Risk factors for natural menopause before the age of 45: evidence from two British population-based birth cohort studies.
Alcohol
Birth cohort
Breastfeeding
Cognition
Early menopause
Exercise
Gynaecological problems
Life course
Risk factors
Smoking
Social class
Journal
BMC women's health
ISSN: 1472-6874
Titre abrégé: BMC Womens Health
Pays: England
ID NLM: 101088690
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
08 11 2022
08 11 2022
Historique:
received:
14
10
2021
accepted:
22
10
2022
entrez:
8
11
2022
pubmed:
9
11
2022
medline:
11
11
2022
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
Menopause that occurs before the age of 45 and is not medically induced (referred to here as 'early natural menopause') affects around one in 10 women and has serious health consequences. These consequences include increased risk of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and type 2 diabetes. We investigate risk factors for the onset of natural menopause before the age of 45 in two population-based prospective cohort studies in Britain: the 1958 cohort following 8959 women and the 1970 cohort following 8655 women. These studies follow women from birth to adulthood, and we use harmonized data on birth and early life characteristics, reproductive health, health behaviour, and socioeconomic characteristics for 6805 women who were pre-menopausal, peri-menopausal or had undergone natural menopause. Of these 6805 women, 3614 participated in the 1958 cohort (of which 368 had early menopause) and 3191 participated in the 1970 cohort (of which 206 had early menopause). Taking a life course approach, we focus on three distinct life stages - birth/early life, childhood, and early adulthood - to understand when risk factors are most harmful. Respecting the temporal sequence of exposures, we use a series of multivariable logistic regression models to estimate associations between early menopause and each potential risk factor adjusted for confounders. We find that early menopause is influenced by circumstances at birth. Women born in lower social class families, whose mother smoked during the pregnancy or who were breastfed 1 month or less were more likely to undergo early menopause. Early menopause is also associated with poorer cognitive ability and smoking in childhood. Adult health behaviour also matters. Smoking is positively correlated with early menopause, while regular exercise and moderate frequency of alcohol drinking in women's early thirties are associated with reduced risk of early menopause. The occurrence of gynaecological problems by women's early thirties is also linked to early menopause. We demonstrate that characteristics at different periods of life are associated with early menopause. Some of these associations relate to modifiable behaviours and thus the risks of early menopause and the adverse health outcomes associated with it may be preventable.
Sections du résumé
BACKGROUND
Menopause that occurs before the age of 45 and is not medically induced (referred to here as 'early natural menopause') affects around one in 10 women and has serious health consequences. These consequences include increased risk of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and type 2 diabetes.
METHODS
We investigate risk factors for the onset of natural menopause before the age of 45 in two population-based prospective cohort studies in Britain: the 1958 cohort following 8959 women and the 1970 cohort following 8655 women. These studies follow women from birth to adulthood, and we use harmonized data on birth and early life characteristics, reproductive health, health behaviour, and socioeconomic characteristics for 6805 women who were pre-menopausal, peri-menopausal or had undergone natural menopause. Of these 6805 women, 3614 participated in the 1958 cohort (of which 368 had early menopause) and 3191 participated in the 1970 cohort (of which 206 had early menopause). Taking a life course approach, we focus on three distinct life stages - birth/early life, childhood, and early adulthood - to understand when risk factors are most harmful. Respecting the temporal sequence of exposures, we use a series of multivariable logistic regression models to estimate associations between early menopause and each potential risk factor adjusted for confounders.
RESULTS
We find that early menopause is influenced by circumstances at birth. Women born in lower social class families, whose mother smoked during the pregnancy or who were breastfed 1 month or less were more likely to undergo early menopause. Early menopause is also associated with poorer cognitive ability and smoking in childhood. Adult health behaviour also matters. Smoking is positively correlated with early menopause, while regular exercise and moderate frequency of alcohol drinking in women's early thirties are associated with reduced risk of early menopause. The occurrence of gynaecological problems by women's early thirties is also linked to early menopause.
CONCLUSIONS
We demonstrate that characteristics at different periods of life are associated with early menopause. Some of these associations relate to modifiable behaviours and thus the risks of early menopause and the adverse health outcomes associated with it may be preventable.
Identifiants
pubmed: 36348338
doi: 10.1186/s12905-022-02021-4
pii: 10.1186/s12905-022-02021-4
pmc: PMC9644638
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
438Informations de copyright
© 2022. The Author(s).
Références
J Neuroinflammation. 2020 Oct 23;17(1):317
pubmed: 33097048
Fertil Steril. 1995 Oct;64(4):740-5
pubmed: 7672145
Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol. 2017 Aug;56(4):482-486
pubmed: 28805605
Womens Health (Lond). 2009 Mar;5(2):175-90
pubmed: 19245355
Int J Epidemiol. 2014 Oct;43(5):1542-62
pubmed: 24771324
Am J Epidemiol. 2010 Jul 15;172(2):140-8
pubmed: 20534821
Menopause. 2012 Apr;19(4):387-95
pubmed: 22343510
Hum Reprod. 2020 Aug 1;35(8):1933-1943
pubmed: 32563191
World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 1996;866:1-107
pubmed: 8942292
Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 1999 Oct;13(4):408-20
pubmed: 10563360
Hum Reprod. 2018 Oct 1;33(10):1960-1967
pubmed: 30189091
Lancet. 2018 May 5;391(10132):1842-1852
pubmed: 29673874
Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2011 Sep;38(3):425-40
pubmed: 21961711
Hum Reprod. 2012 Dec;27(12):3593-600
pubmed: 23034153
Stat Med. 2011 Feb 20;30(4):377-99
pubmed: 21225900
JAMA. 2004 Dec 22;292(24):2991-6
pubmed: 15613667
Am J Hum Genet. 2004 Mar;74(3):444-53
pubmed: 14872408
Lancet Public Health. 2019 Nov;4(11):e553-e564
pubmed: 31588031
Hum Reprod. 2017 Mar 1;32(3):679-686
pubmed: 28119483
Eur J Epidemiol. 2018 Aug;33(8):699-710
pubmed: 29460096
Int J Epidemiol. 1997 Feb;26(1):224-7
pubmed: 9126524
Hum Reprod. 2018 Jun 1;33(6):1149-1157
pubmed: 29635353
BJOG. 2005 Mar;112(3):346-54
pubmed: 15713152
Maturitas. 1997 Jan;26(1):21-5
pubmed: 9032743
J Midlife Health. 2014 Jan;5(1):3-5
pubmed: 24672198
Int J Epidemiol. 2002 Apr;31(2):285-93
pubmed: 11980781
Eur J Endocrinol. 2005 Apr;152(4):491-9
pubmed: 15817903
Menopause. 2007 May-Jun;14(3 Pt 2):567-71
pubmed: 17476146
Hum Reprod. 2002 Sep;17(9):2474-9
pubmed: 12202444
Case Rep Womens Health. 2019 Oct 14;24:e00148
pubmed: 31700807
Menopause. 2014 Oct;21(10):1038-62
pubmed: 25225714
Climacteric. 2012 Feb;15(1):1-2
pubmed: 22224864
Am J Epidemiol. 2008 Mar 15;167(6):727-33
pubmed: 18192675
Alcohol Alcohol. 2000 Sep-Oct;35(5):417-23
pubmed: 11022013
Eur J Endocrinol. 2019 Jan 1;180(1):41-50
pubmed: 30400047
Int J Epidemiol. 2006 Feb;35(1):34-41
pubmed: 16155052
Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2011 Sep;38(3):455-66
pubmed: 21961713
BJOG. 2003 Dec;110(12):1078-87
pubmed: 14664879
J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2020 Jan 1;75(1):207-217
pubmed: 28444303
Hum Reprod Update. 2016 Jun;22(4):516-28
pubmed: 27278232
Hum Reprod. 2017 Dec 01;32(12):2522-2531
pubmed: 29087465
Maturitas. 2013 Mar;74(3):235-40
pubmed: 23313437
J Epidemiol Community Health. 2006 Nov;60(11):993-7
pubmed: 17053289
Lancet. 1998 Oct 3;352(9134):1084-5
pubmed: 9798581
Int J Epidemiol. 2006 Aug;35(4):836-43
pubmed: 16931528
Am J Public Health. 2018 May;108(5):616-619
pubmed: 29565659
Hum Reprod. 2010 Mar;25(3):791-8
pubmed: 20047935
Hum Reprod. 2003 Mar;18(3):527-33
pubmed: 12615819
Sci Rep. 2016 Apr 20;6:24710
pubmed: 27094806
Hum Reprod. 2000 Jan;15(1):55-9
pubmed: 10611188
Science. 1996 Jul 5;273(5271):67-70
pubmed: 8658198
Am J Epidemiol. 2001 Jun 15;153(12):1159-65
pubmed: 11415950
J Reprod Infertil. 2013 Jan;14(1):3-7
pubmed: 23926554
Maturitas. 2012 Aug;72(4):346-52
pubmed: 22695707
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1998 Mar;7(3):189-93
pubmed: 9521430
Hum Reprod. 2002 Apr;17(4):1106-11
pubmed: 11925414
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2004 Sep 29;359(1449):1359-66
pubmed: 15347527
PLoS Med. 2018 Nov 27;15(11):e1002704
pubmed: 30481189
J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Dec;94(12):4931-7
pubmed: 19846735
Gynecol Obstet Invest. 1994;37(1):40-2
pubmed: 8125407
Hum Reprod. 2003 Jun;18(6):1137-9
pubmed: 12773436
Am J Epidemiol. 2001 May 1;153(9):865-74
pubmed: 11323317
Int J Epidemiol. 2020 Apr 1;49(2):528-536
pubmed: 31633179
Am J Epidemiol. 1997 Jan 15;145(2):124-33
pubmed: 9006309
J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2017 May;78(3):387-388
pubmed: 28499103
Maturitas. 2019 May;123:82-88
pubmed: 31027683
Healthcare (Basel). 2017 Mar 08;5(1):
pubmed: 28282852
Maturitas. 2004 Oct 15;49(2):148-56
pubmed: 15474759
Endocr Rev. 1998 Aug;19(4):397-428
pubmed: 9715373
Hum Reprod. 2001 Sep;16(9):2014-8
pubmed: 11527915
J Clin Epidemiol. 2021 Aug;136:44-54
pubmed: 33652080
Menopause. 2006 Jan-Feb;13(1):19-27
pubmed: 16607095
Maturitas. 2008 Apr 20;59(4):304-14
pubmed: 18406083
J Dev Orig Health Dis. 2019 Apr;10(2):246-252
pubmed: 30296955
Menopause. 2015 Oct;22(10):1076-83
pubmed: 25803667
Early Hum Dev. 1997 Sep 19;49(2):143-8
pubmed: 9226121
Menopause. 2005 Jul-Aug;12(4):475-82
pubmed: 16037764
Am J Epidemiol. 1997 Nov 1;146(9):771-5
pubmed: 9366625
Hum Reprod Update. 2005 Sep-Oct;11(5):483-93
pubmed: 16024548
Maturitas. 2008 Dec 20;61(4):287-98
pubmed: 19019585
Maturitas. 2010 Feb;65(2):92-7
pubmed: 20079587