Mild-to-Moderate Kidney Dysfunction and Cardiovascular Disease: Observational and Mendelian Randomization Analyses.


Journal

Circulation
ISSN: 1524-4539
Titre abrégé: Circulation
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 0147763

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
15 11 2022
Historique:
pubmed: 1 11 2022
medline: 18 11 2022
entrez: 31 10 2022
Statut: ppublish

Résumé

End-stage renal disease is associated with a high risk of cardiovascular events. It is unknown, however, whether mild-to-moderate kidney dysfunction is causally related to coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke. Observational analyses were conducted using individual-level data from 4 population data sources (Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration, EPIC-CVD [European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Cardiovascular Disease Study], Million Veteran Program, and UK Biobank), comprising 648 135 participants with no history of cardiovascular disease or diabetes at baseline, yielding 42 858 and 15 693 incident CHD and stroke events, respectively, during 6.8 million person-years of follow-up. Using a genetic risk score of 218 variants for estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), we conducted Mendelian randomization analyses involving 413 718 participants (25 917 CHD and 8622 strokes) in EPIC-CVD, Million Veteran Program, and UK Biobank. There were U-shaped observational associations of creatinine-based eGFR with CHD and stroke, with higher risk in participants with eGFR values <60 or >105 mL·min In people without manifest cardiovascular disease or diabetes, mild-to-moderate kidney dysfunction is causally related to risk of CHD, highlighting the potential value of preventive approaches that preserve and modulate kidney function.

Sections du résumé

BACKGROUND
End-stage renal disease is associated with a high risk of cardiovascular events. It is unknown, however, whether mild-to-moderate kidney dysfunction is causally related to coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke.
METHODS
Observational analyses were conducted using individual-level data from 4 population data sources (Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration, EPIC-CVD [European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Cardiovascular Disease Study], Million Veteran Program, and UK Biobank), comprising 648 135 participants with no history of cardiovascular disease or diabetes at baseline, yielding 42 858 and 15 693 incident CHD and stroke events, respectively, during 6.8 million person-years of follow-up. Using a genetic risk score of 218 variants for estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), we conducted Mendelian randomization analyses involving 413 718 participants (25 917 CHD and 8622 strokes) in EPIC-CVD, Million Veteran Program, and UK Biobank.
RESULTS
There were U-shaped observational associations of creatinine-based eGFR with CHD and stroke, with higher risk in participants with eGFR values <60 or >105 mL·min
CONCLUSIONS
In people without manifest cardiovascular disease or diabetes, mild-to-moderate kidney dysfunction is causally related to risk of CHD, highlighting the potential value of preventive approaches that preserve and modulate kidney function.

Identifiants

pubmed: 36314129
doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.060700
pmc: PMC9662821
doi:

Types de publication

Observational Study Journal Article Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Pagination

1507-1517

Subventions

Organisme : Medical Research Council
ID : MC_UU_00017/4
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : Medical Research Council
ID : MC_UU_00006/1
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : BLRD VA
ID : I01 BX004821
Pays : United States
Organisme : Medical Research Council
ID : MC_U137686849
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : British Heart Foundation
ID : RG/19/4/34452
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : Medical Research Council
ID : MC_UU_00011/6
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : CSRD VA
ID : IK2 CX001780
Pays : United States
Organisme : British Heart Foundation
ID : RG/18/13/33946
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : Medical Research Council
ID : MC_QA137853
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : Medical Research Council
ID : MC_UU_12026/6
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : Medical Research Council
ID : MC_PC_17228
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : British Heart Foundation
ID : RG/13/13/30194
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : NIEHS NIH HHS
ID : P30 ES005605
Pays : United States
Organisme : British Heart Foundation
ID : RG/13/16/30528
Pays : United Kingdom
Organisme : British Heart Foundation
ID : CH/12/2/29428
Pays : United Kingdom

Investigateurs

Anna Koettgen (A)
Jonathan Shaw (J)
Robert Atkins (R)
Paul Zimmet (P)
Peter Whincup (P)
Peter Willeit (P)
Johann Willeit (J)
Christoph Leitner (C)
Edoardo Casiglia (E)
Valérie Tikhonoff (V)
Anne Tybjaerg-Hansen (A)
Peter Schnohr (P)
Shoaib Afzal (S)
David Lora Pablos (DL)
Cristina Martin Arriscado (CM)
Carmen Romero Ferreiro (CR)
Robert B Wallace (RB)
Hannah Stocker (H)
Ben Schöttker (B)
Bernd Holleczek (B)
Angela Chetrit (A)
Lennart Welin (L)
Kurt Svärdsudd (K)
Lennart Welin (L)
Kurt Svärdsudd (K)
Lauren Lissner (L)
Dominique Hange (D)
Kirsten Mehlig (K)
Dorothea Nagel (D)
Paul E Norman (PE)
Osvaldo Almeida (O)
Leon Flicker (L)
Jun Hata (J)
Takanori Honda (T)
Yoshihiko Furuta (Y)
Hiroyasu Iso (H)
Akihiko Kitamura (A)
Isao Muraki (I)
Jukka T Salonen (JT)
Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen (TP)
E M van Zutphen (EM)
N M van Schoor (NM)
Chiara Donfrancesco (C)
Cinzia Lo Noce (C)
Luigi Palmieri (L)
Mary Cushman (M)
Richard Kronmal (R)
Wolfgang Koenig (W)
Christa Meisinger (C)
Georg Lappas (G)
Peter M Nilsson (PM)
Olle Melander (O)
Bo Hedblad (B)
Dorothea Nitsch (D)
Jackie A Cooper (JA)
Jonathan Shaffer (J)
Joseph Schwartz (J)
Daichi Shimbo (D)
Shinichi Sato (S)
Hiroyasu Iso (H)
Mina Hayama-Terada (M)
Simerjot Jassal (S)
Thor Aspelund (T)
Bolli Thorsson (B)
Gunnar Sigurdsson (G)
Layal Chaker (L)
Kamran M Ikram (KM)
Maryam Kavousi (M)
Hugh Tunstall-Pedoe (H)
Mark Woodward (M)
Henry Völzke (H)
Günay Can (G)
Hüsniye Yüksel (H)
Uğur Özkan (U)
Hideaki Nakagawa (H)
Yuko Morikawa (Y)
Masao Ishizaki (M)
Johan Ärnlöv (J)
Volker Arndt (V)
Edith Feskens (E)
Johanna M Geleijnse (JM)
Daan Kromhout (D)

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Auteurs

Liam Gaziano (L)

Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (L.G., K.C., R.J.S., D.C.P., P.S., J.J., J.P.C., J.M.G.).
BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care (L.G., L.S., S. Bell, S.K.K., S. Burgess, K.M., A.M.M., T.R.B., E.A., L.C., J.R.S., P.W., L. Pennells, S.H., M.I., J.D., A.S.B., A.M.W., E.D.A.).
Heart and Lung Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge UK (L.G., S. Bell, S.K.K., S. Burgess, K.M., A.M.M., E.A., L. Pennells, M.I., J.D., A.S.B., A.M.W., E.D.A.).

Luanluan Sun (L)

Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (L.G., K.C., R.J.S., D.C.P., P.S., J.J., J.P.C., J.M.G.).
BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care (L.G., L.S., S. Bell, S.K.K., S. Burgess, K.M., A.M.M., T.R.B., E.A., L.C., J.R.S., P.W., L. Pennells, S.H., M.I., J.D., A.S.B., A.M.W., E.D.A.).

Steven Bell (S)

Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (L.G., K.C., R.J.S., D.C.P., P.S., J.J., J.P.C., J.M.G.).
BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care (L.G., L.S., S. Bell, S.K.K., S. Burgess, K.M., A.M.M., T.R.B., E.A., L.C., J.R.S., P.W., L. Pennells, S.H., M.I., J.D., A.S.B., A.M.W., E.D.A.).
Heart and Lung Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge UK (L.G., S. Bell, S.K.K., S. Burgess, K.M., A.M.M., E.A., L. Pennells, M.I., J.D., A.S.B., A.M.W., E.D.A.).
Stroke Research Group, Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S. Bell), University of Cambridge, UK.
NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Behaviour (S. Bell, T.R.B., E.A., J.D., A.S.B., A.M.W., E.D.A.), University of Cambridge, UK.

Kelly Cho (K)

Division of Aging (K.C., S.P., J.P.C. J.M.G.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.

Stephen K Kaptoge (SK)

Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (L.G., K.C., R.J.S., D.C.P., P.S., J.J., J.P.C., J.M.G.).
BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care (L.G., L.S., S. Bell, S.K.K., S. Burgess, K.M., A.M.M., T.R.B., E.A., L.C., J.R.S., P.W., L. Pennells, S.H., M.I., J.D., A.S.B., A.M.W., E.D.A.).
Heart and Lung Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge UK (L.G., S. Bell, S.K.K., S. Burgess, K.M., A.M.M., E.A., L. Pennells, M.I., J.D., A.S.B., A.M.W., E.D.A.).

Rebecca J Song (RJ)

Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (R.J.S.).

Stephen Burgess (S)

Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (L.G., K.C., R.J.S., D.C.P., P.S., J.J., J.P.C., J.M.G.).
BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care (L.G., L.S., S. Bell, S.K.K., S. Burgess, K.M., A.M.M., T.R.B., E.A., L.C., J.R.S., P.W., L. Pennells, S.H., M.I., J.D., A.S.B., A.M.W., E.D.A.).
BHF Centre of Research Excellence, School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital (A.M.M., S. Burgess, J.D., A.M.W., A.S.B., E.D.A.).
Heart and Lung Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge UK (L.G., S. Bell, S.K.K., S. Burgess, K.M., A.M.M., E.A., L. Pennells, M.I., J.D., A.S.B., A.M.W., E.D.A.).
Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit (A.M.M., S. Burgess), University of Cambridge, UK.

Daniel C Posner (DC)

Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (L.G., K.C., R.J.S., D.C.P., P.S., J.J., J.P.C., J.M.G.).

Katja Mosconi (K)

Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (L.G., K.C., R.J.S., D.C.P., P.S., J.J., J.P.C., J.M.G.).
BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care (L.G., L.S., S. Bell, S.K.K., S. Burgess, K.M., A.M.M., T.R.B., E.A., L.C., J.R.S., P.W., L. Pennells, S.H., M.I., J.D., A.S.B., A.M.W., E.D.A.).
Heart and Lung Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge UK (L.G., S. Bell, S.K.K., S. Burgess, K.M., A.M.M., E.A., L. Pennells, M.I., J.D., A.S.B., A.M.W., E.D.A.).

Cassianne Robinson-Cohen (C)

Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (C.R.-C., E.A.A.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.

Amy M Mason (AM)

BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care (L.G., L.S., S. Bell, S.K.K., S. Burgess, K.M., A.M.M., T.R.B., E.A., L.C., J.R.S., P.W., L. Pennells, S.H., M.I., J.D., A.S.B., A.M.W., E.D.A.).
BHF Centre of Research Excellence, School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital (A.M.M., S. Burgess, J.D., A.M.W., A.S.B., E.D.A.).
Heart and Lung Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge UK (L.G., S. Bell, S.K.K., S. Burgess, K.M., A.M.M., E.A., L. Pennells, M.I., J.D., A.S.B., A.M.W., E.D.A.).
Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit (A.M.M., S. Burgess), University of Cambridge, UK.

Thomas R Bolton (TR)

BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care (L.G., L.S., S. Bell, S.K.K., S. Burgess, K.M., A.M.M., T.R.B., E.A., L.C., J.R.S., P.W., L. Pennells, S.H., M.I., J.D., A.S.B., A.M.W., E.D.A.).
NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Behaviour (S. Bell, T.R.B., E.A., J.D., A.S.B., A.M.W., E.D.A.), University of Cambridge, UK.

Ran Tao (R)

Department of Biostatistics (R. Tao), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.

Elias Allara (E)

BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care (L.G., L.S., S. Bell, S.K.K., S. Burgess, K.M., A.M.M., T.R.B., E.A., L.C., J.R.S., P.W., L. Pennells, S.H., M.I., J.D., A.S.B., A.M.W., E.D.A.).
Heart and Lung Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge UK (L.G., S. Bell, S.K.K., S. Burgess, K.M., A.M.M., E.A., L. Pennells, M.I., J.D., A.S.B., A.M.W., E.D.A.).
NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Behaviour (S. Bell, T.R.B., E.A., J.D., A.S.B., A.M.W., E.D.A.), University of Cambridge, UK.

Petra Schubert (P)

Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (L.G., K.C., R.J.S., D.C.P., P.S., J.J., J.P.C., J.M.G.).

Lingyan Chen (L)

BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care (L.G., L.S., S. Bell, S.K.K., S. Burgess, K.M., A.M.M., T.R.B., E.A., L.C., J.R.S., P.W., L. Pennells, S.H., M.I., J.D., A.S.B., A.M.W., E.D.A.).

James R Staley (JR)

BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care (L.G., L.S., S. Bell, S.K.K., S. Burgess, K.M., A.M.M., T.R.B., E.A., L.C., J.R.S., P.W., L. Pennells, S.H., M.I., J.D., A.S.B., A.M.W., E.D.A.).

Natalie Staplin (N)

Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (N.S., C.B.), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, UK.

Servet Altay (S)

Department of Cardiology, Trakya University School of Medicine, Edirne, Turkey (S.A.).

Pilar Amiano (P)

Ministry of Health of the Basque Government, Sub Directorate for Public Health and Addictions of Gipuzkoa, San Sebastián, Spain (P.A.).
Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Epidemiology of Chronic and Communicable Diseases Group, San Sebastián, Spain (P.A.).
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain (P.A., A.G.d.l.C., D.P., C. Santiuste).

Volker Arndt (V)

Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research (V.A.), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.

Elizabeth L M Barr (ELM)

Wellbeing & Preventable Chronic Diseases (WPCD) Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia (E.L.M.B.).
Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (E.L.M.B., M.I.).

Cecilia Björkelund (C)

Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (N.S., C.B.), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, UK.

Jolanda M A Boer (JMA)

National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (J.M.A.B., W.M.M.V.).

Hermann Brenner (H)

Division of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society (NVS), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (J.A., H.B.).
Network Aging Research (NAR), Heidelberg University, Germany (H.B.).

Edoardo Casiglia (E)

Studium Patavinum (E.C.), University of Padua, Italy.

Paolo Chiodini (P)

Dipartimento di Salute Mentale e Fisica e Medicina Preventiva, Università degli Studi della Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Caserta, Italy (P.C.).

Jackie A Cooper (JA)

William Harvey Research Institute, NIHR Barts Biomedical Research Centre, Queen Mary University of London, UK (J.A.C.).

Josef Coresh (J)

Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD (J.C.).

Mary Cushman (M)

Larner College of Medicine, The University of Vermont, Burlington (M.C.).

Rachel Dankner (R)

The Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel (R.D.).
School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel (R.D.).
Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, NY (R.D., K.W.D.).

Karina W Davidson (KW)

Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, NY (R.D., K.W.D.).

Renate T de Jongh (RT)

Amsterdam University Medical Centers, VUMC, the Netherlands (R.T.d.J.).

Chiara Donfrancesco (C)

Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-metabolic Diseases and Aging, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy (C.D., L. Palmer).

Gunnar Engström (G)

Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Sweden (G.E., O.M.).

Heinz Freisling (H)

International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization, Lyon, France (H.F., E.W.).

Agustín Gómez de la Cámara (AG)

Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain (P.A., A.G.d.l.C., D.P., C. Santiuste).
12 Octubre Hospital Research Institute, Madrid, Spain (A.G.d,l,C.).

Vilmundur Gudnason (V)

Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland and Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland (V.G.).

Graeme J Hankey (GJ)

Medical School Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia (G.J.H.).

Per-Olof Hansson (PO)

Institute of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine (P.-O.H., A.R.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Medicine Geriatrics and Emergency Medicine/Östra, Gothenburg, Sweden (P.-O.H., A.R.).

Alicia K Heath (AK)

School of Public Health (A.K.H., I.T., E.R.), Imperial College London, UK.

Ewout J Hoorn (EJ)

Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands (E.J.H.).

Hironori Imano (H)

Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan (H.I.).

Simerjot K Jassal (SK)

Department of Cancer Epidemiology (S.K.J., R.K., V.K.), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.

Rudolf Kaaks (R)

Department of Cancer Epidemiology (S.K.J., R.K., V.K.), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.

Verena Katzke (V)

Department of Cancer Epidemiology (S.K.J., R.K., V.K.), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.

Jussi Kauhanen (J)

University of Eastern Finland (UEF), Kuopio, Finland (J.K.).

Stefan Kiechl (S)

Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (S.K.).
Clinical Epidemiology Team, Institute of Health Economics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (S.K., P.W.).

Wolfgang Koenig (W)

Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, University of Ulm, Germany (W.K.).
Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, Germany (W.K.).
German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance (W.K.).

Richard A Kronmal (RA)

School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle (R.A.K.).

Cecilie Kyrø (C)

Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (C.K., A.T.).

Deborah A Lawlor (DA)

Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, UK (D.A.L.).
Population Health Science, Bristol Medical School, UK (D.A.L.).

Börje Ljungberg (B)

Department of Surgical and Perioperative sciences, Urology and Andrology, Umeå University, Sweden (B.L.).

Conor MacDonald (C)

University Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, Villejuif, France (C. MacDonald).

Giovanna Masala (G)

Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network (ISPRO), Florence, Italy (G.M.).

Christa Meisinger (C)

Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany (C. Meisinger).

Olle Melander (O)

Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Sweden (G.E., O.M.).

Conchi Moreno Iribas (C)

Navarra Public Health Institute, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain (C.M.I.).
Red de Investigación en Servicios de Salud en Enfermedades Crónicas (REDISSEC), Pamplona, Spain (C.M.I.).

Toshiharu Ninomiya (T)

Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (T.N.).

Dorothea Nitsch (D)

London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, UK (D.N.).

Børge G Nordestgaard (BG)

Herlev and Gentofte Hospital (B.G.N.), Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Frederiksberg Hospital B.G.N.), Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences (B.G.N.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark.

Charlotte Onland-Moret (C)

Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands (C.O.-M., Y.T.v.d.S., W.M.M.V.).

Dafina Petrova (D)

Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain (P.A., A.G.d.l.C., D.P., C. Santiuste).
Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública (EASP), Granada, Spain (D.P.).
Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain (D.P.).

Jose Ramón Quirós Garcia (JRQ)

Consejería de Sanidad del Principado de Asturias Oviedo, Asturias, Spain (J.R.Q.G.).

Annika Rosengren (A)

Institute of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine (P.-O.H., A.R.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
Region Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Department of Medicine Geriatrics and Emergency Medicine/Östra, Gothenburg, Sweden (P.-O.H., A.R.).

Carlotta Sacerdote (C)

Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Città della Salute e della Scienza University-Hospital, Turin, Italy (C. Sacerdote).

Masaru Sakurai (M)

Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Japan (M.S.).

Carmen Santiuste (C)

Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain (P.A., A.G.d.l.C., D.P., C. Santiuste).
Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Council, IMIB-Arrixaca, Spain (C. Santiuste).

Matthias B Schulze (MB)

German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany (M.B.S.).
German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany (M.B.S.).
Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Germany (M.B.S.).

Sabina Sieri (S)

Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milano, Italy (S.S.).

Johan Sundström (J)

Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Sweden (J.S.).

Valérie Tikhonoff (V)

Department of Medicine (V.T.), University of Padua, Italy.

Anne Tjønneland (A)

Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark (C.K., A.T.).
Department of Public Health (A.T.), University of Copenhagen, Denmark.

Tammy Tong (T)

Cancer Epidemiology Unit (T.T.), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, UK.

Rosario Tumino (R)

Hyblean Association for Epidemiological Reserach AIRE - ONLUS, Ragusa, Italy (R.T.).

Ioanna Tzoulaki (I)

School of Public Health (A.K.H., I.T., E.R.), Imperial College London, UK.

Yvonne T van der Schouw (YT)

Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands (C.O.-M., Y.T.v.d.S., W.M.M.V.).

W M Monique Verschuren (WM)

National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands (J.M.A.B., W.M.M.V.).
Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands (C.O.-M., Y.T.v.d.S., W.M.M.V.).

Henry Völzke (H)

Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Institut für Community Medicine, Abteilung SHIP/ Klinisch-Epidemiologische Forschung, Germany (H.V.).

Robert B Wallace (RB)

College of Public Health, University of Iowa (R.B.W.).

S Goya Wannamethee (SG)

University College London, UK (S.G.W.).

Elisabete Weiderpass (E)

International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization, Lyon, France (H.F., E.W.).

Peter Willeit (P)

BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care (L.G., L.S., S. Bell, S.K.K., S. Burgess, K.M., A.M.M., T.R.B., E.A., L.C., J.R.S., P.W., L. Pennells, S.H., M.I., J.D., A.S.B., A.M.W., E.D.A.).
Clinical Epidemiology Team, Institute of Health Economics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (S.K., P.W.).

Mark Woodward (M)

The George Institute for Global Health, Camperdown, NSW, Australia (M.W.).

Kazumasa Yamagishi (K)

Department of Public Health Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, and Health Services Research and Development Center, University of Tsukuba, Japan (K.Y.).

Raul Zamora-Ros (R)

Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat (Barcelona), Spain (R.Z.-R.).

Elvis A Akwo (EA)

Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (C.R.-C., E.A.A.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.

Saiju Pyarajan (S)

Division of Aging (K.C., S.P., J.P.C. J.M.G.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
Center for Data and Computational Sciences, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (S.P.).

David R Gagnon (DR)

Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, MA (D.R.G.).

Philip S Tsao (PS)

VA Pal Alto Epidemiology Research and Information Center for Genomics, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, CA (P.S.T.).
Medicine (Cardiovascular Medicine), Stanford University of School of Medicine, CA (P.S.T.).

Sumitra Muralidhar (S)

Office of Research and Development, Veterans Health Administration, Washington, DC (S.M.).

Todd L Edwards (TL)

Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Care System, Vanderbilt University, Nashville (T.L.E.).
Medicine/Epidemiology, Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN (T.L.E.).

Scott M Damrauer (SM)

Department of Surgery, Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center and Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (S.M.D.).

Jacob Joseph (J)

Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (L.G., K.C., R.J.S., D.C.P., P.S., J.J., J.P.C., J.M.G.).
Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (J.J., T.A.G.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.

Lisa Pennells (L)

BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care (L.G., L.S., S. Bell, S.K.K., S. Burgess, K.M., A.M.M., T.R.B., E.A., L.C., J.R.S., P.W., L. Pennells, S.H., M.I., J.D., A.S.B., A.M.W., E.D.A.).
Heart and Lung Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge UK (L.G., S. Bell, S.K.K., S. Burgess, K.M., A.M.M., E.A., L. Pennells, M.I., J.D., A.S.B., A.M.W., E.D.A.).

Peter W F Wilson (PWF)

Internal Medicine, VA Atlanta Healthcare System, Decatur, GA (P.W.F.W.).
Emory University School of Medicine (Cardiology), Emory University, Atlanta, GA (P.W.F.W.).

Seamus Harrison (S)

BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care (L.G., L.S., S. Bell, S.K.K., S. Burgess, K.M., A.M.M., T.R.B., E.A., L.C., J.R.S., P.W., L. Pennells, S.H., M.I., J.D., A.S.B., A.M.W., E.D.A.).

Thomas A Gaziano (TA)

Division of Cardiovascular Medicine (J.J., T.A.G.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
Center for Health Decision Science, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA (T.A.G.).

Michael Inouye (M)

BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care (L.G., L.S., S. Bell, S.K.K., S. Burgess, K.M., A.M.M., T.R.B., E.A., L.C., J.R.S., P.W., L. Pennells, S.H., M.I., J.D., A.S.B., A.M.W., E.D.A.).
Heart and Lung Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge UK (L.G., S. Bell, S.K.K., S. Burgess, K.M., A.M.M., E.A., L. Pennells, M.I., J.D., A.S.B., A.M.W., E.D.A.).
Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia (E.L.M.B., M.I.).
Health Data Research UK Cambridge, Wellcome Genome Campus and University of Cambridge, UK (M.I., J.D., A.S.B., A.M.W., E.D.A.).
The Alan Turing Institute, London, UK (M.I.).

Colin Baigent (C)

Institute of Medicine, School of Public Health and Community Medicine (C.B.), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.

Juan P Casas (JP)

Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (L.G., K.C., R.J.S., D.C.P., P.S., J.J., J.P.C., J.M.G.).
Division of Aging (K.C., S.P., J.P.C. J.M.G.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.

Claudia Langenberg (C)

MRC Epidemiology Unit, School of Clinical Medicine (C.L., N.W.), University of Cambridge, UK.
Computational Medicine, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (C.L.).

Nick Wareham (N)

MRC Epidemiology Unit, School of Clinical Medicine (C.L., N.W.), University of Cambridge, UK.

Elio Riboli (E)

The George Institute for Global Health (M.W.), Imperial College London, UK.

J Michael Gaziano (JM)

Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA (L.G., K.C., R.J.S., D.C.P., P.S., J.J., J.P.C., J.M.G.).
Division of Aging (K.C., S.P., J.P.C. J.M.G.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.

John Danesh (J)

BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care (L.G., L.S., S. Bell, S.K.K., S. Burgess, K.M., A.M.M., T.R.B., E.A., L.C., J.R.S., P.W., L. Pennells, S.H., M.I., J.D., A.S.B., A.M.W., E.D.A.).
BHF Centre of Research Excellence, School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital (A.M.M., S. Burgess, J.D., A.M.W., A.S.B., E.D.A.).
Heart and Lung Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge UK (L.G., S. Bell, S.K.K., S. Burgess, K.M., A.M.M., E.A., L. Pennells, M.I., J.D., A.S.B., A.M.W., E.D.A.).
NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Behaviour (S. Bell, T.R.B., E.A., J.D., A.S.B., A.M.W., E.D.A.), University of Cambridge, UK.
Health Data Research UK Cambridge, Wellcome Genome Campus and University of Cambridge, UK (M.I., J.D., A.S.B., A.M.W., E.D.A.).
Department of Human Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK (J.D.).

Adriana M Hung (AM)

Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Tennessee Valley Health Care System and Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (A.M.H.).

Adam S Butterworth (AS)

BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care (L.G., L.S., S. Bell, S.K.K., S. Burgess, K.M., A.M.M., T.R.B., E.A., L.C., J.R.S., P.W., L. Pennells, S.H., M.I., J.D., A.S.B., A.M.W., E.D.A.).
BHF Centre of Research Excellence, School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital (A.M.M., S. Burgess, J.D., A.M.W., A.S.B., E.D.A.).
Heart and Lung Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge UK (L.G., S. Bell, S.K.K., S. Burgess, K.M., A.M.M., E.A., L. Pennells, M.I., J.D., A.S.B., A.M.W., E.D.A.).
NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Behaviour (S. Bell, T.R.B., E.A., J.D., A.S.B., A.M.W., E.D.A.), University of Cambridge, UK.
Health Data Research UK Cambridge, Wellcome Genome Campus and University of Cambridge, UK (M.I., J.D., A.S.B., A.M.W., E.D.A.).

Angela M Wood (AM)

BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care (L.G., L.S., S. Bell, S.K.K., S. Burgess, K.M., A.M.M., T.R.B., E.A., L.C., J.R.S., P.W., L. Pennells, S.H., M.I., J.D., A.S.B., A.M.W., E.D.A.).
BHF Centre of Research Excellence, School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital (A.M.M., S. Burgess, J.D., A.M.W., A.S.B., E.D.A.).
Heart and Lung Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge UK (L.G., S. Bell, S.K.K., S. Burgess, K.M., A.M.M., E.A., L. Pennells, M.I., J.D., A.S.B., A.M.W., E.D.A.).
NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Behaviour (S. Bell, T.R.B., E.A., J.D., A.S.B., A.M.W., E.D.A.), University of Cambridge, UK.
Health Data Research UK Cambridge, Wellcome Genome Campus and University of Cambridge, UK (M.I., J.D., A.S.B., A.M.W., E.D.A.).
Cambridge Centre for AI in Medicine, UK (A.M.W.).

Emanuele Di Angelantonio (E)

BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care (L.G., L.S., S. Bell, S.K.K., S. Burgess, K.M., A.M.M., T.R.B., E.A., L.C., J.R.S., P.W., L. Pennells, S.H., M.I., J.D., A.S.B., A.M.W., E.D.A.).
BHF Centre of Research Excellence, School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital (A.M.M., S. Burgess, J.D., A.M.W., A.S.B., E.D.A.).
Heart and Lung Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge UK (L.G., S. Bell, S.K.K., S. Burgess, K.M., A.M.M., E.A., L. Pennells, M.I., J.D., A.S.B., A.M.W., E.D.A.).
NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Behaviour (S. Bell, T.R.B., E.A., J.D., A.S.B., A.M.W., E.D.A.), University of Cambridge, UK.
Health Data Research UK Cambridge, Wellcome Genome Campus and University of Cambridge, UK (M.I., J.D., A.S.B., A.M.W., E.D.A.).
Health Data Science Centre, Human Technopole, Milan, Italy (E.D.A.).

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