Electric Fields Induced in the Brain by Transcranial Electric Stimulation: A Review of In Vivo Recordings.
electric fields
intracranial recordings
neuromodulation
transcranial alternating current stimulation
transcranial direct current stimulation
transcranial electric stimulation
Journal
Biomedicines
ISSN: 2227-9059
Titre abrégé: Biomedicines
Pays: Switzerland
ID NLM: 101691304
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
20 Sep 2022
20 Sep 2022
Historique:
received:
04
08
2022
revised:
10
09
2022
accepted:
14
09
2022
entrez:
27
10
2022
pubmed:
28
10
2022
medline:
28
10
2022
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) techniques, such as direct current stimulation (tDCS) and transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), cause neurophysiological and behavioral modifications as responses to the electric field are induced in the brain. Estimations of such electric fields are based mainly on computational studies, and in vivo measurements have been used to expand the current knowledge. Here, we review the current tDCS- and tACS-induced electric fields estimations as they are recorded in humans and non-human primates using intracerebral electrodes. Direct currents and alternating currents were applied with heterogeneous protocols, and the recording procedures were characterized by a tentative methodology. However, for the clinical stimulation protocols, an injected current seems to reach the brain, even at deep structures. The stimulation parameters (e.g., intensity, frequency and phase), the electrodes' positions and personal anatomy determine whether the intensities might be high enough to affect both neuronal and non-neuronal cell activity, also deep brain structures.
Identifiants
pubmed: 36289595
pii: biomedicines10102333
doi: 10.3390/biomedicines10102333
pmc: PMC9598743
pii:
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
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