Mental health in clinically referred children and young people before and during the Covid-19 pandemic.
Children and young people
Covid-19
Lockdown
Mental health
STADIA
School closures
School re-openings
Journal
European child & adolescent psychiatry
ISSN: 1435-165X
Titre abrégé: Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry
Pays: Germany
ID NLM: 9212296
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
Dec 2023
Dec 2023
Historique:
received:
20
07
2022
accepted:
17
11
2022
medline:
28
11
2023
pubmed:
17
12
2022
entrez:
16
12
2022
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
The Covid-19 pandemic and mitigation approaches, including lockdowns and school closures, are thought to have negatively impacted children and young people's (CYP) mental health. However, the impact for clinically referred CYP is less clear. We investigated differences in the mental health of CYP referred to specialist Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS) before and since the onset of the pandemic. Using baseline data (self- and parent- completed Mood and Feelings Questionnaire and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire) from an ongoing RCT (STADIA; ISRCTN: 15748675) in England involving 5-17-year-olds with emotional difficulties recently referred to CAMHS (non-urgent referrals), with repeated cross-sectional comparisons of CYP (n = 1028) recruited during 5 different time periods: (1) Before schools were closed (Group 1 (pre-pandemic); n = 308; 27.08.2019-20.03.2020). (2) Early pandemic period until schools fully re-opened, which included the first national lockdown, its easing and the summer holidays (Group 2 (in-pandemic); n = 183; 21.03.2020-31.08.2020). (3) The following school-term-schools fully re-opened and remained open, including during the second national lockdown (Group 3 (in-pandemic); n = 204; 01.09.2020-18.12.2020). (4) Schools closed as part of the third national lockdown (Group 4 (in-pandemic); n = 101; 05.01.2021-07.03.2021). (5) Schools re-opened and remained open, until the school summer holidays (Group 5 (in-pandemic); n = 232; 08.03.2021-16.07.2021). Most CYP scored above cutoff for emotional problems and depression, with three-quarters meeting criteria for a probable disorder ('caseness'). The groups did not differ on parent-rated mental health measures. However, self-rated emotional problems, depression, functional impairment and caseness appeared to be higher amongst participants recruited in the two periods following school re-openings. In particular, functional impairment and caseness were greater in Group 5 compared with Group 2. Although symptom severity or impairment did not change in the initial pandemic period, self-reported difficulties were greater during the periods after schools re-opened. This suggests possible greater stresses in the adjustment to re-starting school following recurrent lockdowns and school closures.
Identifiants
pubmed: 36526804
doi: 10.1007/s00787-022-02115-2
pii: 10.1007/s00787-022-02115-2
pmc: PMC9758019
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
2657-2666Informations de copyright
© 2022. The Author(s).
Références
Holmes EA, O’Connor RC, Perry VH, Tracy I, Wessely S, Arseneault L, Ballard C, Christensen H, Cohen-Silver R, Everall I, Ford T, John A, Kabir T, King K, Madan I, Michie S, Przybylski AK, Shafran R, Sweeney A, Worthman CM, Yardley L, Cowan K, Cope C, Hotopf M, Bullmore E (2020) Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: a call for action for mental health science. Lancet Psychiatry 7:547–560. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30168-1
doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30168-1
pubmed: 32304649
pmcid: 7159850
Young Minds (2020) Coronavirus: impact on young people with mental health needs https://www.youngminds.org.uk/media/01epl0t1/coronavirus-report-spring-2020.pdf . Accessed 5 July 2022
Winter R, Lavis A (2021) The impact of COVID-19 on Young people’s mental health in the UK: key insights from social media using online ethnography. Int J Environ Res Public Health 19:352. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010352
doi: 10.3390/ijerph19010352
pubmed: 35010612
pmcid: 8744667
McKinlay AR, May T, Dawes J, Fancourt D, Burton A (2022) “You’re just there, alone in your room with your thoughts”: a qualitative study about the psychosocial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic among young people living in the UK. BMJ Open 12:e053676. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-053676
doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-053676
pubmed: 35140155
Coetzee BJ, Gericke H, Human S, Stallard P, Loades M (2022) How young people experienced COVID-19 disease containment measures in the Western Cape, South Africa: a qualitative study including the perspectives of young people, their parents, teachers and school counsellors. Psychol Psychother 95:383–401. https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12374
doi: 10.1111/papt.12374
pubmed: 34904360
Bignardi G, Dalmaijer ES, Anwyl-Irvine AL, Smith TA, Siugzdaite R, Uh S, Astle DE (2020) Longitudinal increases in childhood depression symptoms during the COVID-19 lockdown. Arch Dis Child 106:791–797. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2020-320372
doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2020-320372
pubmed: 33298552
Wright N, Hill J, Sharp H, Pickles A (2021) Interplay between long-term vulnerability and new risk: Young adolescent and maternal mental health immediately before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. JCPP Adv 1:e12008. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcv2.12008
doi: 10.1111/jcv2.12008
pubmed: 34485987
pmcid: 8206735
Magson NR, Freeman JYA, Rapee RM, Richardson CE, Oar EL, Fardouly J (2021) Risk and protective factors for prospective changes in adolescent mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Youth Adolesc 50:44–57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-020-01332-9
doi: 10.1007/s10964-020-01332-9
pubmed: 33108542
De France K, Hancock GR, Stack DM, Serbin LA, Hollenstein T (2022) The mental health implications of COVID-19 for adolescents: follow-up of a four-wave longitudinal study during the pandemic. Am Psychol 77:85–99. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000838
doi: 10.1037/amp0000838
pubmed: 34110880
Vizard T, Sadler K, Ford T, Newlove-Delgado T, McManus S, Marcheselli F, Davis J, Williams T, Leach C, Mandalia D, Cartwright C (2020) Mental health of children and Young people in England, 2020: Wave 1 follow up to the 2017 Survey. https://files.digital.nhs.uk/CB/C41981/mhcyp_2020_rep.pdf . Accessed 5 July 2022
Racine N, McArthur BA, Cooke JE, Eirich R, Zhu J, Madigan S (2021) Global prevalence of depressive and anxiety symptoms in children and adolescents during COVID-19: a meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr 175:1142–1150. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.2482
doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.2482
pubmed: 34369987
Goodman R, Ford T, Richards H, Gatward R, Meltzer H (2000) The development and well-being assessment: description and initial validation of an integrated assessment of child and adolescent psychopathology. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 41:645–655. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2000.tb02345.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2000.tb02345.x
pubmed: 10946756
Day F, Wyatt L, Bhardwaj A, Dubicka B, Ewart C, Gledhill J, James M, Lang A, Marshall T, Montgomery A, Reynolds S, Sprange K, Thomson L, Bradley E, Lathe J, Newman K, Partlett C, Starr K, Sayal K (2022) STAndardised DIagnostic Assessment for children and young people with emotional difficulties (STADIA): protocol for a multicentre randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 12:e053043. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-053043
doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-053043
pubmed: 35545388
pmcid: 9096530
Angold A, Costello EJ, Messer SC, Pickles A (1995) Development of a short questionnaire for use in epidemiological studies of depression in children and adolescents. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 5:237–249
Wood A, Kroll L, Moore A, Harrington R (1995) Properties of the mood and feelings questionnaire in adolescent psychiatric outpatients: a research note. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 36:327–334. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01828.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01828.x
pubmed: 7759594
Daviss WB, Birmaher B, Melham NA, Axelson DA, Michaels SM, Brent DA (2006) Criterion validity of the mood and feelings questionnaire for depressive episodes in clinic and non-clinic subjects. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 47:927–934. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01646.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01646.x
pubmed: 16930387
Child Outcomes Research Consortium (CORC) (2002) https://www.corc.uk.net/outcome-experience-measures/ . Accessed 5 July 2022
Goodman R (1999) The extended version of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire: as a guide to child psychiatric caseness and consequent burden. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 40:791–799. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00494
doi: 10.1111/1469-7610.00494
pubmed: 10433412
Goodman R (2001) Psychometric properties of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 40:1337–1345. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200111000-00015
doi: 10.1097/00004583-200111000-00015
pubmed: 11699809
Sayal K, Taylor E (2004) Detection of child mental health disorders by general practitioners. Br J Gen Pract 54:348–352
pubmed: 15113517
pmcid: 1266168
Thorisdottir IE, Asgeirsdottir BB, Kristjansson AL, Valdimarsdottir HB, Jonsdottir-Tolgyes EM, Sigfusson J, Allegrante JR, Sigfusdottir ID, Halldorsdottir T (2021) Depressive symptoms, mental wellbeing, and substance use among adolescents before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Iceland: a longitudinal, population-based study. Lancet Psychiatry 8:663–672. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00156-5
doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00156-5
pubmed: 34090582
Moore G, Anthony R, Angel L, Hawkins J, Morgan K, Copeland L, Murphy S, Van Godwin J, Shendorovich Y (2022) Mental health and life satisfaction among 10–11-year-olds in Wales, before and one year after onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Public Health 22:379. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-12752-6
doi: 10.1186/s12889-022-12752-6
pubmed: 35193528
pmcid: 8863505
Luijten MAJ, van Muilekom MM, Teela L, Polderman TJC, Terwee CB, Kijlmans J, Klaufus L, Popma A, Oostrom KJ, van Oers HA, Haverman L (2021) The impact of lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic on mental and social health of children and adolescents. Qual Life Res 30:2795–2804. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-021-02861-x
doi: 10.1007/s11136-021-02861-x
pubmed: 33991278
pmcid: 8122188
Bouter DC, Zarchev M, de Neve-Ethoven NGM, Ravensbergen SJ, Kamperman AM, Hoogendijk WJG, Grootendorst-van Mil NH (2022) A longitudinal study of mental health in at-risk adolescents before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-021-01935-y
doi: 10.1007/s00787-021-01935-y
pubmed: 35174420
pmcid: 8853424
van der Velden PG, van Bakel HJA, Das M (2022) Mental health problems among Dutch adolescents of the general population before and 9 months after the COVID-19 outbreak: a longitudinal cohort study. Psychiatry Res 311:114528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114528
doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114528
pubmed: 35344687
pmcid: 8942449
Ertanir B, Kassis W, Garrote A (2021) Longitudinal changes in Swiss adolescent’s mental health outcomes from before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Environ Res Public Health 18:02. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312734
doi: 10.3390/ijerph182312734
Belanger RE, Patte KA, Leatherdale ST, Gansaonré RJ, Haddad S (2021) An impact analysis of the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in a prospective cohort of Canadian adolescents. J Adolesc Health 69:917–924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.07.039
doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.07.039
pubmed: 34565667
pmcid: 8457891
Clemens V, Deschamps P, Fegert JM, Anagnostopoulos D, Bailey S, Doyle M, Eliez S, Hansen AS, Hebebrand J, Hillegers M, Jacobs B, Karwautz A, Kiss E, Kotsis K, Kumperscak HG, Pejovic-Milovancevic M, Christensen AMR, Raynaud JP, Westerinen H, Visnapuu-Bernadt P (2020) Potential effects of “social” distancing measures and school lockdown on child and adolescent mental health. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 29:739–742. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-020-01549-w
doi: 10.1007/s00787-020-01549-w
pubmed: 32447569
pmcid: 7245163
Soneson E, Puntis S, Chapman N, Mansfield KL, Jones PB, Fazel M (2022) Happier during lockdown: a descriptive analysis of self-reported wellbeing in 17,000 UK school students during Covid-19 lockdown. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-021-01934-z
doi: 10.1007/s00787-021-01934-z
pubmed: 35174418
pmcid: 8853175
Hu Y, Qian Y (2021) COVID-19 and adolescent mental health in the United Kingdom. J Adolesc Health 69:26–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.04.005
doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2021.04.005
pubmed: 34172140
Sayal K (2006) Annotation: pathways to care for children with mental health problems. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 47:649–659. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01543.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01543.x
pubmed: 16790000
Mayne SL, Hannan C, Davis M, Young JF, Kelly MK, Powell M, Dalembert G, McPeak KE, Jenssen BP, Fiks AG (2021) COVID-19 and adolescent depression and suicide risk screening outcomes. Pediatrics 148:e2021051507
doi: 10.1542/peds.2021-051507
pubmed: 34140393
McNicholas F, Kelleher I, Hedderman E, Lynch F, Healy E, Thornton T, Barry E, Kelly L, McDonald J, Holmes K, Kavanagh G, Migone M (2021) Referral patterns for specialist child and adolescent mental health services in the Republic of Ireland during the COVID-19 pandemic compared with 2019 and 2018. BJPsych Open 7:e91. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2021.48
doi: 10.1192/bjo.2021.48
pubmed: 33938419