Low and high temperatures decrease the mating success of an egg parasitoid and the proportion of females in the population.

Temperature influences all aspects of insect physiology and behaviour, including reproduction. Adverse temperatures can decrease mating success and sperm transfer, leading to increased sex ratio (more males) in populations of haplodiploid organisms. We tested the effect of five temperatures on the reproduction of the egg parasitoid Anaphes listronoti. Temperatures above and below 24.5°C decreased mating success by 30%-80%. Mating failures can arise from lack of encounters between sexes, absence of courting by the male, or the female refusing to mate. Both courtship and copulation duration decreased with increasing temperature. For mated females, there was no effect of mating temperature on offspring number and sex ratio. However, the increased number of virgin females at adverse temperatures did modify the simulated population sex ratio of the next generation, which increased from 0.2 at 24.5°C to 0.4, 0.5, 0.4 and 0.8 at 15.7°C, 20°C and 30°C and 35°C, respectively. The effect of temperature on courtship and copulation success of A. listronoti could lead to a decrease of the number of females in the population.

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Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.