performance. Sports Med. 2015;45:997–1015. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0319-6 .
doi: 10.1007/s40279-015-0319-6
Terry PC, Karageorghis CI, Curran ML, Martin OV, Parsons-Smith RL. Effects of music in exercise and sport: a meta-analytic review. Psychol Bull. 2020;146:91–117. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000216 .
doi: 10.1037/bul0000216
Smirmaul BPC, de Moraes AC, Angius L, Marcora SM. Effects of caffeine on neuromuscular fatigue and performance during high-intensity cycling exercise in moderate hypoxia. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2017;117:27–38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-016-3496-6 .
doi: 10.1007/s00421-016-3496-6
Husmann F, Bruhn S, Mittlmeier T, Zschorlich V, Behrens M. Dietary nitrate supplementation improves exercise tolerance by reducing muscle fatigue and perceptual responses. Front Physiol. 2019;10:404. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.00404 .
doi: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00404
Behrens M, Zschorlich V, Mittlmeier T, Bruhn S, Husmann F. Ischemic preconditioning did not affect central and peripheral factors of performance fatigability after submaximal isometric exercise. Front Physiol. 2020;11:371. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.00371 .
doi: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00371
Nybo L, Nielsen B. Hyperthermia and central fatigue during prolonged exercise in humans. J Appl Physiol. 1985;2001(91):1055–60. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2001.91.3.1055 .
doi: 10.1152/jappl.2001.91.3.1055
Barley OR, Chapman DW, Blazevich AJ, Abbiss CR. Acute dehydration impairs endurance without modulating neuromuscular function. Front Physiol. 2018;9:1562. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.01562 .
doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01562
Romer LM, Haverkamp HC, Amann M, Lovering AT, Pegelow DF, Dempsey JA. Effect of acute severe hypoxia on peripheral fatigue and endurance capacity in healthy humans. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2007;292:R598-606. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00269.2006 .
doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00269.2006
Temesi J, Arnal PJ, Davranche K, Bonnefoy R, Levy P, Verges S, Millet GY. Does central fatigue explain reduced cycling after complete sleep deprivation? Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2013;45:2243–53. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e31829ce379 .
doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31829ce379
Astokorki AHY, Mauger AR. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation reduces exercise-induced perceived pain and improves endurance exercise performance. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2017;117:483–92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-016-3532-6 .
doi: 10.1007/s00421-016-3532-6
Smith SA, Micklewright D, Winter SL, Mauger AR. Muscle pain induced by hypertonic saline in the knee extensors decreases single-limb isometric time to task failure. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2020;120:2047–58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-020-04425-2 .
doi: 10.1007/s00421-020-04425-2
Hartman ME, Ekkekakis P, Dicks ND, Pettitt RW. Dynamics of pleasure-displeasure at the limit of exercise tolerance: conceptualizing the sense of exertional physical fatigue as an affective response. J Exp Biol. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.186585 .
doi: 10.1242/jeb.186585
Ekkekakis P, Zenko Z. Measurement of affective responses to exercise. In: Emotion measurement. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2016. p. 299–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100508-8.00012-6 .
Craig AD. How do you feel? Interoception: the sense of the physiological condition of the body. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2002;3:655–66. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn894 .
doi: 10.1038/nrn894
Lindquist KA, Satpute AB, Wager TD, Weber J, Barrett LF. The brain basis of positive and negative affect: evidence from a meta-analysis of the human neuroimaging literature. Cereb Cortex. 2016;26:1910–22. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhv001 .
doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhv001
Roloff ZA, Dicks ND, Krynski LM, Hartman ME, Ekkekakis P, Pettitt RW. Ratings of affective valence closely track changes in oxygen uptake: application to high-intensity interval exercise. Perform Enhance Health. 2020;7: 100158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peh.2020.100158 .
doi: 10.1016/j.peh.2020.100158
Milyavskaya M, Berkman ET, de Ridder DTD. The many faces of self-control: tacit assumptions and recommendations to deal with them. Motiv Sci. 2019;5:79–85. https://doi.org/10.1037/mot0000108 .
doi: 10.1037/mot0000108
Inzlicht M, Schmeichel BJ, Macrae CN. Why self-control seems (but may not be) limited. Trends Cogn Sci. 2014;18:127–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2013.12.009 .
doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2013.12.009
Diamond A. Executive functions. Annu Rev Psychol. 2013;64:135–68. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750 .
doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750
Angius L, Santarnecchi E, Pascual-Leone A, Marcora SM. Transcranial direct current stimulation over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex improves inhibitory control and endurance performance in healthy individuals. Neuroscience. 2019;419:34–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.08.052 .
doi: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.08.052
Judge M, Hopker J, Mauger AR. The effect of tDCS applied to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on cycling performance and the modulation of exercise induced pain. Neurosci Lett. 2021;743: 135584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135584 .
doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135584
Behm DG, Carter TB. Effect of exercise-related factors on the perception of time. Front Physiol. 2020;11:770. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.00770 .
doi: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00770
Hunter SK. Sex differences and mechanisms of task-specific muscle fatigue. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2009;37:113–22. https://doi.org/10.1097/JES.0b013e3181aa63e2 .
doi: 10.1097/JES.0b013e3181aa63e2
Hunter SK, Pereira HM, Keenan KG. The aging neuromuscular system and motor performance. J Appl Physiol. 1985;2016(121):982–95. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00475.2016 .
doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00475.2016
Zghal F, Cottin F, Kenoun I, Rebaï H, Moalla W, Dogui M, et al. Improved tolerance of peripheral fatigue by the central nervous system after endurance training. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2015;115:1401–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-015-3123-y .
doi: 10.1007/s00421-015-3123-y
O’Leary TJ, Collett J, Howells K, Morris MG. Endurance capacity and neuromuscular fatigue following high- vs moderate-intensity endurance training: a randomized trial. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2017;27:1648–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12854 .
doi: 10.1111/sms.12854
Nilwik R, Snijders T, Leenders M, Groen BBL, van Kranenburg J, Verdijk LB, van Loon LJC. The decline in skeletal muscle mass with aging is mainly attributed to a reduction in type II muscle fiber size. Exp Gerontol. 2013;48:492–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2013.02.012 .
doi: 10.1016/j.exger.2013.02.012
Reid KF, Pasha E, Doros G, Clark DJ, Patten C, Phillips EM, et al. Longitudinal decline of lower extremity muscle power in healthy and mobility-limited older adults: influence of muscle mass, strength, composition, neuromuscular activation and single fiber contractile properties. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2014;114:29–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-013-2728-2 .
doi: 10.1007/s00421-013-2728-2
Mau-Moeller A, Behrens M, Lindner T, Bader R, Bruhn S. Age-related changes in neuromuscular function of the quadriceps muscle in physically active adults. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2013;23:640–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2013.01.009 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2013.01.009
Sundberg CW, Prost RW, Fitts RH, Hunter SK. Bioenergetic basis for the increased fatigability with ageing. J Physiol. 2019;597:4943–57. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP277803 .
doi: 10.1113/JP277803
Sundberg CW, Kuplic A, Hassanlouei H, Hunter SK. Mechanisms for the age-related increase in fatigability of the knee extensors in old and very old adults. J Appl Physiol. 1985;2018(125):146–58. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01141.2017 .
doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01141.2017
Ansdell P, Brownstein CG, Škarabot J, Hicks KM, Howatson G, Thomas K, et al. Sex differences in fatigability and recovery relative to the intensity-duration relationship. J Physiol. 2019;597:5577–95. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP278699 .
doi: 10.1113/JP278699
Ansdell P, Škarabot J, Atkinson E, Corden S, Tygart A, Hicks KM, et al. Sex differences in fatigability following exercise normalised to the power-duration relationship. J Physiol. 2020;598:5717–37. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP280031 .
doi: 10.1113/JP280031
Ansdell P, Thomas K, Hicks KM, Hunter SK, Howatson G, Goodall S. Physiological sex differences affect the integrative response to exercise: acute and chronic implications. Exp Physiol. 2020;105:2007–21. https://doi.org/10.1113/EP088548 .
doi: 10.1113/EP088548
Zijdewind I, Hyngstrom A, Hunter S. Editorial: fatigability and motor performance in special and clinical populations. Front Physiol. 2020;11: 570861. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.570861 .
doi: 10.3389/fphys.2020.570861
Zijdewind I, Prak RF, Wolkorte R. Fatigue and fatigability in persons with multiple sclerosis. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2016;44:123–8. https://doi.org/10.1249/JES.0000000000000088 .
doi: 10.1249/JES.0000000000000088
Ellison PM, Goodall S, Kennedy N, Dawes H, Clark A, Pomeroy V, et al. Neurostructural and neurophysiological correlates of multiple sclerosis physical fatigue: systematic review and meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies. Neuropsychol Rev. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-021-09508-1 .
doi: 10.1007/s11065-021-09508-1
Senefeld J, Magill SB, Harkins A, Harmer AR, Hunter SK. Mechanisms for the increased fatigability of the lower limb in people with type 2 diabetes. J Appl Physiol. 1985;2018(125):553–66. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00160.2018 .
doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00160.2018
Pasquet B, Carpentier A, Duchateau J, Hainaut K. Muscle fatigue during concentric and eccentric contractions. Muscle Nerve. 2000;23:1727–35. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-4598(200011)23:11%3c1727:AID-MUS9%3e3.0.CO;2-Y .
doi: 10.1002/1097-4598(200011)23:11<1727:AID-MUS9>3.0.CO;2-Y
Morel B, Clémençon M, Rota S, Millet GY, Bishop DJ, Brosseau O, et al. Contraction velocity influence the magnitude and etiology of neuromuscular fatigue during repeated maximal contractions. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2015;25:e432–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12358 .
doi: 10.1111/sms.12358
Rossman MJ, Garten RS, Venturelli M, Amann M, Richardson RS. The role of active muscle mass in determining the magnitude of peripheral fatigue during dynamic exercise. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2014;306:R934–40. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00043.2014 .
doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00043.2014
Thomas K, Elmeua M, Howatson G, Goodall S. Intensity-dependent contribution of neuromuscular fatigue after constant-load cycling. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2016;48:1751–60. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000950 .
doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000000950
Ducrocq GP, Hureau TJ, Bøgseth T, Meste O, Blain GM. Recovery from fatigue after cycling time trials in elite endurance athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2021;53:904–17. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000002557 .
doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000002557
Smith ICH, Di Newham J. Fatigue and functional performance of human biceps muscle following concentric or eccentric contractions. J Appl Physiol. 1985;2007(102):207–13. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00571.2006 .
doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00571.2006
Prasartwuth O, Allen TJ, Butler JE, Gandevia SC, Taylor JL. Length-dependent changes in voluntary activation, maximum voluntary torque and twitch responses after eccentric damage in humans. J Physiol. 2006;571:243–52. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2005.101600 .
doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2005.101600
Behrens M, Mau-Moeller A, Bruhn S. Effect of exercise-induced muscle damage on neuromuscular function of the quadriceps muscle. Int J Sports Med. 2012;33:600–6. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1304642 .
doi: 10.1055/s-0032-1304642
Goodall S, Thomas K, Barwood M, Keane K, Gonzalez JT, St Clair Gibson A, Howatson G. Neuromuscular changes and the rapid adaptation following a bout of damaging eccentric exercise. Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2017;220:486–500. https://doi.org/10.1111/apha.12844 .
doi: 10.1111/apha.12844
Husmann F, Gube M, Felser S, Weippert M, Mau-Moeller A, Bruhn S, Behrens M. Central factors contribute to knee extensor strength loss after 2000-m rowing in elite male and female rowers. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2017;49:440–9. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001133 .
doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001133
Sidney KH, Shephard RJ. Perception of exertion in the elderly, effects of aging, mode of exercise and physical training. Percept Mot Skills. 1977;44:999–1010. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1977.44.3.999 .
doi: 10.2466/pms.1977.44.3.999
Groslambert A, Grange CC, Perrey S, Maire J, Tordi N, Rouillon JD. Effects of aging on perceived exertion and pain during arm cranking in women 70 to 80 years old. J Sports Sci Med. 2006;5:208–14.
Ofir D, Laveneziana P, Webb KA, Lam Y-M, O’Donnell DE. Sex differences in the perceived intensity of breathlessness during exercise with advancing age. J Appl Physiol. 1985;2008(104):1583–93. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00079.2008 .
doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00079.2008
Tomporowski PD. Men’s and women’s perceptions of effort during progressive-resistance strength training. Percept Mot Skills. 2001;92:368–72. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.2001.92.2.368 .
doi: 10.2466/pms.2001.92.2.368
Yoon T, Keller ML, De-Lap BS, Harkins A, Lepers R, Hunter SK. Sex differences in response to cognitive stress during a fatiguing contraction. J Appl Physiol. 1985;2009(107):1486–96. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00238.2009 .
doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00238.2009
Cook DB, O’Connor PJ, Oliver SE, Lee Y. Sex differences in naturally occurring leg muscle pain and exertion during maximal cycle ergometry. Int J Neurosci. 1998;95:183–202. https://doi.org/10.3109/00207459809003340 .
doi: 10.3109/00207459809003340
Severijns D, Lemmens M, Thoelen R, Feys P. Motor fatigability after low-intensity hand grip exercises in persons with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2016;10:7–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msard.2016.08.007 .
doi: 10.1016/j.msard.2016.08.007
Thickbroom GW, Sacco P, Kermode AG, Archer SA, Byrnes ML, Guilfoyle A, Mastaglia FL. Central motor drive and perception of effort during fatigue in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol. 2006;253:1048–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-006-0159-2 .
doi: 10.1007/s00415-006-0159-2
Borg G, Linderholm H. Exercise performance and perceived exertion in patients with coronary insufficiency, arterial hypertension and vasoregulatory asthenia. Acta Med Scand. 1970;187:17–26. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0954-6820.1970.tb02901.x .
doi: 10.1111/j.0954-6820.1970.tb02901.x
Huebschmann AG, Reis EN, Emsermann C, Dickinson LM, Reusch JEB, Bauer TA, Regensteiner JG. Women with type 2 diabetes perceive harder effort during exercise than nondiabetic women. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2009;34:851–7. https://doi.org/10.1139/H09-074 .
doi: 10.1139/H09-074
Mengshoel AM, Vøllestad NK, Førre O. Pain and fatigue induced by exercise in fibromyalgia patients and sedentary healthy subjects. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1995;13:477–82.
Hollander DB, Durand RJ, Trynicki JL, Larock D, Castracane VD, Hebert EP, Kraemer RR. RPE, pain, and physiological adjustment to concentric and eccentric contractions. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003;35:1017–25. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.MSS.0000069749.13258.4E .
doi: 10.1249/01.MSS.0000069749.13258.4E
Zhang J, Iannetta D, Alzeeby M, MacInnis MJ, Aboodarda SJ. Exercising muscle mass influences neuromuscular, cardiorespiratory, and perceptual responses during and following ramp incremental cycling to task failure. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00286.2020 .
doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00286.2020
Backhouse SH, Biddle SJH, Bishop NC, Williams C. Caffeine ingestion, affect and perceived exertion during prolonged cycling. Appetite. 2011;57:247–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2011.05.304 .
doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2011.05.304
Robertson CV, Marino FE. A role for the prefrontal cortex in exercise tolerance and termination. J Appl Physiol. 1985;2016(120):464–6. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00363.2015 .
doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00363.2015
Linnhoff S, Fiene M, Heinze H-J, Zaehle T. Cognitive fatigue in multiple sclerosis: an objective approach to diagnosis and treatment by transcranial electrical stimulation. Brain Sci. 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci9050100 .
doi: 10.3390/brainsci9050100
Wang C, Ding M, Kluger BM. Change in intraindividual variability over time as a key metric for defining performance-based cognitive fatigability. Brain Cogn. 2014;85:251–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2014.01.004 .
doi: 10.1016/j.bandc.2014.01.004
Terentjeviene A, Maciuleviciene E, Vadopalas K, Mickeviciene D, Karanauskiene D, Valanciene D, et al. Prefrontal cortex activity predicts mental fatigue in young and elderly men during a 2 h “Go/NoGo” task. Front Neurosci. 2018;12:620. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2018.00620 .
doi: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00620
Jaydari Fard S, Lavender AP. A comparison of task-based mental fatigue between healthy males and females. Fatigue Biomed Health Behav. 2019;7:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/21641846.2019.1562582 .
doi: 10.1080/21641846.2019.1562582
DeLuca GC, Ebers GC, Esiri MM. Axonal loss in multiple sclerosis: a pathological survey of the corticospinal and sensory tracts. Brain. 2004;127:1009–18. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awh118 .
doi: 10.1093/brain/awh118
Hopstaken JF, van der Linden D, Bakker AB, Kompier MAJ. A multifaceted investigation of the link between mental fatigue and task disengagement. Psychophysiology. 2015;52:305–15. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.12339 .
doi: 10.1111/psyp.12339
Borragán G, Slama H, Bartolomei M, Peigneux P. Cognitive fatigue: a time-based resource-sharing account. Cortex. 2017;89:71–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2017.01.023 .
doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2017.01.023
Smith MR, Chai R, Nguyen HT, Marcora SM, Coutts AJ. Comparing the effects of three cognitive tasks on indicators of mental fatigue. J Psychol. 2019;153:759–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2019.1611530 .
doi: 10.1080/00223980.2019.1611530
Hockey GRJ. A motivational control theory of cognitive fatigue. In: Ackerman PL, editor. Cognitive fatigue: multidisciplinary perspectives on current research and future applications. 1st ed. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2011. p. 167–187. https://doi.org/10.1037/12343-008 .
Nakagawa S, Sugiura M, Akitsuki Y, Hosseini SMH, Kotozaki Y, Miyauchi CM, et al. Compensatory effort parallels midbrain deactivation during mental fatigue: an fMRI study. PLoS ONE. 2013;8: e56606. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0056606 .
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056606
Esposito F, Otto T, Zijlstra FRH, Goebel R. Spatially distributed effects of mental exhaustion on resting-state FMRI networks. PLoS ONE. 2014;9: e94222. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0094222 .
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094222
Pergher V, Vanbilsen N, van Hulle M. The effect of mental fatigue and gender on working memory performance during repeated practice by young and older adults. Neural Plast. 2021;2021:6612805. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6612805 .
doi: 10.1155/2021/6612805
Herlambang MB, Taatgen NA, Cnossen F. The role of motivation as a factor in mental fatigue. Hum Factors. 2019;61:1171–85. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720819828569 .
doi: 10.1177/0018720819828569
Moeller SJ, Tomasi D, Honorio J, Volkow ND, Goldstein RZ. Dopaminergic involvement during mental fatigue in health and cocaine addiction. Transl Psychiatry. 2012;2: e176. https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2012.110 .
doi: 10.1038/tp.2012.110
Lorist MM, Bezdan E, ten Caat M, Span MM, Roerdink JBTM, Maurits NM. The influence of mental fatigue and motivation on neural network dynamics; an EEG coherence study. Brain Res. 2009;1270:95–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2009.03.015 .
doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.03.015
Gergelyfi M, Jacob B, Olivier E, Zénon A. Dissociation between mental fatigue and motivational state during prolonged mental activity. Front Behav Neurosci. 2015;9:176. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00176 .
doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00176
Zénon A, Solopchuk O, Pezzulo G. An information-theoretic perspective on the costs of cognition. Neuropsychologia. 2019;123:5–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.09.013 .
doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.09.013
Blain B, Hollard G, Pessiglione M. Neural mechanisms underlying the impact of daylong cognitive work on economic decisions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2016;113:6967–72. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1520527113 .
doi: 10.1073/pnas.1520527113
Lim J, Ebstein R, Tse C-Y, Monakhov M, Lai PS, Dinges DF, Kwok K. Dopaminergic polymorphisms associated with time-on-task declines and fatigue in the Psychomotor Vigilance Test. PLoS ONE. 2012;7: e33767. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0033767 .
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033767
Martin K, Meeusen R, Thompson KG, Keegan R, Rattray B. Mental fatigue impairs endurance performance: a physiological explanation. Sports Med. 2018;48:2041–51. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-018-0946-9 .
doi: 10.1007/s40279-018-0946-9
Christie ST, Schrater P. Cognitive cost as dynamic allocation of energetic resources. Front Neurosci. 2015;9:289. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2015.00289 .
doi: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00289
Wang C, Trongnetrpunya A, Samuel IBH, Ding M, Kluger BM. Compensatory neural activity in response to cognitive fatigue. J Neurosci. 2016;36:3919–24. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3652-15.2016 .
doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3652-15.2016
Qian S, Li M, Li G, Liu K, Li B, Jiang Q, et al. Environmental heat stress enhances mental fatigue during sustained attention task performing: evidence from an ASL perfusion study. Behav Brain Res. 2015;280:6–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2014.11.036 .
doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.11.036
Massar SAA, Lim J, Huettel SA. Sleep deprivation, effort allocation and performance. Prog Brain Res. 2019;246:1–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pbr.2019.03.007 .
doi: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2019.03.007
van Cutsem J, de Pauw K, Marcora S, Meeusen R, Roelands B. A caffeine-maltodextrin mouth rinse counters mental fatigue. Psychopharmacology. 2018;235:947–58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-017-4809-0 .
doi: 10.1007/s00213-017-4809-0
Boksem MAS, Meijman TF, Lorist MM. Mental fatigue, motivation and action monitoring. Biol Psychol. 2006;72:123–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2005.08.007 .
doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2005.08.007
Shenhav A, Musslick S, Lieder F, Kool W, Griffiths TL, Cohen JD, Botvinick MM. Toward a rational and mechanistic account of mental effort. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2017;40:99–124. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-072116-031526 .
doi: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-072116-031526
Crewe H, Tucker R, Noakes TD. The rate of increase in rating of perceived exertion predicts the duration of exercise to fatigue at a fixed power output in different environmental conditions. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2008;103:569–77. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-008-0741-7 .
doi: 10.1007/s00421-008-0741-7
Tucker R. The anticipatory regulation of performance: the physiological basis for pacing strategies and the development of a perception-based model for exercise performance. Br J Sports Med. 2009;43:392–400. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2008.050799 .
doi: 10.1136/bjsm.2008.050799
Tucker R, Noakes TD. The physiological regulation of pacing strategy during exercise: a critical review. Br J Sports Med. 2009. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2009.057562 .
doi: 10.1136/bjsm.2009.057562
Hockey R. The psychology of fatigue: work, effort, and control. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2013.
doi: 10.1017/CBO9781139015394
Kurzban R, Duckworth A, Kable JW, Myers J. An opportunity cost model of subjective effort and task performance. Behav Brain Sci. 2013;36:661–79. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X12003196 .
doi: 10.1017/S0140525X12003196
Inzlicht M, Shenhav A, Olivola CY. The effort paradox: effort is both costly and valued. Trends Cogn Sci. 2018;22:337–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2018.01.007 .
doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2018.01.007
Duncan J. The multiple-demand (MD) system of the primate brain: mental programs for intelligent behaviour. Trends Cogn Sci. 2010;14:172–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2010.01.004 .
doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2010.01.004
Power JD, Petersen SE. Control-related systems in the human brain. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2013;23:223–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2012.12.009 .
doi: 10.1016/j.conb.2012.12.009
Shenhav A, Botvinick MM, Cohen JD. The expected value of control: an integrative theory of anterior cingulate cortex function. Neuron. 2013;79:217–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2013.07.007 .
doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.07.007
Hocking C, Silberstein RB, Lau WM, Stough C, Roberts W. Evaluation of cognitive performance in the heat by functional brain imaging and psychometric testing. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol. 2001;128:719–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1095-6433(01)00278-1 .
doi: 10.1016/S1095-6433(01)00278-1
Silvestrini N. Psychological and neural mechanisms associated with effort-related cardiovascular reactivity and cognitive control: an integrative approach. Int J Psychophysiol. 2017;119:11–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.12.009 .
doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.12.009
Hoshikawa Y, Yamamoto Y. Effects of Stroop color-word conflict test on the autonomic nervous system responses. Am J Physiol. 1997;272:H1113–21. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1997.272.3.H1113 .
doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.1997.272.3.H1113
van der Wel P, van Steenbergen H. Pupil dilation as an index of effort in cognitive control tasks: a review. Psychon Bull Rev. 2018;25:2005–15. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-018-1432-y .
doi: 10.3758/s13423-018-1432-y
Saunders B, Inzlicht M. Vigour and fatigue: How variation in affect underlies effective self-control. In: Motivation and cognitive control. p. 211–34.
Carver CS, Scheier MF. Origins and functions of positive and negative affect: a control-process view. Psychol Rev. 1990;97:19–35. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.97.1.19 .
doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.97.1.19
Baumeister RF, Tice DM, Vohs KD. The strength model of self-regulation: conclusions from the second decade of willpower research. Perspect Psychol Sci. 2018;13:141–5. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691617716946 .
doi: 10.1177/1745691617716946
Inzlicht M, Werner KM, Briskin JL, Roberts BW. Integrating models of self-regulation. Annu Rev Psychol. 2021;72:319–45. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-061020-105721 .
doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-061020-105721
Saunders B, Milyavskaya M, Inzlicht M. What does cognitive control feel like? Effective and ineffective cognitive control is associated with divergent phenomenology. Psychophysiology. 2015;52:1205–17. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.12454 .
doi: 10.1111/psyp.12454
Milyavskaya M, Galla BM, Inzlicht M, Duckworth AL. More effort, less fatigue: the role of interest in increasing effort and reducing mental fatigue. Front Psychol. 2021;12: 755858. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.755858 .
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.755858
Milyavskaya M, Inzlicht M, Johnson T, Larson MJ. Reward sensitivity following boredom and cognitive effort: a high-powered neurophysiological investigation. Neuropsychologia. 2019;123:159–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.03.033 .
doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.03.033
Mangin T, André N, Benraiss A, Pageaux B, Audiffren M. No ego-depletion effect without a good control task. Psychol Sport Exerc. 2021;57: 102033. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2021.102033 .
doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2021.102033
Evans DR, Boggero IA, Segerstrom SC. The nature of self-regulatory fatigue and “Ego Depletion”: lessons from physical fatigue. Pers Soc Psychol Rev. 2016;20:291–310. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868315597841 .
doi: 10.1177/1088868315597841
Shen J, Barbera J, Shapiro CM. Distinguishing sleepiness and fatigue: focus on definition and measurement. Sleep Med Rev. 2006;10:63–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2005.05.004 .
doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2005.05.004
Goodman SPJ, Marino FE. Thirst perception exacerbates objective mental fatigue. Neuropsychologia. 2021;150: 107686. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107686 .
doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107686
Harada CN, Natelson Love MC, Triebel KL. Normal cognitive aging. Clin Geriatr Med. 2013;29:737–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cger.2013.07.002 .
doi: 10.1016/j.cger.2013.07.002
Murman DL. The impact of age on cognition. Semin Hear. 2015;36:111–21. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1555115 .
doi: 10.1055/s-0035-1555115
Emery L, Heaven TJ, Paxton JL, Braver TS. Age-related changes in neural activity during performance matched working memory manipulation. Neuroimage. 2008;42:1577–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.06.021 .
doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.06.021
Bell EC, Willson MC, Wilman AH, Dave S, Silverstone PH. Males and females differ in brain activation during cognitive tasks. Neuroimage. 2006;30:529–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.09.049 .
doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.09.049
Wang J, Korczykowski M, Rao H, Fan Y, Pluta J, Gur RC, et al. Gender difference in neural response to psychological stress. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2007;2:227–39. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsm018 .
doi: 10.1093/scan/nsm018
Noreika D, Griškova-Bulanova I, Alaburda A, Baranauskas M, Grikšienė R. Progesterone and mental rotation task: is there any effect? Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014: 741758. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/741758 .
doi: 10.1155/2014/741758
Schwid SR, Tyler CM, Scheid EA, Weinstein A, Goodman AD, McDermott MP. Cognitive fatigue during a test requiring sustained attention: a pilot study. Mult Scler. 2003;9:503–8. https://doi.org/10.1191/1352458503ms946oa .
doi: 10.1191/1352458503ms946oa
Deluca J. Fatigue as a window to the brain. Cambridge: MIT Press; 2005.
doi: 10.7551/mitpress/2967.001.0001
Deluca J, Genova HM, Hillary FG, Wylie G. Neural correlates of cognitive fatigue in multiple sclerosis using functional MRI. J Neurol Sci. 2008;270:28–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2008.01.018 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2008.01.018
Johnson SK, Lange G, DeLuca J, Korn LR, Natelson B. The effects of fatigue on neuropsychological performance in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome, multiple sclerosis, and depression. Appl Neuropsychol. 1997;4:145–53. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15324826an0403_1 .
doi: 10.1207/s15324826an0403_1
Kohl AD, Wylie GR, Genova HM, Hillary FG, DeLuca J. The neural correlates of cognitive fatigue in traumatic brain injury using functional MRI. Brain Inj. 2009;23:420–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699050902788519 .
doi: 10.1080/02699050902788519
Bryant D, Chiaravalloti ND, Deluca J. Objective measurement of cognitive fatigue in multiple sclerosis. Rehabil Psychol. 2004;49:114–22. https://doi.org/10.1037/0090-5550.49.2.114 .
doi: 10.1037/0090-5550.49.2.114
Walker LAS, Berard JA, Berrigan LI, Rees LM, Freedman MS. Detecting cognitive fatigue in multiple sclerosis: method matters. J Neurol Sci. 2012;316:86–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2012.01.021 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2012.01.021
Spiteri S, Hassa T, Claros-Salinas D, Dettmers C, Schoenfeld MA. Neural correlates of effort-dependent and effort-independent cognitive fatigue components in patients with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2019;25:256–66. https://doi.org/10.1177/1352458517743090 .
doi: 10.1177/1352458517743090
Varas-Diaz G, Kannan L, Bhatt T. Effect of mental fatigue on postural sway in healthy older adults and stroke populations. Brain Sci. 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci10060388 .
doi: 10.3390/brainsci10060388
Jordan B, Schweden TLK, Mehl T, Menge U, Zierz S. Cognitive fatigue in patients with myasthenia gravis. Muscle Nerve. 2017;56:449–57. https://doi.org/10.1002/mus.25540 .
doi: 10.1002/mus.25540
O’Keeffe K, Hodder S, Lloyd A. A comparison of methods used for inducing mental fatigue in performance research: individualised, dual-task and short duration cognitive tests are most effective. Ergonomics. 2020;63:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2019.1687940 .
doi: 10.1080/00140139.2019.1687940
Shashidhara S, Mitchell DJ, Erez Y, Duncan J. Progressive recruitment of the frontoparietal multiple-demand system with increased task complexity, time pressure, and reward. J Cogn Neurosci. 2019;31:1617–30. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01440 .
doi: 10.1162/jocn_a_01440
Shigihara Y, Tanaka M, Ishii A, Kanai E, Funakura M, Watanabe Y. Two types of mental fatigue affect spontaneous oscillatory brain activities in different ways. Behav Brain Funct. 2013;9:2. https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-9081-9-2 .
doi: 10.1186/1744-9081-9-2
Käthner I, Wriessnegger SC, Müller-Putz GR, Kübler A, Halder S. Effects of mental workload and fatigue on the P300, alpha and theta band power during operation of an ERP (P300) brain-computer interface. Biol Psychol. 2014;102:118–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.07.014 .
doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2014.07.014
Wascher E, Heppner H, Kobald SO, Arnau S, Getzmann S, Möckel T. Age-sensitive effects of enduring work with alternating cognitive and physical load. A study applying mobile EEG in a real-life working scenario. Front Hum Neurosci. 2015;9:711. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2015.00711 .
doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00711
Di Giacomo D, Ranieri J, D’Amico M, Guerra F, Passafiume D. Psychological barriers to digital living in older adults: computer anxiety as predictive mechanism for technophobia. Behav Sci (Basel). 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs9090096 .
doi: 10.3390/bs9090096
Lopes TR, Oliveira DM, Simurro PB, Akiba HT, Nakamura FY, Okano AH, et al. No sex difference in mental fatigue effect on high-level runners’ aerobic performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2020;52:2207–16. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000002346 .
doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000002346
Sandry J, Genova HM, Dobryakova E, Deluca J, Wylie G. Subjective cognitive fatigue in multiple sclerosis depends on task length. Front Neurol. 2014;5:214. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2014.00214 .
doi: 10.3389/fneur.2014.00214
Chatain C, Radel R, Vercruyssen F, Rabahi T, Vallier J-M, Bernard T, Gruet M. Influence of cognitive load on the dynamics of neurophysiological adjustments during fatiguing exercise. Psychophysiology. 2019;56: e13343. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.13343 .
doi: 10.1111/psyp.13343
Millet GY, Martin V, Martin A, Vergès S. Electrical stimulation for testing neuromuscular function: from sport to pathology. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2011;111:2489–500. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-011-1996-y .
doi: 10.1007/s00421-011-1996-y
Komi PV. Stretch-shortening cycle: a powerful model to study normal and fatigued muscle. J Biomech. 2000;33:1197–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9290(00)00064-6 .
doi: 10.1016/s0021-9290(00)00064-6
Contessa P, Adam A, de Luca CJ. Motor unit control and force fluctuation during fatigue. J Appl Physiol. 1985;2009(107):235–43. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00035.2009 .
doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00035.2009
Shema-Shiratzky S, Gazit E, Sun R, Regev K, Karni A, Sosnoff JJ, et al. Deterioration of specific aspects of gait during the instrumented 6-min walk test among people with multiple sclerosis. J Neurol. 2019;266:3022–30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-019-09500-z .
doi: 10.1007/s00415-019-09500-z
Rooks CR, Thom NJ, McCully KK, Dishman RK. Effects of incremental exercise on cerebral oxygenation measured by near-infrared spectroscopy: a systematic review. Prog Neurobiol. 2010;92:134–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pneurobio.2010.06.002 .
doi: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2010.06.002
de Morree HM, Klein C, Marcora SM. Cortical substrates of the effects of caffeine and time-on-task on perception of effort. J Appl Physiol. 1985;2014(117):1514–23. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00898.2013 .
doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00898.2013
Fontes EB, Bortolotti H, Da Grandjean Costa K, Machado de Campos B, Castanho GK, Hohl R, et al. Modulation of cortical and subcortical brain areas at low and high exercise intensities. Br J Sports Med. 2020;54:110–5. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2018-100295 .
doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2018-100295
Ferrari M, Muthalib M, Quaresima V. The use of near-infrared spectroscopy in understanding skeletal muscle physiology: recent developments. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci. 2011;369:4577–90. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2011.0230 .
doi: 10.1098/rsta.2011.0230
Meyerspeer M, Boesch C, Cameron D, Dezortová M, Forbes SC, Heerschap A, et al. 31 P magnetic resonance spectroscopy in skeletal muscle: experts’ consensus recommendations. NMR Biomed. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1002/nbm.4246 .
doi: 10.1002/nbm.4246
Bigliassi M, Karageorghis CI, Nowicky AV, Orgs G, Wright MJ. Cerebral mechanisms underlying the effects of music during a fatiguing isometric ankle-dorsiflexion task. Psychophysiology. 2016;53:1472–83. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.12693 .
doi: 10.1111/psyp.12693
Brick NE, MacIntyre TE, Campbell MJ. Thinking and action: a cognitive perspective on self-regulation during endurance performance. Front Physiol. 2016;7:159. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2016.00159 .
doi: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00159
Tempest GD, Davranche K, Brisswalter J, Perrey S, Radel R. The differential effects of prolonged exercise upon executive function and cerebral oxygenation. Brain Cogn. 2017;113:133–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2017.02.001 .
doi: 10.1016/j.bandc.2017.02.001
Ackerman PL, Kanfer R, Shapiro SW, Newton S, Beier ME. Cognitive fatigue during testing: an examination of trait, time-on-task, and strategy influences. Hum Perform. 2010;23:381–402. https://doi.org/10.1080/08959285.2010.517720 .
doi: 10.1080/08959285.2010.517720
Fan J, Smith AP. The Impact of Workload and Fatigue on Performance. In: Longo L, Leva MC, editors. Human mental workload: models and applications: First International Symposium, H-WORKLOAD 2017, Dublin, Ireland, June 28–30, 2017: revised selected papers. Cham: Springer; 2017. p. 90–105. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61061-0_6 .
Persson J, Welsh KM, Jonides J, Reuter-Lorenz PA. Cognitive fatigue of executive processes: interaction between interference resolution tasks. Neuropsychologia. 2007;45:1571–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.12.007 .
doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.12.007
Hanken K, Bosse M, Möhrke K, Eling P, Kastrup A, Antal A, Hildebrandt H. Counteracting fatigue in multiple sclerosis with right parietal anodal transcranial direct current stimulation. Front Neurol. 2016;7:154. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2016.00154 .
doi: 10.3389/fneur.2016.00154
Fiene M, Rufener KS, Kuehne M, Matzke M, Heinze H-J, Zaehle T. Electrophysiological and behavioral effects of frontal transcranial direct current stimulation on cognitive fatigue in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol. 2018;265:607–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-018-8754-6 .
doi: 10.1007/s00415-018-8754-6
Zargari Marandi R, Madeleine P, Omland Ø, Vuillerme N, Samani A. Eye movement characteristics reflected fatigue development in both young and elderly individuals. Sci Rep. 2018;8:13148. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-31577-1 .
doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-31577-1
Bafna T, Hansen JP. Mental fatigue measurement using eye metrics: a systematic literature review. Psychophysiology. 2021;58: e13828. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.13828 .
doi: 10.1111/psyp.13828
Moore RD, Romine MW, O’connor PJ, Tomporowski PD. The influence of exercise-induced fatigue on cognitive function. J Sports Sci. 2012;30:841–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2012.675083 .
doi: 10.1080/02640414.2012.675083
Mehta RK, Agnew MJ. Influence of mental workload on muscle endurance, fatigue, and recovery during intermittent static work. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2012;112:2891–902. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-011-2264-x .
doi: 10.1007/s00421-011-2264-x
Schmidt L, Lebreton M, Cléry-Melin M-L, Daunizeau J, Pessiglione M. Neural mechanisms underlying motivation of mental versus physical effort. PLoS Biol. 2012;10: e1001266. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001266 .
doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001266
Aitken B, MacMahon C. Shared demands between cognitive and physical tasks may drive negative effects of fatigue: a focused review. Front Sports Act Living. 2019;1:45. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2019.00045 .
doi: 10.3389/fspor.2019.00045
Völker I, Kirchner C, Bock OL. On the relationship between subjective and objective measures of fatigue. Ergonomics. 2016;59:1259–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2015.1110622 .
doi: 10.1080/00140139.2015.1110622
Dailey DL, Keffala VJ, Sluka KA. Do cognitive and physical fatigue tasks enhance pain, cognitive fatigue, and physical fatigue in people with fibromyalgia? Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2015;67:288–96. https://doi.org/10.1002/acr.22417 .
doi: 10.1002/acr.22417