Polystyrene microparticles can affect the health status of freshwater fish - Threat of oral microplastics intake.

Plastic waste pollution is considered one of the biggest problems facing our planet. The production and use of these materials has led to huge amounts of plastic waste entering the aquatic environment and affecting aquatic life. In our experiment, the effect of polystyrene microparticles (PS-MPs; 52.5 ± 11.5 μm) on individual juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was tested at three different dietary concentrations of 0.5, 2 and 5 % for six weeks. At the end of the experiment, various health parameters of exposed organisms were compared with the control group. The haematological profile revealed an immune response by a decrease in lymphocyte count with a concurrent increase in the number of neutrophil segments at the highest concentration of PS-MPs (5 %). Biochemical analysis showed significant reductions in plasma ammonia in all tested groups, which may be related to liver and gill damage, as determined by histopathological examination and analysis of inflammatory cytokines expression. In addition, liver damage can also cause a significant decrease in the plasma protein ceruloplasmin, which is synthesized in the liver. PS-MPs disrupted the antioxidant balance in the caudal kidney, gill and liver, with significant changes observed only at the highest concentration. In summary, PS-MPs negatively affect the health status of freshwater fish and represent a huge burden on aquatic ecosystems.

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Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.